SAMPLE COVER LETTER To: SOLA Chief Editor Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan

Dear Sirs, I am sending herewith a copy of the manuscript, which I would like to submit to SOLA, the Electronic Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. The paper is entitled: Formation Factors of 2004 Niigata/Fukushima and Fukui Heavy Rainfalls and Problems on the Predictions using a Cloud Resolving Model by Teruyuki Kato and Kohei Aranami Copy of the Abstract: Localized band-shaped heavy rainfalls were observed over Niigata/Fukushima Areas on 13 July 2004, and Fukui Area on 18 July 2004, which are located on the Japan-Sea side of Japan Islands. Both heavy rainfalls were brought by the intensification of convective instability over the Baiu frontal zone that was induced by the inflows of low-level humid and middle-level dry airs. The middle-level air was not colder, but considerably warmer than the surrounding. This indicates that the formation factors of heavy rainfalls should be examined using the convective instability, not the potential instability. Numerical simulations using a cloud resolving model with a horizontal grid of 1.5 km were attempted to reproduce these heavy rainfall events. The Niigata/Fukushima heavy rainfall was reproduced well, while the Fukui heavy rainfall did not. This failure of the Fukui case could result from the uncertain analysis of the wind field over the Sea of Japan that determined the movement of low-level humid air. In order to prevent such failures, new additional observation systems over the sea, where upper-air sounding is hardly operated, are required for the improvement of heavy rainfall predictions. Corresponding Author: Dr. Teruyuki Kato Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan. E-mail: xxxxxxxx@mri-jma.go.jp I hereby certify that this paper consists of original, unpublished work which is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Desired Editors in Charge: Yoshizaki, Masanori Saito, Kazuo Meteorological Research Institute Meteorological Research Institute

Five Potential Reviewers:

Name-1, Name-2, Name-3, Name-4, Name-5,

e-mail address-1 e-mail address-2 e-mail address-3 e-mail address-4 e-mail address-5

The original manuscript and figures will be transferred, following the instruction by the Editorial Committee when the paper is accepted. I hope your favorable consideration for publication to SOLA. Sincerely, Teruyuki Kato Attachment: PDF file of the manuscript.