Running Head: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER The Relationship Between the Circumference and the Diameter

of Circular Objects Shiv M. Patel Taft College

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER Abstract There might be an easier way to calculate the diameter and circumference of a circular object if only one of the two measurements is provided but only if there is a relationship between the circumference and diameter. I looked at 25 measurements of diameter, circumference, and pi, which was obtained by dividing circumference by diameter. I checked if there was linear association between the circumferences and diameters and if it was possible for estimating values if only one was given. There was a positive correlation but not all the assumptions for simple linear regression were met, so estimation was not possible.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER The Relationship Between the Circumference and the Diameter of Circular Objects

All circles have a diameter and a circumference. People need an easier and more accurate way to calculate the circumference and diameter of a circular object. Measuring the diameter and circumference by hand is not always accurate. There must be an easier way to calculate one or the other. If we want to do this, we must first look and see if there is a relationship between the circumference and diameter. If there happens to be a relationship, it would improve upon making objects like gears and wheels more perfectly circular and therefore more efficient. All circles seem to be proportionate of each other. I predict that there is a clear relationship between the circumference and diameter of a circle. Method Participants The participants of this experiment were the students of the statistics 1510 course. Research Design There are two variables in this experiment, believed to be dependent, are the circumferences of the circular objects and the diameters of the circular objects. Measures The instruments for measuring the circular objects were a chord and a ruler. 1-ink-k sampling was used to create a smaller sample. Pearsons Correlation Coefficient was used to see if there is linear association. Simple Linear Regression was used for estimation. All calculations were done using a TI-84 calculator. Procedure Each of the participants had to measure 10 circular objects. The students of the statistics course measured a total of 391 circular objects. I narrowed that list down to a sample of 25

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER objects. I used 1-in-k random sampling. N=391. n=25. k=N/n. 391/25=15.64. k is about 16. RandInt(1,16,1)=15. I got every fifteenth digit from each set of 16. I found which object those numbers corresponded to. 1-in-k is the best way to represent the population or the class because is evenly chooses throughout the class to get 25 samples. The following are the objects that were chosen after using the 1-in-k random sampling and how the circumference and diameter of each one was measured: Quarter using a string and

ruler by wrapping the string around the quarter, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Garbanzo using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the garbanzo, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Dr. Pepper Can using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the can, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Mug using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the mug, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. A penny using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the penny, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Quarter using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the quarter, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Soda can using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the can, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Spray bottle using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the bottle, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Dime using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the dime, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Axe spray using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the spray, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Chapstick using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the Chapstick, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Curling iron using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the curling iron, measuring the string,

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Hot sauce bottle using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the bottle, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Coaster using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the coaster, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Nerf ball using a string and ruler by wrapping the

string around the ball, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Soda can using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the can, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Medium pot using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the pot, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Bottle of Ciroc using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the bottle, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Can of soup lid using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the lid, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Bottle cap using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the cap, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Rubber band using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the rubber band, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Coffee jar using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the jar, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Yo-Yo using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the yo-yo, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. Quarter using a string and ruler by wrapping the string around the quarter, measuring the string, and measuring the diameter with the ruler. I entered all the circumferences and diameters into separate lists in my calculator. I made the pi list by dividing the circumference by diameter. I then used 1-Var Stats in my calculator to find the summary statistics for all the lists.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER To see if there is a linear trend between the circumferences and the diameters I used a scatter plot and made the X values the circumferences and the Y values the diameters. There appeared to be linear association, which applies to Pearsons Correlation Coefficient. Ho : = 0, HA : > 0, = 0.05 Using the LinReg test I found that r = 0.9372. I used the program of TTESTRHO to find the pvalue and to know whether I must reject the null hypothesis or not. If I want to predict values, I must use simple linear regression. The fist assumption is

that the population is bivariate normal, which is reasonably satisfied by the scatter plot. The next assumption is that the residuals are distributed normally, have a mean of zero, and have a constant variance. I used a normal plot to see if the residuals are distributed normally. 1-VarStats was used to find if the mean of the residuals is zero. A scatter plot of the circumferences list and the residuals was used for the assumptions of constant variance and that any two values are independent of each other. If the assumptions are met, I can use LinRegTTest to find the model. Results Summary Statistics Circumference: mean is 8.9092. Minimum is 1. 1st quartile is 2.8875. Median is 8. 3rd quartile is 12.15. Maximum is 25. Diameter: mean is 2.9005. Minimum is .59375. 1st quartile is 1.475. Median is 2.5. 3rd quartile is 3.45. Maximum is 7.75 Pi ratio: mean is 3.1577. Minimum is 0.3333. 1st quartile is 3.1225. Median is 3.2. 3rd quartile is 3.3556. Maximum is 6.28

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER Circumference Histogram Diameter Histogram

Freq Freq

Circumference Values The data is skewed right.

Diameter Values The data distribution is similar to the Circumference values. The data is skewed right.

Pi Histogram

Freq

Pi Values Unlike the data of the circumference and diameter, the pi data is mound shaped symmetrical. There are a couple outliers above and below the rest of the data. Most of the data lies within the middle two sections.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER

The scatter plot with the X values as the circumferences and the Y values as the diameters. There appears to be linear association. Using TTESTRHO I found the p-value of the scatter plot of the circumferences and the diameters to be 0. The alpha was 0.05. This means I must reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to suggest that there is a positive correlation between the circumference and diameter of circular objects.

This is the normal plot of the residuals. The data is not distributed normally so that assumption of regression is not met.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER

This is the scatter plot where the X values are the circumferences and the Y values are the residuals. The data values are not independent of each other because there appears to be a slight trend with a curve. Using 1-VarStats I found that the mean of the residuals is -3.5152 x 10-4 or approximately zero which satisfies the assumption. Not all the assumptions of simple linear regression were met so it is not reliable for predicting values and it means the association between the circumferences and diameters is not linear enough to be used for prediction. Just if to see what the model might possibly look like, I can use LinRegTTest resulting in = 0.4009 + 0.2806x, but do note that this is not reliable because not all the assumptions for simple linear regression were met. Discussion Errors may have occurred during the measurement process because all measurement were done by hand. It is very difficult to get the exact measure by hand and by only using a chord and ruler. Some errors definitely occurred because the measurements say that the diameter is larger than the circumference, which is impossible for a circle. These errors caused major outliers that may have compromised the whole experiment. If I did this experiment again I would throw out measurements like this and use more efficient tools to measure the diameters and circumferences of the circular objects.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER The histograms of circumference and diameter look similar and both are skewed right.

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This means that the data distribution is similar. Since the data is shaped the same I, I can say that most of the circumferences and diameters are proportionate of each other. We can find that proportion by dividing circumference by the diameter. The histogram of pi was bell-shaped symmetrical. Most of the values were in the middle sections. There were a couple of outliers but those most likely resulted from errors made when the objects were measured. By using Pearsons Correlation Coefficient, I can say with 95% confidence that there is a positive correlation between the diameter and circumference of circles. This basically proves that there is a relationship and confirms my hypothesis of there being a relationship. It is also possible that the mean of pi, 3.1577, might be close to the true value of pi. However, not all the assumptions for regression were met meaning that the line was not linear enough for predicting values of either circumference or diameter when only knowing one value. This was most likely caused by errors made during measuring the circular objects. Further research is required to find the true value of pi knowing that there is a relationship. Once that is done, estimating values will be possible.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER References Jean, B., Meyers, D. and Sporer, R. (2004). Data Analysis: An Applied Approach to Statistics With Technology (Third ed.). United States of America: 3ringpublishing.com

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER Raw Data Object Circumference (in inches) Quarter Garbanzo Dr. Pepper Can Mug Penny Quarter Soda Can Spray Bottle Dime Axe Spray Chapstick Quarter Chapstick Curling Iron Hot Sauce Bottle Coaster Nerf Ball Soda Can Medium Pot Bottle of Ciroc 3.375 23.2 8.5 11.7 2.4 8 8 15.7 2.214 6.5 2 1 2.125 2 8 13.5 12.6 8.25 25 9.7 Diameter (in inches) 0.938 7.3 2.75 3.5 0.7 2.4 2.5 5 0.705 2 0.59375 3 0.825 2.5 2 4.125 3.4 2.625 7.75 3 3.5981 3.1781 3.0909 3.3429 3.4286 3.3333 3.2000 3.1400 3.1404 3.2500 3.3684 0.3333 2.5758 0.8000 4 3.2727 3.7059 3.1429 3.2258 3.2333 Ratio

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIRCUMFERNCE AND DIAMETER Can of Soup Lid Bottle Cap Rubber Band Coffee Jar Yo-Yo 8 5.966 7.5 19.5 8 2.5 0.95 2.4 6.25 2.8 3.2000 6.2800 3.1250 3.1200 2.9571

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