Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University

Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University
Anthony DelRosario History of the Architecture in the Americas II Professor Ann Masson Master in Preservation Studies Tulane School of Architecture
PRST 6620 - History of Architecture in the Americas II Professor Ann Masson April 29, 2009
Introduction
Tulane University has been set in the picturesque setting of Uptown New Orleans for 115 years. Many have seen the face of the university from the streetcar, from an automobile, or on foot from St. Charles Avenue. (Fig. 1) What people see is a scenic entrance filled with buildings of limestone creating a strong collegiate atmosphere (Lousiana Department of Historic Preservation LDHP Tulane University). The building that provides the greatest portion of the sense of academia as seen from the avenue is the Richardsonian Romanesque Gibson Hall. This paper will investigate the Romanesque buildings found on the front campus of Tulane University, with emphasis on those that are specifically of the Richardsonian Romanesque style.
H. H. Richardson: A Background
Richardsonian Romanesque is named for Henry Hobson Richardson, a prominent architect of the 19th century. H. H. Richardson is often considered one of the three greatest architects born in the United States of America and is the only architect for whom a style is named (Masson). Born in Louisiana in St. James Parish at the Priestly Plantation in 1838, Richardson left the South to attend Harvard College in 1856. In 1859 after graduating from Harvard, he went to Europe where he travelled around Great Britain for the summer before attending the cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris becoming the second American to attend the school following in the steps of Richard Morris Hunt. Due to family economic woes brought on by the Civil War, Richardson was not able to stay in Paris to graduate from the cole. However, after the six years in
Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
Europe, he returned to the United States influenced by the medieval-inspired John Ruskin and William Morris, by the education received from the cole, and by the Romanesque architecture of southern France. Richardson first began integrating Romanesque forms in 1869 on the designs for the Brattle Square Church in Boston (Ochsner). For the rest of his career, Richardson continued his exploration of the Romanesque style which was the heart of the first truly American style that was not a direct copy or revival of another style. By his early death in 1886, Richardson left a legacy that included masterpieces such as Trinity Church in Boston, the Glessner House in Chicago (Fig. 2), the Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, and the Marshall Field Warehouse Building in Chicago (Masson). Despite having been born in Louisiana, Richardson did not have a building designed by him built in the South before his death.
Richardsonian Romanesque
The term Richardsonian Romanesque can be used in two different contexts. First, the term can refer to the Romanesque buildings designed by H. H. Richardson himself. Features of buildings that Richardson designed in the Romanesque style include: Massive blocks of stone sometimes rusticated, sometimes smooth Patterns created by using contrasting stone sizes and stone finishes Wide arched openings Grouped windows that are often set back Low springing arches Towers (on about 75% of his buildings) Richly detailed stone accents
Picturesque yet harmonious Fortress-like yet graceful with nuance (Masson)
Second, the term can be applied to the buildings designed by other architects using the ideas first developed by Richardson. In a 1936 article from Time magazine, Richardson versus Richardsonian is discussed. About the topic, the author states: No man was ever more betrayed by his imitators. What the trade knew as "Richardsonian Romanesque" are the banks, schools, churches, libraries, jails which still dot the land, built of the knobbiest of rough-cut masonry, with livid tile roofs, arched windows and a profusion of useless squat towers. What his admirers have never ceased to point out is that Richardson himself was very seldom Richardsonian. (Time) The author is making the point that buildings in the Richardsonian style may have the features that Richardson himself used but do not convey the complete sense of beautiful organic architecture created by Richardson. His original works were heavyset, impressive buildings befitting a stolid age, but all were well-planned, magnificently proportioned and still serve as an inspiration to young architects (Time). The Richardsonian Romanesque style remained prominent in the United States for about twenty years following the death of Richardson. The style was faithfully carried on by several architects including some that had worked in Richardsons office such as George Shepley and Charles Coolidge. His ideas also influenced several notable architects such as Charles Follen McKim, Stanford White, Louis Sullivan, John Wellborn Root, and Frank Lloyd Wright (Howe). Ironically, some of his followers were the cause of Richardsonian Romanesque going out of style with their design of the White City at the 1893 Columbian Exposition which propagated the City Beautiful movement and the Beaux-Arts movement.
Richardsonian Romanesque in New Orleans

While Richardson was still alive, the Richardsonian Romanesque was found mainly in the Northeast from Pennsylvania to Massachusetts. The style never made much of an impact in the Deep South and even less in Louisiana (LDHP Howard Memorial Library). The first building of Richardsonian Romanesque style in Louisiana was the Howard Library which was built after Richardson had died. (Fig. 3) Of the Richardsonian Romanesque buildings in Louisiana which are all located in New Orleans, the Howard Library, begun in 1887 and dedicated in 1889, is the only one of these to have any connection with the master himself, Henry Hobson Richardson (LDHP Howard Library). The design of the Howard Library is an enlarged version of a design prepared by the Richardson office a few months before Richardsons death for the Hoyt Memorial Library in East Saginaw, Michigan. Although Richardson was quite ill at the time, a surviving letter to his assistant Shepley dated March 6, 1886 reveals that he was very much involved in the project (LDHP Howard Memorial LIbrary). The use of the Richardsonian Romanesque style in residential architecture was very rare. Due to the cost of building a house with limestone, very few people could afford a fully realized Richardsonian home. The first such house in New Orleans was the Isidore Newman house located at 3607 St. Charles and designed in 1890 by local architects Thomas Sully and Albert Toledano but was demolished in 1972. (Fig. 4) The next Richardsonian Romanesque homes to be built in New Orleans were constructed in the early 1900s as the style was fading from fashion and were also built on St. Charles Avenue. Next to be built was the William Perry Brown residence located at 4717 St. Charles and designed in 1904 by local architects Charles Favrot and Louis Livaudais.
(Fig. 5) Finally, in 1905 the Kiefer house was built at 3804 St. Charles based on a design by Emile Weil (Friends of the Cabildo VII: 73). (Fig. 6) In 1893, the Board of Administrators of Tulane University chose a Richardsonian Romanesque proposal from the office of Harrod and Andry as the design to promote the school as an institution with elevated aspirations seeking to establish itself in post-Civil War New Orleans (Heard and Lemann 10). As the school continued to grow, the Richardsonian Romanesque style was used for the buildings at the very front of campus to keep continuity along the St. Charles front.
A New Era for Tulane University

The site on which Tulane University sits today was not the original location of the school. From its beginnings in 1834 as the Medical College of Louisiana, the school was located downtown. In 1891, ten years after the school was endowed by and renamed for Paul Tulane, the Board of Administrators purchased land that had been part of the Foucher tract and fronted St. Charles Avenue across from Audubon Park. This area had been decided upon after physics professor Brown Ayers plotted trends in New Orleans population and found that Audubon Park was the neighborhood of the future (Friends of the Cabildo VIII: 60). In a November 1891 meeting with the Board of Administrators, President Preston Johnson reported that he had travelled to the Northeast to visit several colleges and had been advised to consult the highly regarded New York firm of McKim, Mead, and White. The firms proposal in 1892, which consisted of buildings in the Italian Renaissance
style and was the firms first design for a college, exceeded the schools budget (Friends of the Cabildo VIII: 61). Foregoing the plans from McKim, Mead, and White, the Board instead called for proposals from regional firms (Friends of the Cabildo VIII: 61). The original chosen plan by local firm Harrod and Andry consisted of three buildings. The Daily Picayune reported on May 28, 1893: The new home of Tulane will prove one of the attractions of the city, and its erection will be a giant stride forward in the advancement of that institution to the foremost ranks of the countrys (illegible) institutions. Already it has a name far and abroad for the excellence of its training, and the superiority of its facilities being so much more, will enable the institution to attain larger (illegible) in the future. The style chosen by Harrod and Andry was Richardsonian Romanesque and the choice set the style for the remainder of the front campus of Tulane.
Harrod and Andry: The Men behind the Design

Benjamin Morgan Harrod and Paul Andry were partners in the local firm chosen to create the new face for the university. The firm was formed in the early 1890s when senior member Harrod took on the neophyte architect Andry. In 1892, when Tulane made a call for proposals for the new home of the school, Harrod and Andry designing for the Orleans School Board since Harrod was the City Engineer of New Orleans (Maygarden et al.).
Benjamin Morgan Harrod (1837-1912) was educated as an architect and as a civil engineer at Harvard College. For the Civil War, Harrod enlisted in the Confederate Army and served as an engineer during his commission. After the war, he began practicing in New Orleans as architect and engineer. Documents for houses and warehouses from 1866 to 1876 have Harrod stated as architect. During the latter part of the 1880s, Harrod created an Italianate fire house design as City Engineer. (Fig. 7) In 1893, after leaving his position as City Engineer, he was named to the Drainage Advisory Board which drafted the plans for the modern drainage system in New Orleans. Two years later Harrod was chosen as Chief Engineer for the Drainage Commission, a position he kept until 1902. During his time as Chief Engineer for the Drainage Commission, Harrod focused on designing pumping stations for the system and left the firm of Harrod & Andry in 1900. Harrods architectural work was firmly based in the classical and renaissance styles (Maygarden et al.). Less is known about Paul Andry (1868-1946) before joining the firm. A project on which Andry worked early in his career was the renovation and expansion of Belle Alliance plantation house on Bayou Lafourche in Assumption Parish, Louisiana (LDHP Belle Alliance). (Fig. 8) As a young recent graduate, Andry partnered with Harrod who was thirty years his senior. The firm worked on projects not only in New Orleans. In St. James Parish, Our Lady of Peace Catholic Church at Vacherie was designed by Harrod and Andry (Our Lady of Peace Parish). (Fig. 9) At Napoleonville, the Assumption Parish Courthouse was designed by the firm (LDHP Assumption Parish Courthouse). (Fig. 10)
In addition to the buildings of Tulane University during the initial construction, Harrod and Andry designed a Richardsonian Romanesque building in Alabama. In 1894, the Sacred Heart Chapel at the Convent and Academy of Visitation in Mobile was built (National Park Service). Coincidentally, this was the same year as construction at Tulane University. In 1898 Albert Bendernagel joined the firm as a junior partner. After Harrod left in 1900, Bendernagel became a senior partner of the firm called Andry and Bendernagel. The new firm was contracted to work with Tulane University when additional buildings were needed. The author surmises that Paul Andry is likely to have been the architect to suggest the Richardsonian Romanesque aspect to the Tulane University design as well as to the Sacred Heart Chapel. (Fig. 11) He would have been about twenty four years old at the time and open to newer architectural styles. In addition, Benjamin Harrod would have been busy with the new drainage system in New Orleans.
Phase I of Tulane University

Work on the first phase of construction at Tulane University began in 1893 after the Richardsonian Romanesque design of Harrod and Andry was chosen to fulfill the vision of the Board of Administrators. On May 28, 1893 The Daily Picayune reported that the plans and specifications by Messrs. Harrod & Andry, and adopted by the board, call for three buildings, which will constitute the home of the university. On September 26, 1893 The Daily Picayune reported that contracts were awarded to
Thomas Nicholson of Chicago for construction of the first three buildings - the arts and sciences building, the physical laboratory, and an engineering complex which are now known as Gibson Hall (Fig. 12), F. Edward Hebert Hall (Fig. 13), and Walter E. Blessey Hall (Fig. 14) and Engineering Work Shops Complex (Fig. 15). One interesting fact is that the physical laboratory was placed to face north and south for the convenience of magnetic instruments and to take advantage of the natural light (Heard and Lemann 15). This in turn influenced the placement of the chemical laboratory. In December of the same year, Tulane announced that a fourth building, a chemical laboratory (now known as Richardson Building (Fig. 16)), would be built since construction of the first three was well under budget. On December 8, 1893 The Daily Picayune updated the progress of construction: Though there is little appearance of activity at the grounds the work is being pushed with great rapidity. The stone is prepared in Chicago, and shipped hither by car loads, each piece carefully numbered. It is delivered within a short distance of the grounds by the belt railroads, and transferred by large teams. This is rather a novelty in architecture, that the material should be sent, like childrens building blocks, ready to be placed in position, and from so great a distance. For this reason there is no delay on the grounds, and the task of building can be pushed with remarkable rapidity.
In January of 1894 on Washingtons Birthday, the corner stone for the arts and sciences building was dedicated. In March of 1894 The Daily Picayune reported: Even now, when the grounds are littered with the trash of the builders, it is possible to see the general beauty of the design through the roughness of the work. As one approaches from the avenue, the arts and sciences building is perceived in its incomplete state, still impressive. Its architecture is picturesque, combining many of the more graceful details of Renaissance, with something of modernized Gothic, thus producing once an effect of richness and dignity.
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Notice that the writer mistakenly refers to the style as Gothic. The buildings were completed for the fall session of classes at the university. The Daily Picayune in October of 1894 reported that at the formal opening of the buildings, the magnificence of the buildings was dwelt upon, telling how much the arts and sciences building resembled the great Chicago University, only Tulanes is the grander. (Fig. 17) Of the first four buildings, Gibson Hall is the only one that is truly Richardsonian Romanesque. Hebert Hall and Richardson Building, which have similar fronts, vaguely echo some of the features of Gibson. Both have arched windows on the lower floor and an arched main entrance. (Fig. 18) The two buildings also have dormers on either side of a center gable at the roofline. On Blessey Hall, the lone Romanesque feature is the arched main entrance. (Fig. 19) The Richardsonian Romanesque features of Gibson Hall will be discussed in a later section.
Phase II of Tulane University

Work of the second phase of construction at Tulane University began in 1901 to accommodate students to live on campus. In October of 1901 The Daily Picayune reported that plans have been made and submitted by Messrs. Andry and Bendernagel for the new dormitory that the board of administrators have decided to build. The first dormitory was a three-story brick building which is now the School of Social Work building. (Fig. 20) As a companion building to provide meals for the residents, a
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refectory was also built. This building is now Robert C. Cudd Hall and currently houses the offices of Newcomb-Tulane College. (Fig. 21) These two buildings were designed by the firm of Andry and Bendernagel, the firm that progressed from the firm of Harrod and Andry after Harrods departure in 1900. Andry and Bendernagel implemented a Dutch Renaissance style modeled after University of Pennsylvanias Houston Hall dormitory (Heard and Lemann 16). The only similarity between these two buildings and buildings from the first phase can be seen with Hebert Hall and Richardson Building. All four buildings were constructed with orange brick. Also, the newer buildings echo the older buildings arched windows and window hoods. (Fig. 22) The third building in the second phase of construction was the F. W. Tilton Memorial Library, endowed by the widow of a local iron merchant. (Fig. 23) The design from Andry and Bendernagel was chosen over local architects such as Favrot & Livaudais and Diboll & Owen. The Daily Picayune reported in November of 1900: The design selected is peculiarly adapted for the purpose contemplated and for the situation in which the building is to stand. It is in perfect harmony with the main building of the university, with which it is to stand in close juxtaposition. The material is to be the same, and is to have the same chaste yet imposing style. The building, while in the same general style as the main building of the university, will be somewhat more ornate, the main entrance being particularly beautiful, its decoration consisting of columns, whose capitals are to be surmounted with heraldic designs. In June of the following year The Daily Picayune reported: The handsome building already begins to show its shape and proportions, and when the university begins its next session will stand ready for use, erected out
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of the same character of stone and of the same handsome design and workmanship as the college of arts and sciences, and when it is equipped with books it will be a most useful addition to the college group. The Richardsonian Romanesque features of Tilton Memorial Hall will be discussed and compared to Gibson Hall in a later section.
Phase III of Tulane University

Third and last major phase of construction for the very front of the campus began in 1907. A decision had been made to relocate the first two years of medical school to the uptown campus. The Daily Picayune reported in August 1907: The Board of Administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund, at their regular monthly meeting, decided to erect a new Richardson Memorial building on the Tulane campus, and authorized the Building Committee to make a contract with Messrs. Andry & Bendernagel for the preparation of plans and specifications for the said building, which is to be of stone and in style of architecture somewhat similar to the present Gibson Hall. The new building was funded by the donation from the widow of Dr. Tobias Gibson Richardson, former dean of the medical school. (Fig. 24) DeBuys, Churchill and Labouisse designed the dormitory to house the medical students. (Fig. 25) This Italian Renaissance building now houses the Environmental Sciences department and is known as Alcee Fortier Hall. The building exhibits no Romanesque features but is constructed with orange brick similar to the building next to which it sits, the School of Social Work building.
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The Richardsonian Romanesque features of Richardson Memorial will be discussed and compared to Gibson Hall in a later section.
The Remainder of the Front Campus

From 1911 to 1942, the final three buildings that comprise the traditional front campus of Tulane University were constructed. These buildings range from slightly Romanesque to heavily Richardsonian Romanesque. Stanley Thomas Hall was designed by Andry and Bendernagel as a new engineering building. (Fig. 26) This building which was completed in 1911 has little in common with the other buildings on the front campus. The brick color matches neither Blessey Hall nor Richardson Building, the two nearest neighbors. The building does however feature arched entrances with delicate carving that slightly echo entrances at Gibson Hall and Tilton Hall. (Fig. 27) Also, the roof has dormers on either side of a center gable at the roofline like Gibson Hall, but the building cannot be described as Richardsonian Romanesque. The next decade, a new science building designed by Moise Goldstein and Associates was built on the downtown side of Gibson Hall. The building, now known as Dinwiddie Hall, was constructed of Alabama limestone and was completed in 1923. (Fig. 28) Most sources describe the building as Elizabethan which is a misnomer. The stepped out main entrance of the building is one feature that is Elizabethan in nature. (Fig. 29) However, disregarding that feature, the building can be described more correctly as Richardsonian Romanesque with the rusticated masonry, arched windows,
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and dormers and gable at the roofline. (Fig. 30) Currently the building is undergoing a major renovation. The final building constructed on the front campus was the Norman Mayer Building. (Fig. 31) Completed in 1942, the building was designed by Diboll and Kessels designed to conform to the style of the early campus buildings (Tulane University Campus Map). The building has many of the same features as Gibson Hall and was intentionally designed to be full Richardsonian Romanesque. With the wide arched entrance (Fig. 32), successive floors of smaller arched windows above larger arched windows (Fig. 33), and limestone from the same quarry, the Norman Mayer Building is almost a junior version of Gibson Hall.
Gibson Hall
As the face of the university along St. Charles, Gibson Hall is the most fully realized building in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The building exhibits a sense of the base, shaft, capital feeling captured in two of Richardsons own masterpieces, the Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago (Fig. 34) and the Allegheny Courthouse in Pittsburgh (Fig. 35). This is especially evident in either end of Gibson Hall. The partially raised basement acts as the base of the building. The first and second floors comprise the shaft with smaller arched windows atop larger arched windows (which is repeated in the Norman Mayer Building). (Fig. 36) On the ends of the building, the third floor is the capital with the smaller rectangular windows. The dormers of Gibson Hall are similar to those found on several buildings designed by Richardson himself. Examples include
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Trinity Church in Boston (Fig. 37) and the Allegheny Courthouse. The gabled faade is another common feature of Richardsons architecture that is found on Gibson Hall. (Fig. 38) A gable faade can be found on Trinity Church as well as many of the libraries designed by Richardson. (Fig. 39) Gibson Hall was also constructed with rusticated limestone from the area of the country near Bedford, Indiana that supplied many of Richardsons projects. The contractor of the project, Thomas Nicholson, was based in Chicago where several buildings designed by Richardson were constructed. If Nicholson was not associated with any of Richardsons projects, he was at least aware of the high quality of limestone from Indiana. In 2004, several new structures were added to Gibson Circle. The center piece was a 46 foot long gently curving wall of limestone with Tulane University in bronze lettering. (Fig. 43) The design company specifically chose limestone from the quarries of southern Indiana so that the wall would seamlessly fit in with Gibson Hall and the two other buildings on Gibson Circle. The detail and ornament of the limestone also reflected styles of Richardson. Much of the details on buildings designed by Richardson contained intricate organic carving. The main entrance of Gibson Hall is ornamented with beautiful carving. (Fig. 40) The very top of the front gable is carved with Arts and Sciences surrounded by the same foliage pattern found above the entrance. (Figs. 41 and 42)
F.W. Tilton Memorial Hall
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Tilton Memorial is another building that exemplifies the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The building shares several of the same features as Gibson Hall. Both are constructed with rusticated masonry. Each building has a row of large arched windows on the first floor that provide a sense of strength. Being a floor shorter, Tilton does not have smaller arched windows on the second floor. (Fig. 44) However, Tilton has similar but skinnier dormers and has a center gabled faade. (Fig. 45) Where the two building differ the most is in the detail. The entrance of Tilton is much more ornate that Gibson. (Fig. 46) On Tilton, the entrance features more intricate carving and additional carved items such as faces, lions, and the Tulane shield. (Fig. 47) Also the center gable is more elaborate than that of Gibson Hall. (Fig. 48) The carved details, however, is in tune with the Richardsonian concepts.
Richardson Memorial
Richardson Memorial is Richardsonian Romanesque but lacks the depth of the style that Gibson Hall embodies. Rusticated masonry was used only on the ground level and on the center faade on the first main floor around the entrance. (Fig. 49) The rest of the building was constructed with brick which may have been an economic choice instead of a design choice. The arched windows on the first main floor are smaller than those on the first floor of Gibson or Tilton. These smaller windows do not give the building the same strength seen the others. The smaller arched windows and two-story pilasters on the front faade give the building a more vertical feel. (Fig. 50)
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Richardson is closer in feel to Tilton Hall than to Gibson Hall. Richardson has skinny dormers similar to Tilton. (Fig. 51) Both buildings have a well decorated center gable. The entrance to Richardson is quite comparable to the entrance of Tilton. The entrances each have a section of very similar carving, followed by a section of smooth stone, followed by another ring of carving. (Fig. 52)
Conclusion
The design of Gibson Hall set the tone for the front campus of Tulane University through a half century of expansion and construction. By examining Gibson in detail, one will find that Harrod and Andry took direct inspiration from the works of Henry Hobson Richardson to provide the campus with beautiful dignity. Of the two partners, Andry is more likely to have been the one to fully grasp the Richardsonian Romanesque ideal and perpetuate the style through the front campus of Tulane.
Figure 1. Gibson Hall from St. Charles Avenue
Figure 2. Glessner House, Chicago, IL

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Figure 3. Howard Library, New Orleans, LA
Figure 4. 3607 St. Charles Avenue, Isidore Newman House
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Figure 5. 4717 St. Charles Avenue, W. P. Brown House
Figure 6. 3804 St. Charles Avenue, Kiefer House
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Figure 7. Firehouse designed by Harrod, 803 Julia Street
Figure 8. Belle Alliance Plantation, Assumption Parish, LA
Figure 9. Our Lady Peace Catholic Church, Vacherie, LA
Figure 10. Assumption Parish Courthouse, Napoleonville, LA
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Figure 11. Sacred Chapel, Mobile, AL
Figure 12. Gibson Hall
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Figure 13. F. Edward Hebert Hall
Figure 14. Walter E. Blessey Hall
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Figure 17. Blessey Hall and Engineering Complex
Figure 16. Richardson Building
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Figure 17. Tulane University campus, 1895 - Hebert, Blessey, Richardson, Gibson (left to right)
Figure 18. Entrance to Richardson Building
Figure 19. Entrance to Blessey Hall
Figure 20. School of Social Work Building
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Figure 21. Robert C. Cudd Hall
Figure 22. School of Social Work Building detail
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Figure 23. F. W. Tilton Memorial Hall
Figure 24. Richardson Memorial
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Figure 25. Alcee Fortier Hall
Figure 26. Stanley Thomas Hall
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Figure 27. Entrance to Stanley Thomas Hall
Figure 28. Dinwiddie Hall
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Figure 29. Entrance to Dinwiddie Hall
Figure 30. Dinwiddie Hall detail
Figure 31. Norman Mayer Building
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Figure 32. Entrance to Norman Mayer Building
Figure 33. Norman Mayer Building detail
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Figure 34. Marshall Field Wholesale Store, Chicago, IL
Figure 35. Allegheny Courthouse, Pittsburgh, PA
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Figure 36. Gibson Hall detail
Figure 37. Trinity Church, Boston, MA
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Figure 38. Gibson Hall gable and entrance
Figure 39. Woburn Public Library, Woburn, MA
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Figure 40. Entrance to Gibson Hall
Figure 41. Gibson Hall front gable
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Figure 42. Gibson Hall gable detail
Figure 43. Gibson Circle wall
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Figure 44. Tilton Hall detail
Figure 45. Tilton Hall dormer detail
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Figure 46. Tilton Hall gable and entrance
Figure 47. Tilton Hall entrance
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Figure 48. Tilton Hall gable detail
Figure 49. Richardson Memorial
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Figure 50. Richardson Memorial gable and entrance
Figure 51. Richardson Memorial dormer detail
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Figure 52. Entrance to Richardson Memorial
Figure 53. Aerial view of the front campus of Tulane University
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Image Credits
Figure 2 Library of Congress, <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/il0118.photos.060903p> Figure 3 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Howard_Memorial_New_Orleans_1900.jpg> Figure 4 New Orleans Virtual Archive, <luna.ts.tulane.edu:8190/luna> Figure 8 State Library of Louisiana Historic Photograph Collection, <http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/LHP,1278> Figure 9 Our Lady of Peace Parish, <www.olopchurch.org> Figure 10 Jordan McAlister, courthouselover on flickr, <http://flic.kr/p/xNNzQ> Figure 11 Visitation Monastery, <http://www.visitationmonasterymobile.org/HTMLcode/Tour1.htm> Figure 17 Tulane: The Biography of a University 1834-1965, John P. Dyer, New York: Harper & Row, 1966 Figure 34 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marshall_Field_Warehouse_Store.jpg> Figure 35 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AlleghenyCountyCourthouse.jpg> Figure 37 <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trinity_Church,_Boston,_Massachusetts _-_front_oblique_view.JPG> Figure 39 SCI Woburn, <http://www.sciwoburn.org/content/life-h-h-richardson-wmhsmonday> Figure 53 http://maps.live.com All other photographs were taken by the author.
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Front Campus of Tulane University Completion Dates and Architects
Phase I 1894 Gibson Hall - Harrod and Andry 1894 Walter F. Blessey Hall and Engineering Complex - Harrod and Andry 1894 Richardson Building - Harrod and Andry 1894 F. Edward Hebert Hall - Harrod and Andry
Phase II 1902 F. W. Tilton Memorial Hall - Andry and Bendernagel 1902 School of Social Work Building - Andry and Bendernagel 1902 Robert C. Cudd Hall - Andry and Bendernagel
Phase III 1908 Richardson Memorial - Andry and Bendernagel 1908 Alcee Fortier Hall - DeBuys, Churchill and Labouisse
Later Construction 1911 Stanley Thomas Hall - Andry and Bendernagel 1923 Dinwiddie Hall - Moise Goldstein and Associates 1942 Norman Mayer Building - Diboll and Kessels
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Sources
The Daily Picayune. via America's Historical Newspapers (subscription database) <http://infoweb.newsbank.com >. Tulane University. Plans for the New Buildings at Audubon Park Accepted. Three Buildings to be, 28 May 1893, pg. 3. The New Tulane. Contracts Awarded for the Erection of the Proposed University Building, 26 September 1893, pg. 12. Tulane University. Work on the New Buildings Progressing Rapidly, 8 December 1893, pg. 3. Tulane's New Home Almost Completed. Four Handsome Structures on St. Charles Avenue That Are Almost, 27 March 1894, pg. 3. Tulane's Formal Opening. Talks to the Pupils and Officers for the Classes, 16 October 1894, pg. 3. Activity Among Southern Colleges. Tulane's First Dormitory to be a Brick Structure, Three Stories High, 2 October 1901, pg. 3. Tulane Adopts Library Plans. The Needed and Ornamental Building Made Possible By the Generous Donation, 13 November 1900, pg. 3. Tilton Memorial Library at Tulane. The Corner-Stone Laid with Ceremony Inspiring Emulation and Calculated to, 2 June 1901, pg. 3. Tulane Board Decides on New Buildings and Elects Several Professors, 15 August 1907, pg. 3. Howe, Jeffery. Digital Archive of American Architetcure. Boston College. <http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/hhr.html>. Friends of the Cabildo. New Orleans Architecture Volume VII: Jefferson City. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing, 1989.
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Friends of the Cabildo. New Orleans Architecture Volume VIII: University Section. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing, 2000. Heard, Jr., Malcom and Bernard Lemann. Tulane Places. New Orleans: Tulane University, 1984. Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation's National Register Website. <http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/historicplacesdatabase.aspx>. Assumption Parish Courthouse National Register document. <http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/nhl/document2.asp?name=040 01001.pdf> Belle Alliance National Register document. <http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/nhl/document2.asp?name=04007001. pdf> Howard Memorial Library National Register document. <http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/nhl/document2.asp?name=36043001. pdf> Tulane University of Louisiana National Register document. <http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/nhl/document2.asp?name=36101001. pdf> Masson, Ann. History of Architecture in the Americas II class notes. April 8, 2009. Maygarden, Benjamin D., Jill-Karen Yakubik, Ellen Weiss, Chester Peyronnin, and Kenneth R. Jones, National Register Evaluation of New Orleans Drainage System, Orleans Parish, Louisiana, <http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/pao/history/NO_Drainage/NewOrleansDrainage .htm>. National Park Service, Catholic Churches of Mobile National Register Document <http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500007.pdf>.
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Our Lady of Peace Parish. <http://www.olopchurch.org/about/History.aspx>. Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl. "Richardson, H. H.." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. <http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T071968>. Time. Richardson V. Richardsonian. 27 January 1936 <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847640,00.html>. Tulane University Campus Map. <http://tulane.edu/tulane/about/maps/norman-mayerbuilding.cfm>.

Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University

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Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University

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Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University

Picturesque yet harmonious Fortress-like yet graceful with nuance (Masson)

Richardsonian Romanesque in New Orleans

A New Era for Tulane University

Harrod and Andry: The Men behind the Design

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Phase I of Tulane University

Phase II of Tulane University

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Phase III of Tulane University

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

The Remainder of the Front Campus

F.W. Tilton Memorial Hall

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 1. Gibson Hall from St. Charles Avenue

Figure 2. Glessner House, Chicago, IL

Figure 3. Howard Library, New Orleans, LA

Figure 4. 3607 St. Charles Avenue, Isidore Newman House

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 5. 4717 St. Charles Avenue, W. P. Brown House

Figure 6. 3804 St. Charles Avenue, Kiefer House

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 7. Firehouse designed by Harrod, 803 Julia Street

Figure 8. Belle Alliance Plantation, Assumption Parish, LA

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 9. Our Lady Peace Catholic Church, Vacherie, LA

Figure 10. Assumption Parish Courthouse, Napoleonville, LA

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 11. Sacred Chapel, Mobile, AL

Figure 12. Gibson Hall

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 13. F. Edward Hebert Hall

Figure 14. Walter E. Blessey Hall

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 17. Blessey Hall and Engineering Complex

Figure 16. Richardson Building

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 18. Entrance to Richardson Building

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 19. Entrance to Blessey Hall

Figure 20. School of Social Work Building

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 21. Robert C. Cudd Hall

Figure 22. School of Social Work Building detail

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 23. F. W. Tilton Memorial Hall

Figure 24. Richardson Memorial

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 25. Alcee Fortier Hall

Figure 26. Stanley Thomas Hall

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 27. Entrance to Stanley Thomas Hall

Figure 28. Dinwiddie Hall

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 29. Entrance to Dinwiddie Hall

Figure 30. Dinwiddie Hall detail

Figure 31. Norman Mayer Building

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Figure 32. Entrance to Norman Mayer Building

Figure 33. Norman Mayer Building detail

Anthony DelRosario Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture