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2 Network standards
Organization that set the standards for network:a. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) d. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) f. Internet Society (ISOC) g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Channel - refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel. Destination - the receiving end of a communication channel. It receives decoded messages/information from the sender, who first encoded them. (penerima terakhir
dari sebuah saluran komunikasi. Ia menerima decode mesej / maklumat dari penghantar)
Rules of communication
a. b. c. d. e. f. Establish a link Issue a command and command qualifier Acknowledgment of command Dissection messages Error detection and correction Termination of transmission
RULES of COMMUNICATION
For two computer-based devices to communicate with one another, even at the lowest level, a number of rule must be satisfied.
Device 1 must track the time that device 2 takes to respond. (peranti 1 perlu menjejaki masa yang diperlukan untuk peranti 2 memberi maklumbalas)
device 1 tells device 2 what to do with the file. For example, device 1 may tell device 2 to place the incoming file onto disk storage, with the file-name "FRED". (peranti 1 akan memberitahu peranti 2 apa yang harus dilakukan dengan fail tersebut.
Sebagai contoh, peranti 1 akan memberitahu peranti 2 untuk menyimpan file yang dihantar ke dalam cakera simpanan, dengan nama-fail "FRED".)
The acknowledgement message tells device 1 that it can now proceed with further action needed to fulfill the command. (ACK memberitahu peranti 1 bahawa sekarang ia boleh meneruskan
tindakan yang selanjutnya bagi memenuhi perintah)
Acknowledgment of commandCont
If device 2 is unable to act upon the command from device 1, then it must respond with an error message. (Jika peranti 2 tidak boleh bertindak atas arahan dari peranti 1, maka ia harus
memberi maklumbalas dengan mesej ralat(negarif acknowledgment))
An error could occur on the receiver, for example, the disk on which the incoming file is to be stored, is already full. The error response message would tell device 1 that it should not proceed with its proposed course of action. (Kesalahan biasa terjadi pada penerima, contohnya, cakera tempat fail
yang akan disimpan, sudah penuh. Mesej kesalahan tersebut akan memberitahu peranti 1 agar tidak meneruskan tindakan/proses)
Thus if an error should occur in a packet, then only that packet needs to be re-transmitted (and not the entire message). (jika berlaku ralat, hanya paket itu sahaja yang perlu dihantar semula) Therefore, when device 1 wishes to transfer a large file to device 2, the file is broken up into packets and transmitted packet by packet. (Oleh kerana itu, apabila peranti 1 ingin
memindahkan fail besar ke peranti 2, fail dipecah menjadi paket-paket dan di hantar paket demi paket)
This calculation is transmitted to device 2 immediately after the message. (Pengiraan ini akan dihantar ke peranti 2
selepas mesej)
Device 2 performs exactly the same mathematical calculation on its incoming data as device 1. (peranti 2
melakukan pengiraan matematik pada data yang masuk sama seperti yang dilakukan oleh peranti 1 pada data tersebut)
If the two calculations provide an identical result, then it is assumed that the incoming message was not corrupted on the link. (Jika dua pengiraan memberikan hasil yang sama,
maka diandaikan bahawa mesej yang masuk tidak rosak pada link)
Device 2 can then issue a positive acknowledgement to device 1 to indicate that it is ready for the next message. (peranti 2 kemudiannya boleh mengeluarkan pengakuan positif(ACK) kepada peranti 1
untuk menunjukkan bahawa ia bersedia untuk menerima mesej seterusnya)
After the last piece of the file is transmitted to device 2 and positively acknowledged, then device 1 must terminate the transmission. (Setelah bahagian terakhir dari fail telah dihantar
ke peranti 2 dan ACK positif diakui, maka peranti 1 harus berhenti penghantaran)
TERMINOLOGIES
There are several terminologies in relation to communication in networking:
Messages sent across the network are first converted into bits by the sending host. Each bit is encoded into a pattern of sounds, light waves, or electrical impulses depending on the network media over which the bits are transmitted. (Mesej yang dihantar di seluruh rangkaian terlebih dahulu
ditukarkan kepada bit oleh penghantar. Setiap bit akan dikodekan menjadi pola suara, gelombang cahaya, atau impuls elektrik bergantung pada media rangkaian di mana bit dihantar)
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK
Message EncodingCont
The destination host receives and decodes the signals in order to interpret the message. (penerima akan menerima dan menterjemah isyarat-isyarat untuk menginterpretasikan
mesej)
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK
Message formats depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message.
(format Mesej bergantung pada jenis mesej dan saluran yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan mesej)
The process of placing one message format (the letter) inside another message format (the envelope) is called encapsulation. (Proses menempatkan satu format
mesej (huruf) ke dalam format yang lain (sampul surat) disebut encapsulation)
Message FormattingCont
De-encapsulation occurs when the process is reversed by the recipient and the letter is removed from the envelope. (De-encapsulation berlaku apabila proses dibatalkan oleh
penerima dan surat akan dikeluarkan dari sampul surat)
Each computer message is encapsulated in a specific format, called a frame, before it is sent over the network. (Setiap mesej komputer dirumuskan dalam format khusus, yang disebut rangka,
sebelum dihantar melalui rangkaian)
A frame acts like an envelope; it provides the address of the intended destination and the address of the source host. (Sebuah rangka bertindak seperti sampul surat, ia mempunyai
alamat destinasi dan alamat sumber)
Message FormattingCont
The rules that govern the size of the pieces, or frames, communicated across the network are very strict. They can also be different, depending on the channel used. Frames that are too long or too short are not delivered. (Peraturan-peraturan yang menetapkan saiz potongan, atau rangka,
dihubungkan di seluruh rangkaian sangat ketat. Ia juga berbeza, bergantung pada saluran yang digunakan. Bingkai yang terlalu panjang atau terlalu pendek tidak akan dihantar)
Message SizeCont
In network communication, a sending host can transmit messages at a faster rate than the destination host can receive and process. (penghantar boleh
menghantar mesej lebih laju berbanding keupayaan destinasi menerima dan memproses mesej)
Source and destination hosts use flow control to negotiate correct timing for successful communication. (sumber dan destinasi akan menggunakan flow control untuk berunding
tempoh yang betul bagi memastikan komunikasi berjaya)
Message TimingCont
Hosts on the network have rules that specify how long to wait for responses and what action to take if a response timeout occurs. (Host di jaringan mempunyai peraturan yang
menentukan berapa lama untuk menunggu maklumbalas dan tindakan yang harus diambil jika tamat waktu maklumbalas berlaku)
Message PatternsCont
A one-to-one message pattern is referred to as a unicast, meaning that there is only a single destination for the message. (pola mesej satu-ke-satu disebut sebagai
Unicast, yang bermaksud bahawa hanya ada satu sahaja destinasi untuk mesej yang dihantar)
When a host needs to send messages using a oneto-many pattern, it is referred to as a multicast. Multicasting is the delivery of the same message to a group of host destinations simultaneously. (apabila
penghantar perlu menghantar mesej menggunakan pola satu-ke-banyak, ini disebut sebagai Multicast. Multicasting adalah penghantaran mesej yang sama kepada sekumpulan host serentak)
Message PatternsCont
If all hosts on the network need to receive the message at the same time, a broadcast is used. Broadcasting represents a one-to-all message pattern. (Jika semua host dalam rangkaian perlu menerima mesej pada masa yang sama,
broadcast akan digunakan. Broadcast merupakan pola mesej satu-untuk-semua)
Identify if a communication problem, in a given scenario, deals with message format, timing, message pattern, or message size.