APPLICATION OF STATISTICS TO AGRICULTURE USING GREACO-LATIN SQUARE DESIGN By Ehigie, O. T and Ehigie, O. B Nobleprince07@yahoo.

com

ABSTRACT This seminar work on the application of statistics to agriculture will essentially discuss the effects and response in the use of four different fertilizers (NPK 15:15:15:15, Organic fertilizer, NPK 5:10:5 and liquid fertilizer) on the yield of four different types of low land crops (maize) on four different types of soil to determine if any significant difference exists in the yield after treatments were applied to the soil types, the varieties of corn and the system of cropping using Graeco Latin Square Design. Keywords: response, fertilizer, treatment, system of cropping, varieties

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INTRODUCTION Agriculture can be defined as the art and science of cultivating the soil, producing livestock, preparing livestock feeds, processing crops and livestock products for man consumption and the process of selling excess crops and livestock. Agriculture also embraces various preparations and processing of plant and animal products as well as the disposal of these products through marketing Ogieva Erabo (2003). Statistics on the other hand, is defined as a scientific methodology of collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data as well as drawing valid conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of such analysis. Abdulazeez, S.A. et al (2002). Statistics play a dominant role in the agricultural sector. Statistics are used in the scientific study of agriculture as a tool to determine if the differences in variables are real or due to chance. This translated to the farmers to let him know with confidence which varieties are better than the other or which fertilizer treatment will give better yields than the others. Statistics in Agriculture are essential for conducting research and comparing management strategies such as selecting a crop variety or applying appropriate amounts of fertilizer. Because agriculture involves making variables in determining if a response is related to change in management or another variable. For instance, suppose you wish to know whether adding compost increases crop yield, knowledge in statistics would help us to determine how to set up the trial, how many plants are needed, and how to analyse the results. You can interpret the results with a predetermined level of certainty or confidence. But without statistics, the results you obtained could be due to chance that is, if you repeat the same trial, you might get a different and even contradictory results. Amaruwa J.E. (2005). Some of the statistical techniques used in solving agricultural problems are; experimental design and factorial experiment. Experimental design basically originated from agriculture. And they are both useful in agricultural practices as they deal with the study or an investigation carried out to determine the best of two or more causes of action. They help to test the significant difference in the mean or variance of certain treatment factor. This process provides a design of experimental units before analysis could be carried out. Late Sir Ronald Fisher was the first person to introduce between the first and Second World War in 1918 to 1939. During the era, he was in charge of statistics at the Rothamsted agricultural experiment station near London. Chile Pepper (2008).

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METHODOLOGY This seminar work shall be considering the study of the treatment effect of the application of four different fertilizers (NPK 15:15:15, Organic fertilizer, (NPK 5:10:5 and liquid fertilizer) trials with four factors and four different plots (blocks). We shall be considering one major type of experiment known as Graeco-Latin Square Design for our analysis in this seminar work. It is important that each treatment of Graeco-Latin Square Design occurs once in each row and column. It has to do with two variations, the Latin letters treatment and the Greek letters treatment.

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THE LAYOUT OF GRAECO-LATIN 4x4 Latin letters A B C D B C D A C D A B D A B C

SQUARE DESIGN Greek letters

If both the Latin and Greek letters are superimposed, such that each Greek letter appears once and the Latin letter once the two Latin square are said to be orthogonal. Graeco-Latin Square Design A B C D B C D A C D A B D A B C The linear model for Graeco-Latin Square Design is given as follows: YijGL = + ri + cj + L + G + EijLG Where YijGL = the yield (observation) in ith row and jth column receiving Lth Latin and Gth Greek treatments. = the overall mean (average yield) ri = the effect of the ith row cj = the effect of the jth column L = the effect of the Latin letters (Lth) treatment G = the effect of the Greek letters (Gth) treatment EijLG = error term

COMPUTATION OF SUM OF SQUARE Correction factor = Y2 N SST = Y2ijGL C.F. SSr = Y2 i - C.F. P
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SSC = Y2 j - C.F. P SSL = Y2 L - C.F. P SSG = Y2 G - C.F. P SSE = SST SSr SSC SSL SSG
CONSTRUCTION OF ANOVA TABLE
Source of Variation Row Column Trt 1 (Latin) Trt 2 (Greek) Residual (Error) Total Degree of Freedom P1 P1 P1 P1 (P 3)(P 1) P2 1 Sum of Square SSr SSC SSL SSG SSE SST Mean Square SSr/P 1 SSC/P 1 SSL/P 1 SSG/P 1 SSE/(P 3)(P 1) Fratio MSr/MSE MSC/MSE MSL/MSE MSG/MSE

TABLE 1 Where P: the number of rows or columns Trt: Treatment DECISION RULE: If Ftab > Fcal Accept H0, otherwise reject H0 If Ftab > Fcal Accept H1, otherwise reject H1

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DATA PRESENTATION In Graeco-Latin Square Design, there is always a problem of one-way analysis of variance which can be considered as the case of a farmer monitoring the effect of an NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer, NPK 5:10:5 fertilizer, liquid fertilizer and organic fertilizer on four different low land crops. A research was conducted by selecting independent random samples from each farm. A null hypothesis of equal mean yield could be tested clearly, the strategy of the experiment is that of the Graeco-Latin Square Design which is an example of one way analysis of variance (Amaruwa, J.E.; 2005). Consider an agricultural scientist who conducted an experiment to test if there is a difference in the yield of four varieties of corn using four different fertilizers on four plots of land for four years (2007 2011). He uses fertilizer as the Latin letters a, b, c and d while varieties of corn by the Greek letters , , and .
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The data below represent the yield (bags) of four different varieties of corn arranged in rows and columns. 44 51 42 45 46 37 39 52 39 43 46 36 52 40 34 42

HYPOTHESIS TESTING H0: There is no significant difference between the yields of the four varieties. H0: There is no significant difference between the effects of the fertilizers on the yield. H0: There is no significant difference between the various soils on the yield. H0: There is no significant difference between the systems of cropping on the yield. 3.1 THE POSSIBLE ARRANGEMENT OF GRAECO-LATIN SQUARE DESIGN IS GIVEN AS FOLLOWS: C B A D B C D A D A B C A D C B 2 B46 C37 D 39 A52 174 C44 B 51 A42 D45 B46 C37 D 39 A52 D39 A43 B46 C 36 4 A 52 D40 C34 B42 168 A 52 D40 C34 B42 Yi 181 171 161 175 Y = 688

DATA APPLICATION 1 1 C44 2 B 51 3 A42 4 D45 Yj 182 3.2

3 D39 A43 B46 C 36 164 Table II

LATIN LETTERS TREATMENT TOTAL A B C = = = 52 + 43 + 42 + 52 = 46 + 51 + 46 + 42 = 44 + 37 + 34 + 36 = 189 185 151

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D = 39 + 40 + 39 + 45 = 163 GREEK LETTERS TREATMENT TOTAL = = = = 52 44 39 46 + + + + 51 40 37 43 + + + + 39 46 42 34 + + + + 36 52 42 45 = = = =

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178 182 160 168

Correction Factor (C.F) C.F = 6882 16

= Y2 N = 29584

= 463344 16

SST = 2 C.F. Y ijGL SST = 442 + 462 + 392 + + 422 29584 = 30042 - 29584 SST = 458 SSr = Y2 i C.F P SSr = 1812 + 1712 + 1612 + 1752 29584 4 SSr = 29637 29584 SSr = 53 SSC = Y2 j C.F P SSC = 1812 + 1742 + 1642 + 1682 29584 4 SSC = 29630 29584 SSC = 46 SSL = Y2 L C.F P SSL = 1892 + 1852 + 1512 + 1632 29584 4 SSL = 29829 29584 SSL = 245

SSG = Y2 i C.F P SSG = 1782 + 1822 + 1602 + 1682 29584 4 SSG = 29658 29584
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SSG = 74 SSE = SST SSr SSC SSL SSG SSE = 458 53 46 245 74 SSE = 40 ANOVA TABLE S.V. Row Column Trt 1 (Latin) Trt 2 (Greek) Residual (Error) Total D.F. 3 3 3 3 3 15 S.S. 53 46 245 74 40 458 Table III M.S. 17.67 15.33 81.67 24.67 13.33 Fratio 1.33 1.15 6.13 1.85

DECISION RULE: If Ftab > Fcal Accept H0, otherwise reject H0 If Ftab > Fcal Accept H1, otherwise reject H1

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CONCLUSION Since the F-tab value of 9.28 is greater than the F-ratio, we accept H0 that 1) 2) There is no significant difference between the yields of the varieties. There is no significant difference between the various soils on the yield. 3) There is no significant difference between the systems of cropping on the yield. 4) There is no significant difference between the effects of the fertilizers on the yield. Based on above analysis and findings carried out on the data collected in this research work, it was therefore observed that whether the corn are of different varieties, or the soil are of different types, or cropping system are different, the yield of the corn will be the same if the fertilizer is applied to the soil which the crop (corn) is planted on. And there will be a greater improvement in the yield. In this, we can therefore suggest that fertilizer should be applied to corn irrespective of it kind or the type of soil its being planted on for the best yield, not just to the corn alone, but to other crops as
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well where fertilizer can be applied for the availability of more foods in the country at large.
REFERENCES Abdulazeez, S.A. et al (2002): Fundamental Statistics, Kaduna, Eskodhab Ventures. Akeen and Frank (1995): Statistics: Basic Concept; UK, Cambridge University Press. Amoruwa, J.E. (2005): Design and Analysis of Experiment; Auchi. Ehis Tonia Publishers Limited. Ogieva, E. (2003): Comprehensive Agricultural Science; Lagos, A. Johnson Publishers Limited. Umar, S.S. et al (2011): Design and Analysis of Experiment III; Auchi Smile Stel Global Digital. Pepper Chili (2008): The Importance of Statistics in Agriculture; Chustin Publishers, Indian.