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FORCES ON MATERIALS
Created By: Mohamad Fikree bin Alias Lecturer Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah
OUTLINE
What is Strength of Material Usual symbols Types of loads Types of forces Force effects Stress & types of stress Normal strain
DEFINITION
WHAT is Strength of Material?
Material ability to withstand an applied stress without failure.
Usual Symbols
SYMBOL A D D E F@P G L L U (epsilon) Area of effect Diameter Diameter Difference Young Modulus @ Elasticity Modulus Force Modulus of Rigidity Length Length Difference Strain Energy Normal strain @ Direct strain EXPLAINATION
(phi) (rho)
(sigma) (tau) (nu)
Static
An external force that is applied and held in a fixed position for a specific amount of time. e.g. a parking car A type of load that changes in the direction or degree of force during operation. e.g. walking tourist on a bridge
TYPES OF LOAD
Fatigue & Alternating
Dynamic
Shock
Act on certain time only e.g. water load fountain (sluggish) e.g. load on a spring (alternating)
Example
Elevator situation
Example
Example
Alternate Spring
Load
Fatigue
TYPES OF FORCE
STRESS
Force applied to the material over the Area of contact.
Force Applied
Stress
=P A
Area of Contact
Material
Unit:
TYPES OF STRESS
0.03 m
0.08 m
3000 N
3000 N
0.3 m
Ans: 1.25 MN
0.02 m
0.07 m
50 kN
200 mm
50 kN
Ans: 35.714 MN
20 mm
50 mm
45 kN
200 mm
45 kN
Ans: 45 MN
Normal Strain
The increase or decrease of length occurred for a unit length of bar.
Lf - Li
Strain
L L
Li
Unit:
0.02 m
50 kN
200 mm
50 kN
210 mm
Ans: 0.05
50 kN
200 mm
50 kN
Ans: - 0.02
Ans: 6.15x10-4
FORCE EFFECTS
Force will result the material to: 1. Increase length 2. Decrease length 3. Elastic 4. Twisted
CHALLENGE PINS
Pick your lucky one!!
QUIZ 1
# (CLO1) A steel rod with a diameter of 32mm been given a 3kN of force on its axis as figure. Calculate the stress and strain value of the rod. Given the initial length of the rod is 0.15m
3 kN
3 kN
2 mm