CHEMISTRY FORM 4

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

NAME: CLASS: NO.IC: TEACHER NAME:

OBJECTIVES
To understand the manufacturing process of sulphuric acid. To synthesis the manufacturing of ammonia and its salts. To learn the usefulness of alloy. To evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer. To apply the uses of glass and ceramics. To evaluate the uses of composite materials.

SULPHURIC ACID, H2SO4

Uses of sulphuric acid

Sulphuric acid is the electrolyte used in lead-acid batteries. Sulphuric acid is important in the production of fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4

Sulphuric acid is used to remove oxides from iron and steel before galvanising or electroplating.

Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolytes.

Manufacture of sulphuric acid

Mostly sulphuric acid are manufactured using the Contact Process. Absorption Tower -> Converter (conversion of sulfur dioxide) -> (sulfur trioxide absorbed into the sulfuric acid mist --

Combustion Chamber (combustion of sulfur)

Hydration of Oleum

> to produce sulfuric acid

The Contact Process is a process involving the catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide, SO2, to sulphur trioxide, SO3. The process is as followings: Step 1: Solid sulphur, S(s), is burned in air to form sulphur dioxide gas, SO2 S(s) + O2(g) -----> SO2(g)

Step 2: The gases are mixed with more air then cleaned by electrostatic precipitation to remove any particulate matter. Step 3: The mixture of sulphur dioxide and air is heated to 450oC and subjected to a pressure of 101.3 - 202.6 kPa in the presence of a vanadium catalyst to produce sulphur trioxide, SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) -----> 2SO3(g) Step 4: Any unreacted gases from the above reaction are recylced back into the above reaction Step 5: Sulphur trioxide, SO3(g) is dissolved in 98% (18M) sulphuric acid, H2SO4, to produce disulphuric acid or pyrosulfuric acid, also known as fuming sulphuric acid or oleum, H2S2O7. SO3(g) + H2SO4 ------> H2S2O7 This is done because when water is added directly to sulfur trioxide to produce sulfuric acid SO3(g) + H2O(l) -----> H2SO4(l) The reaction is slow and tends to form a mist in which the particles refuse to coalesce.

Step 6: Water is added to the disulfuric acid, H2S2O7, to produce sulfuric acid, H2SO4 H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) -----> 2H2SO4(l) Lower temperatures would favour the production of the product sulfur trioxide and result in a higher yield. A temperature of 450oC is a compromise whereby a faster reaction rate results in a slightly lower yield.

THE CONTACT PROCESS

Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) results from the combustion of fuels containing sulfur or sulfurous chemicals, the combustion of H2S in flares, paper production, and the smelting of ores containing sulfides. SO2 exhausted to the atmosphere may cause respiratory problems in sensitive individuals such as asthmatics. It can also cause damage to plants and trees, such as the reddening of pine needles. It can hasten the corrosion of iron and other metals.

If the SO2 combines with water vapour, it can cause acid precipitation which can erode metal and limestone, impact the ionic balance of clay soils, fade paints and change the pH of river and lake water to the detriment of fish and other aquatic organisms. In all of these cased the impact of atmospheric SO2 is to combine with water in plant to animal cells, atmospheric water, or standing water to make sulfurous acid (H2SO3). If the SO2 oxidizes in the atmosphere to sulfur trioxide (SO3) it can combine with water to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with stronger environmental chemical reactions.

Ammonia,NH3
Uses of ammonia
Manufacturing nitrogen fertilizers Manufacturing nitric acid through Ostwald process. To make explosives, dyes, household cleaners and nylon As a cooling agent.

Manufacture of Ammonia
Ammonia is manufactured by combining nitrogen and hydrogen in an important industrial process called the Haber process. The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia is exothermic.

Nitrogen gas is obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air. Hydrogen gas is obtained through the reaction between natural gas and steam. Nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed in the ratio of 1 : 3

How to separate ammonia

When the gases leave the reactor they are hot and at a very high pressure. Ammonia is easily liquefied under pressure as long as it isn't too hot, and so the temperature of the mixture is lowered enough for the ammonia to turn to a liquid. The nitrogen and hydrogen remain as gases even under these high pressures, and can be recycled.

Alloy

The making of alloy is: To increase the strength and hardness of a pure metal.

To prevent corrosion. To improve the appearance of a pure metal.

Pure Metal

Pure metal is made up of one type of atoms that are in same size. Therefore, when a force is applied, the layers of atoms can slide over one another. Thus, metals are ductile or can be stretched. There are some empty spaces in between the pure metal atoms. When a metal is knocked or pressed, groups of atoms may slide and then settle into new positions. Thus, metals are malleable or can be shaped.

Alloy

Some of the spaces between the metal atoms are filled up by the foreign atoms which may be bigger or smaller than the original metal atoms. The presence of foreign atoms disrupts the orderly arrangement or the pure metal. The layers of metal atoms are prevented from sliding over one another easily. This makes alloys stronger and harder than pure metals.

Examples of alloy

Alloy
Steel Stainless steel Bronze Brass Magnalium Duralumin Pewter Solder cupronickel 99 % iron

Composition
+ 1 % carbon 74 % iron + 18 % chromium + 8 % nickel 90 % copper + 10 % tin 70 % copper + 30 % zinc 70 % aluminium + 30 % magnesium 95 % aluminium + 4 % copper 1 % magnesium 50 % tin + 50 % lead 25 % copper + 75 % nickel +

97 % tin + 3 % lead and antimony

CHEMISTRY FORM 5
CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMERS

NAME: CLASS: NO.IC: TEACHER NAME: