Stanford Math Tournament

Algebra Test
2006 Stanford Math Tournament

February 25, 2006
1. A nite sequence of positive integers m
i
for i = 1, 2, . . . , 2006 are dened so that m
1
= 1 and m
i
=
10m
i1
+ 1 for i > 1. How many of these integers are divisible by 37?
2. Find the minimum value of 2x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 5z
2
2xy 4yz 4x 2z + 15 for real numbers x, y, z.
3. A Gaussian prime is a Gaussian integer z = a + bi (where a and b are integers) with no Gaussian
integer factors of smaller absolute value. Factor 4 +7i into Gaussian primes with positive real parts.
i is a symbol with the property that i
2
= 1.
4. Simplify:
a
3
(ab)(ac)
+
b
3
(ba)(bc)
+
c
3
(ca)(cb)
5. Jerry is bored one day, so he makes an array of Cocoa pebbles. He makes 8 equal rows with the pebbles
remaining in a box. When Kramer drops by and eats one, Jerry yells at him until Kramer realizes he
can make 9 equal rows with the remaining pebbles. After Kramer eats another, he nds he can make
10 equal rows with the remaining pebbles. Find the smallest number of pebbles that were in the box
in the beginning.
6. Let a, b, c be real numbers satisfying:
ab a = b + 119
bc b = c + 59
ca c = a + 71
Determine all possible values of a + b + c.
7. Find all solutions to aabb = n
4
6n
3
, where a and b are non-zero digits, and n is an integer (a and b
are not necessarily distinct).
8. Evaluate:
10
x=2
2
x(x
2
1)
.
9. Principal Skinner is thinking of two integers m and n and bets Superintendent Chalmers that he will
not be able to determine these integers with a single piece of information. Chalmers asks Skinner the
numerical value of mn+13m+13nm
2
n
2
. From the value of this expression alone, he miraculously
determines both m and n. What is the value of the above expression?
10. Evaluate:
k=1
k
a
k1
for |a| < 1.
1
Calculus Test
February 25, 2006
1. Evaluate:
lim
x0
d
dx
sin x
x
x
2. Given the equation 4y
+ 3y
y = 0 and its solution y = e

t
, what are the values of ?
3. Find the volume of an hourglass constructed by revolving the graph of y = sin
2
(x) +
1
10
from
2
to

2
about the x-axis.
4. Evaluate
lim
x0
ln(x + 1)
x ((1 + x)
1
2
e)
5. Evaluate:

(xtan
1
x)dx
6. Evaluate
/2
0
sin
3
x
sin
3
x + cos
3
x
dx
.
7. Find H
n+1
(x) in terms of H
n
(x), H
n
(x), H
n
(x), . . . for
H
n
(x) = (1)
n
e
x
2 d
n
dx
n
e
x
2
8. A unicorn is tied to a cylindrical wizards magic tower with an elven rope stretching from the unicorn
to the top of the tower. The tower has radius 2 and height 8; the rope is of length 10. The unicorn
begins as far away from the center of the tower as possible. The unicorn is startled and begins to run
as close to counterclockwise as possible; as it does so the rope winds around the tower. Find the area
swept out by the shadow of the rope, assuming the sun is directly overhead. Also, you may assume
that the unicorn is a point on the ground, and that the elven rope is so light it makes a straight line
from the unicorn to the tower.
9. Dene the function tanh x =
e
x
e
x
e
x
+e
x
Let tanh
1
denote the inverse function of tanh. Evaluate and
simplify:
d
dx
tanh
1
tan x
10. Four ants Alan, Bill, Carl, and Diane begin at the points (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), and (0, 1), respectively.
Beginning at the same time they begin to walk at constant speed so that Alan is always moving
directly toward Bill, Bill toward Carl, Carl toward Diane, and Diane toward Alan. An approximate
solution nds that after some time, Alan is at the point (0.6, 0.4). Assuming for the moment that
this approximation is correct (it is, to better than 1%) and so the pont lies on Alans path, what is
the radius of curvature at that point. In standard Cartesian coordinates, the radius of curvature of a
function y(x) is given by:
R =
1 +
dy
dx
3/2
d
2
y
dx
2
1
Geometry Test
February 25, 2006
1. Given a cube, determine the ratio of the volume of the octahedron formed by connecting the centers
of each face of the cube to the volume of the cube.
2. Given square ABCD of side length 1, with E on CD and F in the interior of the square so that
EF DC and AF

= BF

= EF, nd the area of the quadrilateral ADEF.
3. Circle is centered at (0, 3) with radius 1. Circle is externally tangent to circle and tangent to the
x-axis. Find an equation, solved for y if possible, for the locus of possible centers (x, y) of circle .
4. The distance AB is l. Find the area of the locus of points X such that 15
o
AXB 30
o
and X is
on the same side of line AB as a given point C.
5. Let S denote a set of points (x, y, z). We dene the shadow of S to be the set of points (x, y) for which
there exists a real number z such that (x, y, z) is in S. For example, the shadow of a sphere with radius
r centered on the z axis is a circle in the xy plane centered at the origin with radius r. Suppose a cube
has a shadow consisting of a regular hexagon witih area 147
3. What is the side length of the cube?

6. A circle of radius R is placed tangent to two perpendicular lines. Another circle is placed tangent to
the same two lines and the rst circle. In terms of R, what is the radius of a third circle that is tangent
to one line and tangent to both other circles?
7. A certain 2 by 1 pool table has pockets, denoted [A, . . . , F] as shown. A pool player strikes a ball
at point x,
1
4
of the way up side AC, aiming for a point 1.6 up the opposite side of the table. He
makes his mark, and the ball ricochets around the edges of the table until it nally lands in one of the
pockets. How many times does it ricochet before it falls into a pocket, and which pocket? Write your
answer in the form {C, 2006}.
8. In triangle PQR, the altitudes from P, Q and R measure 5, 4 and 4, respectively. Find QR
2
.
9. Poles A, B, and P
1
, P
2
, P
3
,. . . are vertical line segments with bases on the x-axis. The tops of poles A
and B are (0,1) and (200,5), respectively. A string S connects (0,1) and (200,0) and intersects another
string connecting (0,0) and (200,5) at point T. Pole P
1
is constructed with T as its top point. For each
integer i > 1, pole P
i
is constructed so that its top point is the intersection of S and the line segment
connecting the base of P
i1
(on the x-axis) and the top of pole B. Find the height of pole P
100
.
10. In triangle ABC, points P, Q and R lie on sides AB, BC and AC, respectively, so that
AP
PB
=
BQ
QC
=
CR
RA
=
1
3
. If the area of ABC is 1, determine the area of the triangle formed by the points of
intersection of lines AQ, BR and CP.
1
Algebra Test
March 4, 2007
1. Find all real roots of f if f(x
1/9
) = x
2
3x 4.
2. Given that x
1
> 0 and x
2
= 4x
1
are solutions to ax
2
+ bx + c and that 3a = 2(c b), what is x
1
?
3. Let a, b, c be the roots of x
3
7x
2
6x + 5 = 0. Compute (a + b)(a + c)(b + c).
4. How many positive integers n, with n 2007, yield a solution for x (where x is real) in the equation
x + 2x + 3x = n?
5. The polynomial 400x
5
+ 2660x
4
3602x
3
+ 1510x
2
+ 18x 90 has ve rational roots. Suppose you
guess a rational number which could possibly be a root (according to the rational root theorem). What
is the probability that it actually is a root?
6. What is the largest prime factor of 4
9
+ 9
4
?
7. Find the minimum value of xy + x + y +
1
xy
+
1
x
+
1
y
for x, y > 0 real.
8. If r + s + t = 3, r
2
+ s
2
+ t
2
= 1, and r
3
+ s
3
+ t
3
= 3, compute rst.
9. Find a
2
+ b
2
given that a, b are real and satisfy
a = b +
1
a +
1
b+
1
a+
; b = a
1
b +
1
a
1
b+
10. Evaluate
2007
k=1
(1)
k
k
2
Calculus Test
March 4, 2007
1. Find
lim
x0
1 + cos x
3x
2
+ 4x
3
2. A line through the origin is tangent to y = x
3
+ 3x + 1 at the point (a, b). What is a?
3. A boat springs a leak at time t = 0, with water coming in at constant rate. At a time t = > 0 hours,
someone notices that there is a leak and starts to record distance the boat travels. The boats speed is
inversely related to the amount of water in the boat. If the boat travels twice as far in the rst hour
as in the second hour, what is ?
4. Let I(n) =

0
sin(nx)dx. Find
n=0
I(5
n
).
5. Let
k
(x) be 0 for x < k and 1 for x k. The Dirac delta function is dened to be
k
(x) =
d
dx
k
(x).
(Its really called a distribution, and we promise it makes sense.) Suppose
d
2
dx
2
f(x) =
1
(x) +
2
(x) and
f(0) = f
(0) = 0. What is f(5)?

6. Point A is chosen randomly from the circumference of the unit circle, while point B is chosen randomly
in the interior. A rectangle is then constructed using A, B as opposite vertices, with sides parallel or
perpendicular to the coordinate axes. What is the probability that the rectangle lies entirely inside
the circle?
7. A balloon in cross-section has the equation y =
2x x
2
e
x/2
, with the x-axis beginning at the top
of the balloon pointing toward the knot at the bottom. What is its volume?
8. Silas does nothing but sleep, drink coee, and prove theorems, and he never more than one at a time.
It takes 5 minutes to drink a cup of coee. When doing math, Silas proves s +ln c theorems per hour,
where c is the number of cups of coee he drinks per day, and s is the number of hours he sleeps per
day. How much coee should Silas get in a day to prove the most theorems?
9. Evaluate lim
n
2n
k=n+1
1
k
.
10. Find the 10
th
nonzero term of the power series for f(x) =
x
(x
2
1)
2
(expanding about x = 0).
Geometry Test
March 4, 2007
1. An equilateral triangle has perimeter numerically equal to its area, which is not zero. Find its side
length.
2. Two spheres of radius 2 pass through each others center. Find the surface area of the regular octahe-
dron inscribed within the space enclosed by both spheres.
3. Cumulation of a polyhedron means replacing each face with a pyramid of height h using the face as a
base. There is a cumulation of the cube of side length s which (after removing unecessary edges) has
twelve sides, each a congruent rhombus. What is the height h used in this cumulation?
4. Nathan is standing on vertex A of triangle ABC, with AB = 3, BC = 5, and CA = 4. Nathan walks
according to the following plan: He moves along the altitude-to-the-hypotenuse until he reaches the
hypotenuse. He has now cut the original triangle into two triangles; he now walks along the altitude
to the hypotenuse of the larger one. He repeats this process forever. What is the total distance that
Nathan walks?
5. Given an octahedron with every edge of length s, what is the radius of the largest sphere that will t
in this octahedron?
6. Let TINA be a quadrilateral with IA = 8, IN = 4, m
T = 30
, m
NAT = 60
, and m
TIA =
m
INA. Find NA.

7. Two regular tetrahedra of side length 2 are positioned such that the midpoint of each side of one
coincides with the midpoint of a side of the other, and the tetrahedra themselves do not coincide. Find
the volume of the region in which they overlap.
8. ABC has AB = AC. Points M and N are midpoints of AB and AC, respectively. The medians
MC and NB intersect at a right angle. Find (
AB
BC
)
2
.
9. Points P, Q, R, S, T lie in the pane with S on PR and R on QT. If PQ = 5, PS = 3, PR = 5, QS = 3,
and RT = 4/
3, what is ST?
10. A car starts moving at constant speed at the origin facing in the positive y-direction. Its minimum
turning radius is such that it the soonest it can return to the x-axis is after driving a distance d. Let
be the boundary of the region the car can reach by driving at most a distance d; nd an x > 0 so
that
x,
d
3
+
d
3
2
is on .
SMT 2008 Algebra Test February 23, 2008
1. Reid is twice as old as Gabe. Four years ago, Gabe was twice as old as Dani. In 10 years, Reid will be
twice as old as Dani. How many years old is Reid now?
2. Let P(x) = x
6
+ax
5
+bx
4
+x
3
+bx
2
+ax+1. Given that 1 is a root of P(x) = 0 and 1 is not, what
is the maximum number of distinct real roots that P could have?
3. If a, b, c C and a + b + c = ab + bc + ac = abc = 1, nd a, b, c. (The order in which you write your
answers does not matter.)
4. Find x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
, given that
0 = x + y + z
1 = x
2
+ y
z
+ z
2
5. The product of a 13x5 matrix and a 5x13 matrix contains the entry x in exactly two places. If D(x) is
the determinant of the matrix product, D(x = 0) = 2008, D(x = 1) = 1950, and D(x = 2) = 2142.
Find D(x).
6. For how many integers k, with 0 k 2008, does x
2
x k = 0 have integer solutions for x?
7. Find all ordered pairs of positive integers (p, q) such that 2p
2
+ q
2
= 4608.
8. How many monic polynomials P(x) are there with P(x)Q(x) = x
4
1 for some other polynomial Q(x),
where the coecients of P and Q are in C?
9. Find the number of distinct ordered integer pairs (x,y) with x + y xy = 43.
10. Evaluate
k=1
k
5
k
.
SMT 2008 Calculus Test February 23, 2008
1. Compute
/2
0
sin xcos x dx.
2. Evaluate:
lim
x0
10x
2
1
2
x
3
e
1
3
x
2
1
3. Find the area enclosed by the graph given by the parametric equations
y = sin(2t)
x = sin(t)
4. Find the value of the nth derivative of f(x) = sin
n
(x) at x = 0.
5. Water ows into a tank at 3 gallons per minute. The tank initially contains 100 gallons of water, with
50 pounds of salt. The tank is well-mixed, and drains at a rate of 2 gallons per minute. How many
pounds of salt are left after one hour?
6. Evaluate

e
3x
sin(x)dx.
7. Compute
n=0
2
n1
n!
.
8. Find f(x) such that lim
h0
h
2
f(x+2x)2f(x+h)+f(x)
=
x
3
2
x
1
2x
.
9. Suppose x
(t) + x
(t) = t
5
x(t). Let the power series representation of x be x(t) =

a
n
t
n
. Find a
n
in
terms of a
n1
and a
n7
, where n > 7.
10. Evaluate:

x
t2
t
e
t
dt
SMT 2008 Geometry Test February 23, 2008
1. A regular polygon of side length 1 has the property that if regular pentagons of side length 1 are placed
on each side, then each pentagon shares a side with the two adjacent ones. How many sides does such
a polygon have?
2. John stands against one wall of a square room with walls of length 4 meters each. He kicks a frictionless,
perfectly elastic ball in such a way that it bounces o the three other walls once each and returns to
him (diagram not geometrically accurate). How many meters does the ball travel?
3. A cube is inscribed in a sphere of radius r. Find the ratio of the volume of the cube to that of the
sphere.
4. A circle of radius 144 has three smaller circles inside it, all congruent. Each small circle is tangent to
the other two and to the large circle. Find the radius of one of the smaller circles.
5. In ABC, C is right, AC = 2
3 +x and BC = 1 2x +x
3. Find mB.
6. Points A, B, C lie on sides DE, EF, and FE of DEF, respectively. If DA = 3, AE = 2, EB = 2,
BF = 11, FC = 11, and CD = 1, nd the area of ABC.
7. What is the area of the incircle of a triangle with side lengths 10040, 6024, and 8032?
8. Rhombus ABCD has side length l, with cos(mB) =
2
3
. The circle through points A, B, and D has
radius 1. Find l.
9. A trapezoid has bases of length 10 and 15. Find the length of the segment that stretches from one leg
of the trapezoid to the other, parallel to the bases, through the intersection point of the diagonals.
10. A regular polygon with 40 sides, all of length 1, is divided into triangles, with each vertex of each
triangle being a vertex of the original polygon. Let A be the area of the smallest triangle. What is the
minimum number of square root signs needed to express the exact value of A?
1. No math tournament exam is complete without a self referencing question. What is the product of
the smallest prime factor of the number of words in this problem times the largest prime factor of the
number of words in this problem?
2. King Midas spent
100
x
% of his gold deposit yesterday. He is set to earn gold today. What percentage
of the amount of gold King Midas currently has would he need to earn today to end up with as much
gold as he started?
3. Find all integer pairs (a, b) such that ab + a 3b = 5.
4. Find all values of x for which f(x) + xf
1
x
= x for any function f(x).

5. Find the minimum possible value of 2x
2
+ 2xy + 4y + 5y
2
x for real numbers x and y.
6. The dollar is now worth
1
980
ounce of gold. After the n
th
$7001 billion No Bank Left Behind bailout
package passed by congress, the dollar gains
1
2
2
n1
of its (n 1)
th
value in gold. After four bank
bailouts, the dollar is worth
1
b
1
1
2
c
in gold, where b,c are positive integers. Find b + c.

7. Evaluate
2009
k=1
k
60
8. Balanced tertiary is a positional notation system in which numbers are written in terms of the digits
1 (negative one), 0, and 1 with the base 3. For instance, 10
11 = (1)3
0
+(1)3
1
+(0)3
2
+1(3)
3
= 25
10
.
Calculate (1
100)(
11) + (1
11) and express your answer in balanced tertiary.

9. All the roots of x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c are positive integers greater than 2, and the coecients satisfy
a + b + c + 1 = 2009. Find a.
10. Let (n) be the number of 1s in the binary expansion of n (e.g. (1) = 1, (2) = 1, (3) = 2, (4) = 1).
Evaluate:
10
n=1
(n)
n
2
n=0
(1)
n1
(n)
n
2
.
1. Find the exact value of 1
1
3!
+
1
5!
. . ..
2. At SMT 2008, we met a man named Bill who has an innite amount of time. This year, he is walking
continuously at a speed of
1
1+t
2
, starting at time t = 0. If he continues to walk for an innite amount
of time, how far will he walk?
3. Evaluate lim
x0
10x
2
sin
2
(3x)
.
4. Compute
1
0
tan
1
(x)dx
5. Let a(t) = cos
2
(2t) be the acceleration at time t of a point particle traveling on a straight line. Suppose
at time t = 0, the particle is at position x = 1 with velocity v = 2. Find its position at time t = 2.
6. Find
n=2
d
n
dx
n
(e
ax
)
for |a| < 1.
7. Compute
lim
n
n
k=1
n k
n
2
cos
4k
n
.
8. Evaluate

0
4x + 7e
2x
dx. Remember to express your answer as a single fraction.
9. Compute
n=0
n
1
5
n
.
10. Evaluate
n=1
1
50 + n
2
/80000
, as a decimal to the nearest tenth.
1. The sum of all of the interior angles of seven polygons is 180 17. Find the total number of sides of the
polygons.
2. The pattern in the gure below continues inward innitely. The base of the biggest triangle is 1. All
triangles are equilateral. Find the shaded area.
3. Given a regular pentagon, nd the ratio of its diagonal, d, to its side, a.
4. ABCD form a rhobus. E is the intersection of AC and BD. F lie on AD such that EF FD. Given
EF = 2 and FD = 1. Find the area of the rhobus ABCD.
5. In the 2009 Stanford Olympics, Willy and Sammy are two bikers. The circular race track has two
lanes, the inner lane with radius 11, and the outer with radius 12. Willy will start on the inner lane,
and Sammy on the outer. They will race for one complete lap, measured by the inner track. What is
the square of the distance between Willy and Sammys starting positions so that they will both race
the same distance? Assume that they are of point size and ride perfectly along their respective lanes.
6. Equilateral triangle ABC has side length of 24. Points D, E, F lie on sides BC, CA, AB such that
AD BC, DE AC, and EF AB. G is the intersection of AD and EF. Find the area of the
quadrilateral BFGD.
7. Four disks with disjoint interiors are mutually tangent. Three of them are equal in size and the fourth
one is smaller. Find the ratio of the radius of the smaller disk to one of the larger disks.
8. Three points are randomly placed on a circle. What is the probability that they lie on the same
semicircle?
9. Two circles with centers A and B intersect at points X and Y . The minor arc XY = 120
with
respect to circle A, and XY = 60
with respect to circle B. If XY = 2, nd the area shared by the

two circles.
10. Right triangle ABC is inscribed in circle W. CAB = 65
, and CBA = 25
. The median from C

to AB intersects W at D. Line l
1
is drawn tangent to W at A. Line l
2
is drawn tangent to W at D.
The lines l
1
and l
2
intersect at P. Compute APD.
1. Compute
1 +
1 +
1 +
1 +
1 +
1 + ....
2. Write 0.2010228 as a fraction.
3. Bob sends a secret message to Alice using her RSA public key n = 400000001. Eve wants to listen in
on their conversation. But to do this, she needs Alices private key, which is the factorization of n.
Eve knows that n = pq, a product of two prime factors. Find p and q.
4. If x
2
+ 1/x
2
= 7, nd all possible values of x
5
+ 1/x
5
.
5. A series of lockers, numbered 1 through 100, are all initially closed. Student 1 goes through and opens
every locker. Student 3 goes through and ips every 3
rd
locker (ipping) a locker means changing
its state: if the locker is open he closes it, and if the locker is closed he opens it. Student 5 then
goes through and ips every 5
th
locker. This process continues with all students with odd numbers
n < 100 going through and ipping every n
th
locker. How many lockers are open after this process?
6. Consider the sequence 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, ... Find n such that the rst n terms sum up
to 2010.
7. Find all the integers x in [20, 50] such that 6x + 5 19 mod 10, that is, 10 divides (6x + 15) + 19.
8. Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree n such that P(k) = 3
k
for 0 k n. Find P(n + 1).
9. Suppose xy 5x +2y = 30, where x and y are positive integers. Find the sum of all possible values of
x.
10. Find the sum of all solutions of the equation
1
x
2
1
+
2
x
2
2
+
3
x
2
3
+
4
x
2
4
= 2010x 4.
1. Evaluate
lim
t0
1
t
_
tan
1
_
1
x + t
_
tan
1
_
1
x
__
2. Find the minimum value of e
x
x
x
3
3
.
3. Given
_

e
tx
f(x) dx = sin
1
_
t
_
1/2
_
, nd
_

xf(x) dx.
4. Find the values of x that maximize f(x) =
3x + 1
9x
2
+ 6x + 2
.
5. A rectangular pyramid tower is being built on a circular island of radius two. The height of the tower
is equal to its width. What is the maximum volume of the tower?
6. Evaluate
k=0
ke
13
13
k
k!
.
7. Calculate
d
dt
_
_
ln 1/t
ln 1/t
cos(te
x
)dx
_
.
8. Evaluate
1
1
+
1
2

2
3
+
1
4
+
1
5

2
6
+
1
7
+
1
8

2
9
+
9. Find the value of k which minimizes
F(k) =
_
4
0
|x(4 x) k| dx.
10. Let f(x) = x
6
6x
2
+ 6x 7. It is known that this polynomial has three critical points. Find the
parabola passing through these critical points.
Note: Figures may not be drawn to scale.
1. Find the reection of the point (11, 16, 22) across the plane 3x + 4y + 5z = 7.
2. Find the radius of a circle inscribed in a triangle with side lengths 4, 5, and 6.
3. Find the volume of a regular cubeoctahedron of side length 1. This is a solid whose faces comprise 6
squares and 8 equilateral triangles, arranged as in the diagram below.
4. Given triangle ABC. D lies on BC such that AD bisects BAC. Given AB = 3, AC = 9, and
BC = 8. Find AD.
5. Find the sum of angles A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I in the following diagram:
A
D
G
I
B
E
H
C
F
6. In the diagram below, let OT = 25 and AM = MB = 30. Find MD.
T
D
M
B
A
O
7. ABC is a triangle with AB = 5, BC = 6, and CA = 7. Squares are drawn on each side, as in the
image below. Find the area of hexagon DEFGHI.
H
I
A
D
H
A
D
G
C
G
B
E
F
8. A sphere of radius 1 is internally tangent to all four faces of a regular tetrahedron. Find the tetrahe-
drons volume.
9. For an acute triangle ABC and a point X satisfying ABX +ACX = CBX +BCX, nd the
minimum length of AX if AB = 13, BC = 14, and CA = 15.
10. A, B, C, D are points along a circle, in that order. AC intersects BD at X. If BC = 6, BX = 4,
XD = 5, and AC = 11, nd AB.
Time limit: 50 minutes.
Instructions: This test contains 10 short answer questions. All answers must be expressed in simplest form
unless specied otherwise. Only answers written on the answer sheet will be considered for grading.
No calculators.
1. Let a, b C such that a + b = a
2
+ b
2
=
2
3
3
i. Compute | Re(a)|.
2. Consider the curves x
2
+ y
2
= 1 and 2x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
2x 2y = 0. These curves intersect at two
points, one of which is (1, 0). Find the other one.
3. If r, s, t, and u denote the roots of the polynomial f(x) = x
4
+ 3x
3
+ 3x + 2, nd
1
r
2
+
1
s
2
+
1
t
2
+
1
u
2
.
4. Find the 2011th-smallest x, with x > 1, that satises the following relation:
sin(ln x) + 2 cos(3 ln x) sin(2 ln x) = 0.
5. Find the remainder when (x + 2)
2011
(x + 1)
2011
is divided by x
2
+ x + 1.
6. There are 2011 positive numbers with both their sum and the sum of their reciprocals equal to 2012.
Let x be one of these numbers. Find the maximum of x + x
1
.
7. Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree 2011 such that P(1) = 0, P(2) = 1, P(4) = 2, ... , and P(2
2011
) =
2011. Compute the coecient of the x
1
term in P(x).
8. Find the maximum of
ab + bc + cd
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
for reals a, b, c, and d not all zero.
9. It is a well-known fact that the sum of the rst n k-th powers can be represented as a polynomial in
n. Let P
k
(n) be such a polynomial for integers k and n. For example,
n
i=1
i
2
=
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
,
so one has
P
2
(x) =
x(x + 1)(2x + 1)
6
=
1
3
x
3
+
1
2
x
2
+
1
6
x.
Evaluate P
7
(3) + P
6
(4).
10. How many polynomials P of degree 4 satisfy P(x
2
) = P(x)P(x)?
No calculators.
1. If f(x) = (x 1)
4
(x 2)
3
(x 3)
2
, nd f
(1) + f
(2) + f
(3).
2. A trapezoid is inscribed in a semicircle of radius 2 such that one base of the trapezoid lies along the
diameter of the semicircle. Find the largest possible area of the trapezoid.
3. A sector of a circle has angle . Find the value of , in radians, for which the ratio of the sectors area
to the square of its perimeter (the arc along the circle and the two radial edges) is maximized. Express
your answer as a number between 0 and 2.
4. Let f(x) =
x
3
e
x
2
1x
2
. Find f
(7)
(0), the 7th derivative of f evaluated at 0.
5. The real-valued innitely dierentiable function f(x) is such that f(0) = 1, f
(0) = 2, and f
(0) = 3.
Furthermore, f has the property that
f
(n)
(x) + f
(n+1)
(x) + f
(n+2)
(x) + f
(n+3)
(x) = 0
for all n 0, where f
(n)
(x) denotes the nth derivative of f. Find f(x).
6. Compute
x
2
1 + sin x +
1 + sin
2
x
dx.
7. For the curve sin(x) + sin(y) = 1 lying in the rst quadrant, nd the constant such that
lim
x0
x
d
2
y
dx
2
exists and is nonzero.
8. Compute
2
1
2
tan
1
x
x
2
x + 1
dx.
9. Solve the integral equation
f(x) =
x
0
e
xy
f
(y) dy (x
2
x + 1)e
x
.
10. Compute the integral

0
ln(1 2a cos x + a
2
) dx
for a > 1.
No calculators.
1. Triangle ABC has side lengths BC = 3, AC = 4, AB = 5. Let P be a point inside or on triangle ABC
and let the lengths of the perpendiculars from P to BC, AC, AB be D
a
, D
b
, D
c
respectively. Compute
the minimum of D
a
+D
b
+D
c
.
2. Pentagon ABCDE is inscribed in a circle of radius 1. If DEA
= EAB

= ABC, mCAD = 60
,
and BC = 2DE, compute the area of ABCDE.
3. Let circle O have radius 5 with diameter AE. Point F is outside circle O such that lines FA and FE
intersect circle O at points B and D, respectively. If FA = 10 and mFAE = 30
, then the perimeter

of quadrilateral ABDE can be expressed as a +b
2 +c
3 +d
6, where a, b, c, and d are rational.

Find a +b +c +d.
4. Let ABC be any triangle, and D, E, F be points on BC, CA, AB such that CD = 2BD, AE = 2CE
and BF = 2AF. AD and BE intersect at X, BE and CF intersect at Y , and CF and AD intersect
at Z. Find
Area(ABC)
Area(XY Z)
.
5. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral with AB = 6, BC = 12, CD = 3, and DA = 6. Let E, F be the
intersection of lines AB and CD, lines AD and BC respectively. Find EF.
6. Two parallel lines l
1
and l
2
lie on a plane, distance d apart. On l
1
there are an innite number of
points A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, , in that order, with A
n
A
n+1
= 2 for all n. On l
2
there are an innite number of
points B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, , in that order and in the same direction, satisfying B
n
B
n+1
= 1 for all n. Given
that A
1
B
1
is perpendicular to both l
1
and l
2
, express the sum
i=1
A
i
B
i
A
i+1
in terms of d.
7. In a unit square ABCD, nd the minimum of
2AP +BP +CP where P is a point inside ABCD.

8. We have a unit cube ABCDEFGH where ABCD is the top side and EFGH is the bottom side with
E below A, F below B, and so on. Equilateral triangle BDG cuts out a circle from the cubes inscribed
sphere. Find the area of the circle.
9. We have a circle O with radius 10 and four smaller circles O
1
, O
2
, O
3
, O
4
of radius 1 which are internally
tangent to O, with their tangent points to O in counterclockwise order. The small circles do not intersect
each other. Among the two common external tangents of O
1
and O
2
, let l
12
be the one which separates
O
1
and O
2
from the other two circles, and let the intersections of l
12
and O be A
1
and B
2
, with A
1
denoting the point closer to O
1
. Dene l
23
, l
34
, l
41
and A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, B
3
, B
4
, B
1
similarly. Suppose that
the arcs A
1
B
1
, A
2
B
2
, and A
3
B
3
have length , 3/2, and 5/2 respectively. Find the arc length of
A
4
B
4
.
10. Given a triangle ABC with BC = 5, AC = 7, and AB = 8, nd the side length of the largest equilateral
triangle PQR such that A, B, C lie on QR, RP, PQ respectively.
Instructions: This test contains 10 short answer questions. All answers must be expressed in sim-
plest form unless specied otherwise. Only answers written on the answer sheet will be considered
for grading.
No calculators.
1. Compute the minimum possible value of
(x 1)
2
+ (x 2)
2
+ (x 3)
2
+ (x 4)
2
+ (x 5)
2
for real values of x.
2. Find all real values of x such that (
1
5
(x
2
10x + 26))
x
2
6x+5
= 1.
3. Express
2
3
1
2
3
+1

3
3
1
3
3
+1

4
3
1
4
3
+1

16
3
1
16
3
+1
as a fraction in lowest terms.
4. If x, y, and z are integers satisfying xyz +4(x+y +z) = 2(xy +xz +yz) +7, list all possibilities
for the ordered triple (x, y, z).
5. The quartic (4th-degree) polynomial P(x) satises P(1) = 0 and attains its maximum value of
3 at both x = 2 and x = 3. Compute P(5).
6. There exist two triples of real numbers (a, b, c) such that a
1
b
, b
1
c
, and c
1
a
are the roots
to the cubic equation x
3
5x
2
15x +3 listed in increasing order. Denote those (a
1
, b
1
, c
1
) and
(a
2
, b
2
, c
2
). If a
1
, b
1
, and c
1
are the roots to monic cubic polynomial f and a
2
, b
2
, and c
2
are the
roots to monic cubic polynomial g, nd f(0)
3
+ g(0)
3
.
7. The function f(x) is known to be of the form
n
i=1
f
i
(a
i
x), where a
i
is a real number and f
i
(x)
is either sin(x) or cos(x) for i = 1, . . . , n. Additionally, f(x) is known to have zeros at every
integer between 1 and 2012 (inclusive) except for one integer b. Find the sum of all possible
values of b.
8. For real numbers (x, y, z) satisfying the following equations, nd all possible values of x +y +z.
x
2
y + y
2
z + z
2
x = 1
xy
2
+ yz
2
+ zx
2
= 5
xyz = 2
9. Find the minimum value of xy, given that x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 7, xy + xz + yz = 4, and x, y, z are
real numbers.
10. Let X
1
, X
2
, . . . , X
2012
be chosen independently and uniformly at random from the interval (0, 1].
In other words, for each X
n
, the probability that it is in the interval (a, b] is b a. Compute
the probability that log
2
X
1
+ log
4
X
2
+ + log
4024
X
2012
is even. (Note: For any real
number a, a is dened as the smallest integer not less than a.)
for grading.
No calculators.
1. What is

10
0
(x 5) + (x 5)
2
+ (x 5)
3
dx?
2. Find the maximum value of
3/2
/2
sin(x)f(x) dx
subject to the constraint |f(x)| 5.
3. Calculate
3
5
2
5
1
x x
3/5
dx.
4. Compute the x-coordinate of the point on the curve y =
x that is closest to the point (2, 1).

5. Let
f(x) = x +
x
2
2
+
x
3
3
+
x
4
4
+
x
5
5
,
and set g(x) = f
1
(x). Compute g
(3)
(0).
6. Compute
lim
x0
sin x
x
1
1cos x
.
7. A dierentiable function g satises
x
0
(x t + 1)g(t) dt = x
4
+ x
2
for all x 0. Find g(x).
8. Compute

0
ln x
x
2
+ 4
dx.
9. Find the ordered pair (, ) with non-innite = 0 such that lim
n
n
2
1!2! n!
n
= holds.
10. Find the maximum of

1
0
f(x)
3
dx
given the constraints
1 f(x) 1,
1
0
f(x) dx = 0.
for grading.
No calculators.
1. A circle with radius 1 has diameter AB. C lies on this circle such that

AC /
BC= 4. AC divides
the circle into two parts, and we will label the smaller part Region I. Similarly, BC also divides
the circle into two parts, and we will denote the smaller one as Region II. Find the positive
dierence between the areas of Regions I and II.
2. In trapezoid ABCD, BC AD, AB = 13, BC = 15, CD = 14, and DA = 30. Find the area of
ABCD.
3. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with side length 1. Draw three circles O
a
, O
b
, and O
c
with
diameters BC, CA, and AB, respectively. Let S
a
denote the area of the region inside O
a
and
outside of O
b
and O
c
. Dene S
b
and S
c
similarly, and let S be the area of the region inside all
three circles. Find S
a
+S
b
+S
c
S.
4. Let ABCD be a rectangle with area 2012. There exist points E on AB and F on CD such
that DE = EF = FB. Diagonal AC intersects DE at X and EF at Y . Compute the area of
triangle EXY .
5. What is the radius of the largest sphere that ts inside an octahedron of side length 1?
6. A red unit cube ABCDEFGH (with E below A, F below B, etc.) is pushed into the corner
of a room with vertex E not visible, so that faces ABFE and ADHE are adjacent to the wall
and face EFGH is adjacent to the oor. A string of length 2 is dipped in black paint, and one
of its endpoints is attached to vertex A. How much surface area on the three visible faces of the
cube can be painted black by sweeping the string over it?
7. Let ABC be a triangle with incircle O and side lengths 5, 8, and 9. Consider the other tangent
line to O parallel to BC, which intersects AB at B
a
and AC at C
a
. Let r
a
be the inradius of
triangle AB
a
C
a
, and dene r
b
and r
c
similarly. Find r
a
+r
b
+r
c
.
8. Let ABC be a triangle with side lengths 5, 6, and 7. Choose a radius r and three points outside
the triangle O
a
, O
b
, and O
c
, and draw three circles with radius r centered at these three points.
If circles O
a
and O
b
intersect at C, O
b
and O
c
intersect at A, O
c
and O
a
intersect at B, and all
three circles intersect at a fourth point, nd r.
9. In quadrilateral ABCD, mABD
= mBCD and ADB = ABD+BDC. If AB = 8 and

AD = 5, nd BC.
10. A large at plate of glass is suspended
2/3 units above a large at plate of wood. (The glass

is innitely thin and causes no funny refractive eects.) A point source of light is suspended
6
units above the glass plate. An object rests on the glass plate of the following description. Its
base is an isosceles trapezoid ABCD with ABDC, AB = AD = BC = 1, and DC = 2. The
point source of light is directly above the midpoint of CD. The objects upper face is a triangle
EFG with EF = 2, EG = FG =
3. G and AB lie on opposite sides of the rectangle EFCD.

The other sides of the object are EA = ED = 1, FB = FC = 1, and GD = GC = 2. Compute
the area of the shadow that the object casts on the wood plate.

Stanford Math Tournament

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Algebra Test

2006 Stanford Math Tournament

y = 0 and its solution y = e

3. What is the side length of the cube?

(0) = 0. What is f(5)?

INA. Find NA.

= x for any function f(x).

in gold, where b,c are positive integers. Find b + c.

1 (negative one), 0, and 1 with the base 3. For instance, 10

11) and express your answer in balanced tertiary.

with respect to circle B. If XY = 2, nd the area shared by the

. The median from C

, then the perimeter

6, where a, b, c, and d are rational.

2AP +BP +CP where P is a point inside ABCD.

x that is closest to the point (2, 1).

= mBCD and ADB = ABD+BDC. If AB = 8 and

2/3 units above a large at plate of wood. (The glass

3. G and AB lie on opposite sides of the rectangle EFCD.

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