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School of Modern Languages
HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 1
Judeo-Spanish 1 The relation of Judeo-Spanish to Castilian Names for Judeo-Spanish: · espanyol · ladino: also used by Sephiha to distinguish the calque language used for translating religious texts · judezmo: also used by Sephiha to denote the spoken language · judeo-español The relation between Judeo-Spanish and Castilian before 1492 · A distinct variety of Castilian? · The religious register Judeo-Spanish after 1492 · Li
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Lishana.org - The Relation of Judeo-Spanish to Castilian Names - Chris Pountain
School of Modern Languages
HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 1
Judeo-Spanish 1 The relation of Judeo-Spanish to Castilian Names for Judeo-Spanish: · espanyol · ladino: also used by Sephiha to distinguish the calque language used for translating religious texts · judezmo: also used by Sephiha to denote the spoken language · judeo-español The relation between Judeo-Spanish and Castilian before 1492 · A distinct variety of Castilian? · The religious register Judeo-Spanish after 1492 · Li
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School of Modern Languages
HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 1
Judeo-Spanish 1 The relation of Judeo-Spanish to Castilian Names for Judeo-Spanish: · espanyol · ladino: also used by Sephiha to distinguish the calque language used for translating religious texts · judezmo: also used by Sephiha to denote the spoken language · judeo-español The relation between Judeo-Spanish and Castilian before 1492 · A distinct variety of Castilian? · The religious register Judeo-Spanish after 1492 · Li
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Judeo-Spanish 1 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 Judeo-Spanish 1 The relation of Judeo-Spanish to Castilian Names for Judeo-Spanish: espanyol ladino: also used by Sephiha to distinguish the calque language used for translating religious texts judezmo: also used by Sephiha to denote the spoken language judeo-espaol The relation between Judeo-Spanish and Castilian before 1492 A distinct variety of Castilian? The religious register Judeo-Spanish after 1492 Likely development of local koin languages Contact with other languages, e.g. Turkish Isolation from the Castilian speech-community Isolation from Western Europe (Renaissance, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution) Contact with French in the 19th century through the Alliance Isralite Universelle 2 Judeo-Spanish communities The Ottoman Empire: communities recorded latterly by Wagner (1914), Luria (1930) and Crews (1935), but decimated by the Holocaust. A significant community still in Istanbul. North Africa 17th century: England, the Low Countries and France as a result of the late 16th- century Marrano diaspora of crypto-Jews from Portugal. The Americas: Latin America, US, especially New York and Los Angeles 3 Judeo-Spanish today 3.1 A language in decline despite efforts at maintenance: Israel: Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i su Kultura, created in by the Israeli government; the Aki Yerushalayim is published by Kol Israel (Israeli radio) France: the Association Vidas Largas has been in existence since 1974 Belgium, the magazine Los Muestros began publication in 1990 Spain: the Instituto Arias Montano was founded just after the Civil War; it is primarily an academic institution, publishing the journal Sefarad and, perhaps most significantly, Joseph Nehamas Dictionnaire du Judo-Espagnol (1977) The Internet 3.2 Standardisation Difficulty of achieving a standard against fragmentation. Several different spelling systems currently in existence, associated with different publications School of Modern Languages HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 2 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 4 The linguistic characteristics of Judeo-Spanish 4.1 Phonology 4.1.1 Conservative features Sibilant system ts dz j s z s z j Old Castilian: Judeo-Spanish: The origins of the sibilant consonants of Judeo-Spanish Old Castilian Modern Spanish Judeo-Spanish cerca [lsciLa] cerca [0ciLa] or [sciLa] serka [sciLa] dezir [dcdzIi] decir [dc0Ii] or [dcsIi] dizir [dIzIi] casa [Laza] casa [Lasa] kaza [Laza] dexar [dcjai] dejar [dcxai] deshar [dcjai] fijo [Io] hijo [Ixo] (f)io [(!)Io] Retention of initial /f/ in some varieties: fierro corresponding to Sp. hierro [jcio] Maintenance of a distinction between /b/ and /v/ in some varieties (possibly the consequence of contact with languages such as French which have /v/). In some areas the diphthongs /au/, /cu/ and /Iu/ yield results such as Evropa (Sp. Europa) sivdad (Sp. ciudad) 4.1.2 Innovatory features Yesmo kavayo (Sp. caballo) Raising of atonic vowels: /o/, /c/ and /a/ all tend to raise to [u], [I] and [c] sinku (Sp. cinco) sieti (Sp. siete) mansane (Sp. manzana) Resistance to vowels in hiatus: veyo (Sp. veo (original hiatus: Lat. VIDO)) diyente (Sp. diente (original diphthong: Lat. DNTE(M) [DENS])) oy (Sp. o) School of Modern Languages HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 3 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 Neutralisation of the opposition between /i/ and /i/ in some varieties of Judeo-Spanish Change of /n/ to /m/ before the diphthong /uc/ mueve (Sp. nueve) METATHESIS of the /id/ sequence to /di/ akodrar (acordar) 4.2 Morphology Radical-changing verbs: kero (Sp. quiero) pueder (Sp. poder) Analogical LEVELLING est, do, vo, so (Sp. estoy, doy, voy, soy) Pronouns of address: the third person forms el and eya are used as polite forms, as well as vos. Gender differences: feminine gender for the majority of nouns in -or: la kalor, la kolor Derivational creations: justedad (Sp. justicia) malazedor (Sp. malhechor) orasyionar (Sp. orar) HYPERCHARACTERISATION of gender: mondiala (Sp. mundial) sosyala (Sp. social) cualo/a (Sp. cual) 4.3 Lexis Archaisms agora (MSp. ahora) ans (MSp. as) menester (MSp. necesidad) trokar to change (MSp. cambiar) School of Modern Languages HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 4 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 embezar or ambezar to teach, to learn (< OCast avezar to teach, to accustom; MSp. avezado accustomed) alguno someone (MSp. alguien) (f)echos business enchir to fill (MSp to swell) Non-Castilian Peninsular sources ainda (Sp. todava; Pg. ainda) kale (ke) (Sp. hay que; Cat. cal + inf.) Borrowings from other languages French: avenir future, buto (< but) goal, end, suetar (< souhaiter) to wish Italian: kapo chief, head, perikolo danger References Crews, Cynthia, 1935. Recherches sur le judo-espagnol dans les pays balkaniques (Paris: Droz). Harris, Tracy K., 1994. Death of a Language. The History of Judeo-Spanish. (Newark: University of Delaware). Luria, Max A., 1930. A study of the Monastir dialect of Judeo- Spanish based on oral material collected in Monastir, Yugo-Slavia (New York: Instituto de las Espaas en los Estados Unidos). Nehama, Joseph, 1977. Dictionnaire du judo-espagnol (Madrid: CSIC). Penny, Ralph, 1992. Dialect Contact and social networks in Judeo-Spanish, Romance Philology, 46, 125-40. Pountain, Christopher J., 2001. A History of the Spanish Language through Texts (London: Routledge). Sephiha, Ham Vidal, 1986. Le judo-espagnol (Paris: Editions Entente). School of Modern Languages HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 5 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 5 An example of Judeo-Spanish The pre-war Judeo-Spanish of Monastir sI !vc aI La'mInu. no Ia o pai'lIi an 'cslc na'ianc, mc o a'jI, 'ondI o !a'jai 'ayvcs 'muljcs. LamI'nandu, LamI'nandu, !a'jo In un Iu'yvai, LI 'lou '!vcnlIs, 'podus aj. I Ia'io Ia na'iandc I sa'Ijo 'olia 'nojc, maz mI'oi 'dcslaz dos. II 'Iju : 'mIic, mI '!Ic, 'Lvandu lI a !a'zci sI'Luic, a'baja II La'aju I 'bcI 'ayvc. a n'sInc !a'zIjc, sI !vciun. 'ondI !a'jacn, a'jI bI'Ijcn ayvc. a Ias '!aIdaz dI bIaha'Im, a'jI cs 'sciLa I su 'Lazc, II 'Iju : lI o I'jai a'LI LI no cz mI u'za nsa c lI jI'ai jo Lon mI 'manu. o ai ha'bci a mI 'paiI I ja mI 'maiI LI lI 'lomIn Lun u'noi. 'bvcnu, a'ma lI az a uIu'ai dI mI, lI a bI'zai lu 'paiI I lu 'maiI I lI az aIu'ai dI mI. no mII'uu, no mI 'cju bI'zai. c ma'am Lc cz a n'sInc, 'LIlclI II na'nIju I 'amIIu a mI pui nI'jan. I sI Iu LI'lo II na'nIju I sI Iu jo cn 'cjc. I sI !vc. 5 10 15 Esther Cohen, Monastir, recorded in C.M. Crews, Recherches sur le judo-espagnol dans les pays balkaniques, Paris, Droz, 1935, p.85, converted into standard IPA symbols, and with all word-stress supplied. Translation: He went on his way. I will not break open this orange; I will go where I will find a lot of water. On and on he went, and found a place that was all springs and wells. And he opened the orange and another bride came out, better than the first two. He said to her: Look, my girl, when you are thirsty, get down from the horse and drink some water. So she did, and they went on. Wherever they found water, they drank. At the foot of Bidahaim, which was near his house, he said to her: I am going to leave you here, for it is not my custom to lead you in by my hand (=myself?). I will give the news to my father and my mother so that they can receive you with honour. Fine, but you will forget me; your father and mother will talk to you and you will forget me. I will not forget you; I wont let them talk to me. In that case (lit. as it is so), take off your ring and give it to me as a sign. And he took off his ring and gave it to her. And off he went. School of Modern Languages HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 6 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 IPA symbol Aki Yerushalayim Nehama dictionary alom Vidas largas b balansa balansa balansa balansa saver, alavar savr, ala - bar saver, alavar saver, alavar lj chiko iko iko tchiko d demanda demanda demanda demanda dado dao dado dado ! famiya famya famiya famiya g gato gto gato gato y agora a gra agora agora d djudio udio cudio djudio x hazino jazno hazino hasino n es.huenyo esjwo eshuenyo eshuenyo L kaza kaza kaza kasa I ladino lano ladino ladino m meter metr meter meter n no no no no j anyo o anyo anyo p poko pko poko poko i ora ra ora ora i gerra grra gerra gerra s paso pso paso passo j shavon avn avon chavon l topar topr topar topar v venir venr vinir venir Ls aksion aksyn aksiyon aksion gz examen egzmen egzamen egzamen j eyos yos eyos eyos z koza koza koza cosa ojos oos ojos ojos vc muevo mwvo muevo mwevo jc siempre sympre syempre syempre Spelling systems for Judeo-Spanish today (from Aki Yerushalayim) School of Modern Languages HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 7 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 El judaizmo Evropeo aze sintir su boz al Konsilio Ekonomiko Evropeo Bruxelles. Los dirijentes de las komunitades udias de Evropa fue resivida en Bruxelles por el Sr. Tindemans, prezidente del Konsilio de los ministros del Konsilio Ekonomiko Evropeo i ministro beljicano de los Eos estranjeros. El antretien fue kalifiado de buen entendimiento i espesialmente sovre los ultimos desvelopamientos en el Mediano Oriente. Los [d]irijentes judios, reunidos en el seno de un 5 komite evropeo del Kongreso judio Mondial, avlaron de diferentes problemes. Tindemans dio ke el buto de su turne en el Mediano Oriente, i tambien en Israel, fue de estudiar las posibilitades ke se ofresen al Konsilio Ekonomik Evropeo de kontribuir a una solusion de pas en esta kritik perioda. El sueta ke el Konsilio Ekonomiko Evropeo pueda, en el kuadro de la kooperasion politik evropea tomar una nueva pozision. Desde la deklarasion 10 de Venis de 1980, nuevos elementos survenieron, talos ke las eleksiones en los Estados Unidos, en Israel i en Fransia, la muerte de Sedat i la ultima vijita en Israel del prezidente franse(b)z Mitterand. Sr. Tindemans sueta ke su vijita en la rejion permetera una revaluasion de la kontribusion de la Evropa. 15 Mientras este rankontro (ke) tuvo lugar entre el Sr. Tindenmans i los reprezentantes del judaizmo evropeo, se diskutio diferentes sujetos en particular, akea de la kes[t]ion de las relasiones entre el Konsilio E. Evropeo i la Gresia, los problemes pozados por la lua kontra el boykotoje, la koordinasion evropea destinada a kombatir el antisemitizmo i la suerte de los Judios de Rusia. 20 La delegasion judia deklaro ke este antretien fue rika en ansenamientos i de natura konstruktiva. La delegasion judia era komposada de los prezidentes de las organizasiones judias mondialas. alom, Istanbul, 12.5.1982 Features: Preservation of opposition of b/v, with labiodental articulation of /v/. Preservation of voiced/voiceless sibilant oppositions: s/z, j/. Neutralization of oppositions ts/s, dz/z, giving therefore a form of seseo. Preservation of implosive /b/ and /v/, eg sivdat 'ciudad'. (Here reflected in analogical Evropa.) Yesmo: akea. Non-Spanish elements: kalifiado, desvelopamiento, buto, turne, perioda (f), survenir, vijita en Israel, suetar, revaluasion, rankontro, pozados, antretien. Archaisms: vigita, natura Morphology: talos, mondialas, boykotoje Syntax: era composada de School of Modern Languages HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 8 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 EL SEFARDIZMO Dr. Albert de Vidas Redaktor de "Erensia Sefardi" El eskritor espanyol Miguel de Unamuno definio el lenguaje komo "la sangre de muestra alma". Ke mijor modo de deskrivir la intima relasion de los sefaradis kon sus lengua, el djudeo-espanyol? Uno es sinonimo del otro: no puedes ser sefaradi si tus parientes o tus avuelos no avlaron en muestra amada lengua. Mizmo si pedrites el uzo del djudeo-espanyol tienes dainda en tu korason, en tu alma, 5 el eskarinyo por este atadijo ke te izo parte de la nasion sefaradi. Puede ser ke pedrites la kapachidad de guadrar esta lengua kuando tus avuelos se fueron a Portugal i de ayi se dispersaron por el Sud-Oeste de la Fransia, Holanda, Inglitiera i el kontinente amerikano. O la pedrites kuando se fueron a los estados italianos, al Norte del Maroko o al Imperio Otomano. Puede ser ke la pedrites kuando las eskolas de la Aliansa te 10 ambezaron en fransez i te disheron ke tu lengua, el djudeo-espanyol, era muerto. Puede ser ke la pedrites kuando por razones ekonomikas, tu famiya se fue a l'Evropa del Oeste, a l'Afrika Sentrala o a l'Amerika del Norte. Puede ser ke la pedrites kuando el nasionalizmo linguistiko de los estados suksesores del Imperio Otomano te forsaron a embezar las lenguas lokales. 15 Ma onde kere ke sea, mizmo si te kazates kon alguno ke no es de "los muestros" i si no podias ambezar a tus kriaturas las pokas palavras de djudeo-espanyol ke te avias d'akodrar, en el fondo de tu alma guadrates el eskarinyo de esta lengua ke tomimos kon mozotros kuando salimos de Espanya en 1492. En verdad era una de las muy pokas kozas ke podiamos tomar kon mozotros! 20 I agora, este rekodro esta amenazado por algunas organizasiones i personas ke pretenden ke ser sefaradi es solo sinonimo de unos kuantos rituales djudios i de una manera partikulara de pronunsiar el ebreo, i nada mas. Para estas personas, muestra lengua, muestra erensia, muestras tradisiones, muestra kultura, muestra istoria, muestra manera de vida ke mantuvimos kon fidelidad durante los ultimos 500 anyos, no pezan del todo. Pretenden ke la 25 lengua es nada i la relijion es todo. Yaman ansina komo sefaradis a muestros ermanos djudios "Mizrahim" ke vienen de Bokhara o de Marrakesh, de Damasko o de Teheran, de Basra o de Harrar, de Bombay o de San'a. Es verdad ke eyos rogan komo mozotros, ke tienen los mizmos rituales, ma estas no son karakteristikas sefaradis, sino ke djudias. 30 Es la ultima inyoransia de kontinuar a insistir ke la nasion djudia tiene solo dos diviziones kulturalas importantes, los "sefaradis" i los "ashkenazis". Las organizasiones i personas ke persisten en sus alhasaras simplistikas impiden el derecho de los sefaradis de identifikarsen no solo a traves sus relijion, sino ke tambien a traves sus erensia kulturala i espesialmente sus istoria. 35 School of Modern Languages HSP/304 Varieties of Spanish Judeo-Spanish 9 Chris Pountain Last printed 12/12/05 La istoria de los sefaradis es klara. Fuimos desraigados de Espanya porke eramos djudios, ma mos yamamos sefaradis porke vinimos de Espanya i guadrimos bivas muestra lengua i muestra kultura espanyolas durante munchos siglos. Dinguno no mos deve rovar esto. Ser sefaradis, para los ke salieron de Espanya i sus desendientes, no kere dezir solamente ser djudio, sino ke tambien ser el luzero de una tradision espanyola a la kuala mos 40 apegimos por los ultimos 500 anyos. Aki Yerushalayim, 50 Features: Variation in diphthongization: recodro (recuerdo), rogan (ruegan), eskolas (escuelas), kere (quiere). Metathesis: pedrites (perdiste), guadrar (guardar), akodrar (acordar) Archaisms: ambezaron (OSp avezar, 'ensear'), agora (ahora), ma (OSp mas, 'pero') Lusisms: dainda (Ptg ainda 'todava'), onde (Ptg onde 'donde') Morphology: analogical muestra, mozotros, mos (nuestra, nosotros, nos) identificarsen -imos as general 1pl preterite sus lengua Syntax: sino ke djudias, kontinuar a insistir, dinguno no mos deve rovar esto