22

--
LIQUID RETAINING
-,_:.1
Liquid retaining structure is a general term applied to underground
d d tanks
tank:-. reservotrs. aqueducts an even ams. They are used to st ' overhead
A 1 d ore Wate
petroleum and chemtcals etc. tqut retammg structure can have a r, liquid
shape in plan. It can be bui lt either below or above the grctrcular shape or a
t e t I h ound lev I
capacity tanks are usually but t be ow t e ground level. Over head c 1 e Large . trcu ar W
l:' a common sight in Indta. An over head water tank is usually sup ater tanks
. d . . h . 'd ported on a
of columns etther aroun tts penp ery or m a gn . The height of the 1 number
lso referred to as the height of staging may vary from about 7 m t co umns Which is
. o say 25
structures not only should have suffictent strength but should also b ti m. Such
_cracks. Water and liquid petroleum do not react with concrete. Th e, ree from any
. . . d. h . 'd c: f ere.ore no .
treatment ts requtre on t e mst e sur1ace o the reservoirs. Typic 1 r : sp.ectal
structures are shown in Figs. 22.1 a-h. a tqutd retaming
VENTILATOR
PLAN
PLAN
(a) RECTANGULAR
(b) CIRCULAR
(c) UNDER GROUND
Fig. 22.1 Typical liquid retaining structures (cont.)
)TAIRS

WLUMNS
INlk()DIJ r '1\(JN
BEAM
STAIRS
RAFT
(d) RECTANGULAR
STAIRS ON
SINGLE
COLUMN
(e) CIRCULAR 'MTH DOMES
PILES
(f) INTZE TANK
Fig. 22.1 Typical liquid structurfl (coot)
694 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCl URES
COLUMN I 1
SHAFT
STAIRS
CONICAL
DOME

(g) INTZE TANK
ON SHAFT
I I --- I I
(h) CONICAL TANK
ON SHAFT
Fig. 22.1 Typical liquid retaining structures
1gn Ph1losophy
A \\-ater retaining structure may be designed using either limit state method or
. . d . d n to ensure
orkmg stress method. All relevant limit states must be cons1dere m estg J' 't
adequate degree of safety and serviceability in accordance with IS : 456. The
.state of serviceability in deflection is likely to be critical only in exceptional cases t not
. d flexure mus
axunum calculated surface width of cracks for direct tenswn an .
013
y
d 0 . . . . d fl ural tensJOn
excee .2 mm. The crack Width for members m d1rect tenswn an ex . . does not
be deemed to be satisfactory if the stress in steel under service condttJOnS
exceed 150 MPa in high strength deformed bars.
Jmoermeabilitv of Concrete
triJCtures.
- . . . . . . d retaining
5
- ctl)'
The lmpermeabthty of concrete JS a bas1c requirement for hqut because 11 dire ,e
llus is 1mponant not only for its direct effect on the leakage but also . n frost damagd
- abrasto , . ['111 an
..... , .. Aurab1hty, resistance to leaching, chemical attack, eroswn_,. f anY un1fo rhe
protection from corrosion of embedded steel. The.
0
dependent
th ... rn .. compacted concrete of given mix proporttons tn Jarg'bly with the av !tall'
ompatl e h ement rat1o_ It ts essenttal to select a concrete m1X c 11 as t e
. . . b'J'ty as we tcle shape and gradtng to have a tugh degree of worka
1 1 e
concrete ts sufficientlv impervious
- ever. ( t"t
M25 J--foW dinS
0
d
ncretc used in such structures
15
nderstan IY all
d
1 the u
1
on '
. f concrete .. us. momefl
hu>nt .. ,l- -
MEMBERS SUBJEC1Eo
10
BENOJN .
(
1
MOME'NT
l
al tension and bending rnornent The d .
d ax '""" of
f over head water tanks are not diseu,!td '""-
.,d stagmg o
MEMBERS SUBJECTED To AXIAL TtNSJON
22
.2 b must satisfy the following conditions:
h
mem ers
sue fi . . ti
h U
ld be suf Ictent rem orcement to resi an lensiie ,
. There s o (1) . h
.. The calculated tensile stress tn concrete s oufd P<nnissible...,
(11)
d that the concrete and steel act together, and COntltft is unaa<kot.
It is assume
fi t condition :
From the '" T a., x A,
where, T - force of tension
5
cr
51
= permissible stress in tension in steel reinforcement
A1 = area of reinforcement
<22.1)
From the second condition :
Equivalent area of cross-section is given by :
A -
Therefore,
(j <
bD+(m-I)A
1
T
where, b -
ct - bD+(m-I)A
1
width of the cross-section
D
depth of the cross-section
d I
. 280
mo u ar raho, --
3crcb
computed tensile stress in concrete

m "'
0
c1 -
0
ct'
permissible tensile stress in concrete
crcb "" permissible stress in concrete in bending compression
lbus, dirne .
051
0ns of the section may be selected.
22.3 ME ,
SUBJECTED TO BENDING MOMENT
Such
(i} lh
fllernb d'
ers must satisfy the following con 1t1ons
22.2)
..2J)
e cone .
tli) lh rete 1s not perrn itted to crack. c:- tenstle satSs
10
e corn . . . crete and th
teint; Pressve stress in bendmg '" eon sible values
orcern dinl' penms. .
enr should not exceed the correspon :. _. expresswn
e bt>ntt . I , the flllk,\\108 -
1
llg str - g" en n
ess m compression or rens1on 1 -
t22.4)
6
LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
If
8
sectilm is designed strictly as a homogeneous section on no cracf.. ba, .
1
.
. 'bl . . b d' . '' t ten tt
neutral axis will be nt 0.5 D. If pemusst e stress m en mg tension in cone . s
d
. . . . . . rete 1s 1
7
1Pa for M 20 c'-"ncrete, the correspon mg stress m tenswn steel wtll be m x
1 7
h :
l
.h. I r- t I l 'h t at 1s
14
" 1.7::: 23.S MPa. ts stress ts too .ow 10r s c-e . e pemHSstble stress in steel
the liquid retaining fnce of the ts taken as 115 MPa for Fe 250 grade and
1

MPa for Fe 415 grade steel. lnus. 1t can be seen that although the design of
. water
retaining structures ts to be do.ne on no crack bas1s, some tension is permitted.
It means a slight crnckmg 1s acceptable m concrete such that the crack. width is less th
02 mm. It should be remembered that the entire force of tension is resisted by steel
not by concrete.
The face of the concrete away from the water face can be designed on cracA basis
provided a minimum of 115 mm uncracked section ts available on the water face, that is,
the depth of neutral from the water face is at least 115 mm in compression.
If the section is treated as a composite section, the depth of neutral axis will be
different than 0.5 D. Let the depth of neutral a.xis from the extreme compression edge 1s
x as shown in Fig. 22.2. Let us take moment of areas about the neutral axis :
-
x (d-x)
bx.:.. = b(d- x) + (m - l)A (d-x)
2 2 t
(22.5)
I b
I
D_t_
1
T
x > D/2
. - - . - . - d- -1-

At
I I ( ' T
SECllON STRESS
Fig. ll.l Concrete uncracked in tension 't is easY
. . um steel. I . is
For an assumed value of area of tension steel near about the mmlm .
1 01
secuon
h . . f th, equlva e
to compute t e depth of neutral axis. The moment of mcrtta o c
.
g1ven as:
I =
bD
3
. 2
12
+ bD (x - 0.5 0)2 + (m - 1) At (d- x)
(22.6)
where d effective depth of the section h re y"' d
. 22.4, w e J''s .
Thus, the tensile stress in concrete can be computed usmg Eq.S. ce the neotf&
The tensi le stress in concrete surrounding the steel will be Os/m. 10
the mid depth, therefore,
o -/nt <;. rr th
MEMBl:i RS To Bf: NDr .
. .NG
t;97
1 , 1 Section
CraCII tt . .
depth of neutral ax1s from the extreme co
L
et the t' t" . 111pressJon e-'"e I
.
1
,
1
us take moment o e '' "'" ""' of '' . "' s lho-.
., J k . l.u, ton about th
fig.
1
. ' tel'! mav be ta en equivalent tom times its n,... f e
l
)e ore a o ' - "'' o
X
b x 1 == m A
1
(d - x)
-
A At = p bd
or. p - I
- ----
Let
bd
,
,.. 111 p bd (d - x) or,
or. ,
')
x- == 2 m p d (d - x}
vr,

I b
TI .. ____ --
0
0
cb
N.A.
- -
1
l I / ' T
e (Jst/m
SECTION STRESS
Fig. 22.3 Concrete c-racked in tension
0
-+ 2 111 p d x - 2 m pdl
If ' '"' Nd, N a -rnp+Jm2p2+2mp



la[J, .. I
1
. . . .



'
.
') lle depth of neutral ux1s 1s gl\'l!n as
nst
n
Cb :::0
Nh ..
N
N
(1 Sl
1
+ ,;1
computed stress in steel in bending tensillO
corn . . nl'l'ssion
puted stress in concrete in benJmg t.'OIIlt-
In case I'T ... 0
1
'and o,.b
' "'sl s


then
N
N11
i
'-"'I j(lll
. ' b I811Ct'
Coefllcient of the neutral AXIS fl\r a 11
coefl1c1enr of the. nc.utral axis
<22.1)
(22.8)
X< D/2
(
,, '"' __.,,.

(21. IIJ\
Ll<)lJ ID RETAINING S fRUCTURES
p nni . ible tn:'is in teel in bending tens1on
m1i ' ibl in concrete in bending
F r e of com pre
For e of tension T
I
- crst b Nd
")
-
1 ment of resL tance \\ ith respect to concrete
here K
10 R = x jd
MOR - _!_ crcb Nj bd
2
- K bd2
2
j - coefficient of lever arm
or
I
- I- _
J
_,
1om nt of re istance \ 1th respect to steel
or
M - (cr
51
A
1
) x jd
A =
t
M
cr st jd
(22.11)
(22. 12)
(22.13)
(22. 14)
(22.15)
(22. 16)
(22. 17)
fi of tensiOn
Eq. ::!2 17 give the quantity of steel required to resist the enttre orce k the
d
r d'd not crac ,
However. if there \\ as a fibre of concrete surrounding the steel, an I It
1
th treme
. . t cr at e ex
ress 111 concrete would be cr
5
l m. The compressive stress 111 e cb . this case,
ibre will Still be in the ratio of the distance from the neutral roos. lll since no
the poruon of the stress diagram below the neutral axis is only an imagmarybon: the mid
. . . . ually a ov
e e are res1sted by concrete. In thts case, the neutral axts IS us
dep h of the section. and
22.-l Mf.:\1BRS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED
BE ' Dit 'G MOMENT

AXIAL TENSION
f ncra lr.ed Sect ton
On 1Jqu1d retai mng face
llo mg condrton :
ses shoU
of the plane walls, the tensile stres.
here o
0
bt
o,, Obt ..-
- + .....:;;.:.. .;:a
0 I
lJ t l 0' ht
comp ted tress m concrete in bending tension
permi 'i tble tress In con rete in bending tension
f tht
ld sa"s )
MEMBERS SUBJECTED fOCOM
BfNEo ""I

These stresses may be cornp
1
. )(>!'-iANoar)Jr.
u ed usmg f ufNGMc
Cracked Section 22.3 and
22
JMf}q 699
4 thr()ugh 22 6
(i} When eccentricity is small th
at If ten .
1
'
31
e /ore
In thi s case, the line of acr
1
e
1
S large 1
on of th ,e .. At'T
layer_s steel .as shown in Fig.
22
.4. e force lies Within
1
area 1s meffecttve. The Whole seer . the section betw
ton IS in tension een the two
The total tensile force acts at d' and the concrete
. a 1stance fi
cr
512
are stresses m stee I areas A d e rom the c
. , tl an At2, respective) . g. of steel areas.
Takmg moment of tensile force b }. If
0
stt and
s a out the bottom steel
crstl x All x (dl + d2) '= T (d2- e) '
I
b
, 1

dl
- -
dt
AXIS THROUGH
- -
e
C.G. OF STEEL

T
d'
T
Fig. 22.4 Section under small emntnctt)
or
(d, -e)T
-
Hen ostJ All + crst2 At2 = T
ce cr
. st2 can be computed
It/)
len ecc, . \t Tl
I
(Jifncuy ts Iaroe. that is, tl!nsilc}orcc IS small (t! '
1
n th '
L case h 'Je the u
0
g. 22 5
1
e hne of action of the force lies

h
Cq The d . d ant t
n be loca
11
ecr and bend in strc ses are equally omm
ted by trial and error. o
Of
rompr' .
c 'iS Jon in concrett'
Force of .
I '11
411
tens1on in stlel
tbr,utn
of filr ..
... gJ\.es :
I )
(.1- )
sh'''ln I
a.1 ;S
IIIIJIIHUI ININ< 'lfllt ' fllll'
b
-
N,1
_.._;, N.A.
t C./l
t
_ l
-T
12.'\ s( dion uncltr l'l'('tnh tdly
(
Nd d')
h h Nd < 111 I ) t\ , Nd n, h
I or 11111111 nt JUthhtnun,
T km. Ill lithe olhoul the tension steel,
f22.2l)
(
Nd d'J
1)/1., Nd olh(d d')
'f ( c 1 d') (22.22)
JtHI
N (22.2 J)
I he 11 r 111 111 lfl.1y he t.ur inl out m lht lollowrng \IL'P>:
p I A umc .1 v.rl111.: nl N
t n.! < nn1p111c cs 1n onl'rctc anti \ll'cl usmg .qs. .
1
7 22 21 and 22 22
p1
p
1 mpu1 wrr ctcd value of N ustng f. q 22.2 3.
t o1np 1rc th I\\ n 'aluc of N and 11cr.1tc 11 the: dJIILr cncc IS u . . , II'ICI;CplnbJc.
22. I' I H \11'\SIIJLJ S'T HFSSJ.;S IN CON IU.TE
n 111d
d . I ttnsiO ,
f '' r' It m ( 11 The pcrmi\\thlt trcssc 111 concrete 111 lrcc bcntfll18
'I due to n It 'II I n r 'I\' n Ill l.thlc )) I I he p I len I . Jnnl2i "'"
1 I
I n her , less I I c pp I 1 lh' I.J. 'ol the Ill 'lllhtr In t:OillJl t Wllh the htlllld II ITICI bcntflll!' Jl
. ., I ' I l'SSCS '" lh1 K n J trl 0111 t With the hqul(j 1111 tJill' thLSC l '>I
I IJ ph 1bl 11 lh 1 lllnl 1.1 't'
T hit ll.l l'rrmh,thl In l'ntH'rt'h' on wulcr ll f: ce ( Ml'lt)
S1re s
-
( 1r;J';Je ;.,j , nmrt:tc
---
M20 M25 'M'10 Ml'i

1.2 I 3 1.5 I 6
- l.kndrng ICBSIOII
1.7 I II :.z.:z
IIC''l''
111
,J56
lor fl'\1\lmlc ' lo eroding I Itt' cone
1
.
J ., I . rc e Is a limed
llrm 111 Mec WI I >c lrmitcd hy lht r
11
u 1 to"'" uncra"'-' lb
trement thatrh '"W
cnnnck 1\ 1101 C)(( t dcd, that 1 . tiJ
1
fl't'l e perm, lbi: tenSJ)e
le
e!tnlbe
.I e Ire tn I I h"ll L
mouular rat to .md the torrtspond
10
., P'"r
1
bl a Jttqualtorh
b ' n ISSI CICO\IIe
1
,...,
for .1/nngth 'ulculalton
I ablt 22.3
In COncrete
P'oducr
1 he fltrm isstble tre,s In steel remfon:emenr
are m
Tahfc: 22.J l'crml iblc t .
rts\e rn rtmfnrrtment IMI'II
lligt, lrength
--
deformed bars
f em1Je in direct ten ion
,
ISO hendrng .JOd shcur
Cornprcs\ivc Mre\s '" columM
to direlt load m
ll.? MINIMUM IU:JNFOI{CEMENT
1
'lhc lllinlll 1 d t h ofth 1111
11 11gh strength rcmlorconcnt m wull , noo> an roo m ca.
1
Wo u 11 tq . cross- ei"tlon a
I .
1011
\ .at nght <to 'les should be 0 35o olthe urtace 1 re ,\ 10"11 f "
.,. Ill ' IJ;.22 6
I
D
I o -J
.. f () 5 D of
Soo rnm, each rein for ment face conrro s250 mm d pth of
boo .
1
control
rnrn, ach r mforcement ace f d pth
to i d thts sur ac
' Ononng < ny ccntrul cora beyon
I 'I drd lab'
J:Jtt 22.6u Surflu:t J'cm \- \utll and
LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
_L
D/2 T
NOBOTIOM
REINFORCEMENT T
0 DUNDER
_l 30Dmm
_L
D/2 T
I
0 DFROM300
T0500mm
Tl_
10Dmm
j_
250 T
I D
Tj_
100mm
Fig. 22.6b Surface zones in ground slabs
o > 500mm
f inforcement may
2 In walls of less than 200 mm thickness, the calculated amount o re
all be placed in one face.
. J shall
f . forcmg stee 3. \\'hen reinforcement is placed in two layers, the two layers o rem th minimum
be placed one near each face of the section to make up e
reinforcement.
. . . d or enclosing 4. For hquid faces of parts of members either in contact wtth the hqut t should be
the space above the ltquJd, the mm1mum clear cover to a rem r should 11 forcemen be
25 mm or diameter of the bars, whichever is greater. The cove
determmed based on durability criteria as discussed m Chapter 9.
22.8 A USES OF CRACKING AND CONTROL
. reasons
Crack 1n Water retammg may occur due to Jollowmg J
1 loads an
. te I) Exec 1ve direct or flexural tension m concrete due to n concre
ackmg 1 temperature gradtent5 due to olar radiations may cause cr
DOtvtE
(l) Changes tn moisture content of
703
and may result tn cracking of co concrete may c
. ncrete ause dun .
(J) Heat ts evolved as cement hydrat ens1ona1 chan
more after casting and then fall tes and the temPeratu . ges
. owards b' re W1l1 TJ r,
this ttme whtle the concrete is still w k am lent. Crack se or a day or
ea . tng usually """
""urs at llle cracking of concrete is controlled using
one or more of th
. . . e following methods
(I) By avotdmg or reducmg the gradie t f
moisture of especially the early age en steep changes in temperat
. oncrete. Tvn.. f ure and
procedure and cunng method may al'C '"" o shuttermg, desh"' .
. c . h uect the chan . w=rmg
mo1sture. unng s ould be done for a rn . ges In temperature d
h
k f k lllllllum of 14 da an (2) T e ns o crac tng due to overall tern tur. ys
minimized by limiting the changes in rnofstura c and shnnkage effects may be
h
re content and tem t e structure as a whole is subjected. perature to which
. (3) Cracking may be controlled by reducing the r tr
. contraction of the structure as well as provis fL expans,on or
(
4) Th d T . lon o ue movement Joints
e etat mg of remforcement should be done very carefully.
12.9 DOME
A dome may be used in circular tanks as a roof or as a floor A dome is a shell
!lnerated by the revol t' f 1
. u ton o a regu ar geometncal curve about one of its axis It rna)
by the revolution of a circular curve parabtJiic curve elliptical curve or a
I , ' '

1
lange about its hypotenuse. The latter gives a COI!Ical dome. Domes CarT) loads
' amY through the development of membrane forces. The bending moments and shear
fees are negligible.
.my bo to eons;st of, numb<cofhnri"'"' '""'
. qulllbnum ts maintained by each ring independently of the rmgs abole
11
.-\t
section th .1 aJ thrust and
loa ' ere are two forces at right angles to each other m.:rtuton
P compres th fe ence of the dome lliile .. Stan or tension. The hoop force acts along e meum r
I lllendlonaJ h be usmg the
liowin t rust acts along a meridian. These forces can
g expressions.

dtstributed loads
let IV b f dome (edge stmpl)
e the Vertical load per unit area of the surface
0

'onar th
rust at any point in the dome
wR
' '.I)
\-- ..
.. 1 +cose
rad'
IUs of the dome h d >me
. vft e ' angl . h trticala\1)
e of the section measured trom t e v
lPrcsslon
at any point tn the dome
0
..
If
tll.: UID RE r INING STRUC1 URES
(
- I + cos9 + cos
2
9)
wR
1 + cose
(2225)
lu of the right hand e 1s positive, the force is compressive otherwise it
t n it
lfH
mpr . 1on is zero, that is,
- l + cos e e - 0
or
e = st o 48'
1 1 9
15 1
nore than 51 48' the dome will develop hoop tension.
lf m1 centra ang e
LOt. d, fJ m, uniformly towards the base
It refers to the drostatic pressure radially from zero at the crown to maximum
n ar d_e_ a ho,,n tn Fig 22.1 (edges s1mply supported).
Meridional thrust T
1
-
I
I
I
I I
I I
18/
n
I I
I I
II
0
Fig. 22.7
wR2 (l+cos9-2cos
2
9)
6(1 +cosO)
(22 26)
wR
2
(4cos
2
S+cosS-S)
HoopcompressionT2 = -
6
(l+cos9) . rovid(d
. bearn IS p
o balance the horizontal component of force T
1
at edges, a nng
whtch wtll develop hoop tension .
22.10 0[ ICN Of' TA KS
..ore
, S I
Roof e tarter
1
.
1
l!l1d
d me Th r3d1a
The roof lab >f a tank may be etther a flat slab or a .
0
'
100
g the fall}' It
ec omic I s it r the load through membrane h
11
surchal'Se
1
etrcumferen tal directwns, 'I he designed for the !iclf weag t,
DESIGN OF 1'
ANKS
l
oad and mechanical equipment if
. any. A
provtded for mamtenance and a ventilat . lllanhole 1\ltb
or ts provided for a !eel ladder
Rmg beam atr Circulation
generauy
In case of over head circular wate ta
. b h. h . r nks the I"
Clfcular nng earn w IC m tum is support d , wa uflaor ma b
bending moment, shear force, torsional on columns. The PP<Irted on a
ent and hoop tens uqm thu develop
Jon or corn-...
Floors ....,, "'"ten.
If a tank is resting directly over ground th fl
a nommal remforcement provtded that th; s e.
1
oor may be constructed m concrttc th
b
'd OJ can carry the '""" 1\1
su s1 ence m any part. In case the water tab! . VG<Q v.ttbout apprectab
be h e IS close to the fl e
anng capaCity s ould be modified accordmgly If th oor or above 1 the
nng beam, the floor should be designed as fl . b .e
1
tank
15
supported on wan or
h
d oors m Ul dmgs for bend
s ear 10rce ue to load of water and self weight G
11
mg moment and
to th 11 Th h enera y, the floor IS COnnected
e wa s. us, t e direct forces transferred to the floor th . Its
should be duly accounted. rom e I\ a and vn:e
It is economical to provide Circular tanks with a floor m the shape of a dome In uc
the dome should be designed for the vertical load of the liqmd. The tbt
and rts diameter should be so adjusted that the stresses tn the dome arecompresSI\e
: ar as possible. The dome is supported at its bonom on the ring beam v.luch 1
eslgned for resultant circumferential tension in addition to vertical loads
Walls of rectangular tanks
h In plane walls, the liquid pressure is resisted by bending moment in a:!d
?lanes. The horizontal tension caused by direct pull dut
10
pressure:
mo
111
end walls should be added to that resulting from honzontal bend! g
ent as sho d d talrng t e f,
the vert' wn m F1g. 22. 8. Extra care rs reqwre tn e
1
real edges where the walls are rigidly joined together
In recta I I b or two way slab
22 9J It ar or square tanks, the wall may act as a) ;ra fret at the top. In the
d/ or hinged at the bottom. and hinged The wall thus act as thin
Plates sub ectJon, 1t may be either continuous or dar)
bttween

to triangular hydrostatic pressure With be earned out ng

theo u restraint and free edge. The analysis of such ."al s ma ent and shelf orce
elasticity. IS : 33 70 . Part 4 - 1965 gMS mom
or some common cases.
Walls or the u . ed for the foJiowang load a:o
. nderground water tank should be de
1
gn _ ....A
h) 1' to earth IIV"'-
<lnk full arth pressure dut
II. hydrostatic due to '"atlr and e
,.
lr
ank enlpty d it In cast
llblllerg - earth pres ure due to e rth aroun . ld be
ed due to water table, the oil properties shoO
LIQUlO RETAINING STRUCTURES
DEFLECTED
SHAPE ""'
I
TENSION I
\
\
I
'
TENSION
r f\
WATER
/
PRESSURE
r
\
-
\.. ,)
PLAN
I
4

J

4
Fig. 22.8 Deformations in tank walls in plan
------,c
BASE
A'
T
h
_L
Fig. 22.9 Slab action in tank walls
c
Wa/11 of circular tank.s f the wnil
n o re
defonnatiO fherefO '
These are generally cast monolithically with the base The the base. d at th'
under the triangular hydrostatic pressure i restricted at and art of the loa
part of the hydrostatic pressure is carried by hoop tensaon an P
bottom by the vertical cantileve, act1on (Fig. 22. I 0)
VERTICAL
WALL
BOTTOM DOME
-
707
-
(a) CANTILEVER BEAM ACTION
(b) HOOP TENSION
Fig. 22.10 Forces in walls of a circular tank
22.11 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 22.1
Design a section to resist a direct tensile force of 150 kN!m width. Use concrete
and Fe 415 grade steel.
Solution
crc, "' 1.2 MPa in direct tension, m -
13, cr
51
=ISO MPa
Area of tension steel A
1
_ __!_=
!50
1.2 =
150000 or D = 113 mm
Adopr thkkness of the section = Ill mm. . _ IOOO mm'J
Ovtdeg I A = ,oo - '
111
111 bars @I 00 mm c/c on each face (Total stee 0.35
1000
1
I OOOD+(JJ-1) IOOO
e-- ( 1
Minimum steel = 0.35 of surface zon - 100
1
. = 202 mml I 000 mm en
o,,de 8 ture reioforcem
'llrn bars.@Joo mm c/c on each face as tempera
-
2 X 50 I 000 300
Total steel - -
,
_ 333 mm
> 202 mm2
'''PI - -
F\ e 22.2 dth proJu 111
ve
1.. s'&n nt.'r me
a se . t I . t I
non th ct,oll to re i t a bendmg moment o . r114
e Water fa . U eM 25 con rete and Fe 41. g
0
!uti n
r 1 2 on ret ,
a . 1.8 MP , m I I, o t r:: I 50 MPa.
My
I
h re, I
Let D = 225 mm
10
and d = 225-25-- 195 mm for lOmm bar
2
Let At - 0.35% of surface zone of concrete
A =
t
0

35
X (
225
X I ooo) = 394 mm
2
say 400 mm
2
100 2
Let u calculate depth of the neutral axis
2
= b(d-x) +(m-I)A
1
(d-x)
2
x2
1000- =
2
_I o_o_o (225 - x)2 + I 0 X 400 )" (225 - x)
2
or x = 150 mm.
I =
IOOOz
2253
+ JOOOx225 (150-
225
)
2
+
12 2
1276 x J06 mm4
x (195- 150)- 0 53 MPa
< 1.8 MPa
QJ(
1 ensile stre s in steel m crbt .- 1 1 "' 0.53 = 5.8 MPa oK
< J 50 MPa It is
1
25 mm c/c.
Hence, dopt a thickne of 225 mm and provide I 0 mm bars @
po stblc to reduce 1he wall thickness.
, ""'',. ll.J
Reck tgn the ection in example 22.2 on crack basi .
,,fution
l.et u
dhpt ' d pth f) -
d -
I 50 mm.
10
150-25-- 120 mm
. 2
ftrsl mal
Let
At = 0.24% ....
0 35
o/.
= 0.175% of. of rface Zor:
&To s are llf
Let us calculate the depth of neutral . . crete
USJOg tq
22
_
9
aor22911
N - -mp+ f22---
'/ rn4 pl +2m;
=-I I 0.24 /-+ (I
100 '"'00024
2
N
. J +2,1l ... or.m4
- 0.2046
Coefficient of lever arm j =
1
_ I == 0.
93
. Area of tensile steel At = M _ lhJ06
crsdd 150xO 93-<120
- 894 mm2
894
Pr - I 000 x I 50 ==
0 6
o/o
Second tria/
> 0.24 % of gross area assumed
ltr A == 0 6 0 /
r . / 0 = 900 mm2
N - -II x0.006+J(IIx0006)
2
+2..-.IJ 0.006
N - 0.303
. N
J - I--= 0.90
3
15x 10
6
A1 = =926mm20.6'
He 150xO 9xl20
nee d
1 ' a Opt a th kn Pr rdt 10 mm bars w
c c. tc ess of the section equal to 150 mm. ov
fr,
"'Pit 22.4
Oesr

gn a seer 1 to " rn m
Producin ton to resist a pull of 30 kN and a bending moment .-J.. I
"'' g tens te andfe.. i'"Y

'
0
" on the water face Use M20 concrr
or ltt 0 4 "
design of 0 em and
I . area ( .... Oan tJncracked ection. Let us assume a thJckn

lfte '
17 5
%) st el on both the face (Ftg.
SS IIJ
concrete in a ial ten ion
0
c1 =::
T
bD+(m-J)A
1
LIQUID RETATNING STRUCTURES
T

0
- .
l

-
I
_i
30
___. 1 C/L
30
T


1000
I
Fig. 22.11
30x 1000
1000 x 300+(13-l)x xiOOOx300
cr,, = 0.097 MPa
Tensile stress in concrete in bending
My
crbt - I
. 1. t D/2 Effective cover
th t . ic symmetrically reinforced, neutral axts tes a . Smce e sec ton ..., .
0
m
to tenston or compression reinforcement ts 3 m .
I
I
r
bD
3
D d')2 __ + (m- I) A
1
(0.5 -
12
300
3
- 1000 X
12
X 0.24 X 1000 X 300 (!50- J0)2
+ (13- I) 100
_ 2374 x 106 mm4
7.5 x 10
6
x 150 =
0
.
4
7 MPa
2374 x i0
6
The interaction equation gives :
1
or 0.097 + 0.47 =
036
1.2 1.7
< 1
It is possible to reduce the thickness of the section.
A = bD + (m - I) A
1
-22 5 em
k ss- .
Let us try thic ne
'
500 ,,.
0 24 225 "' 2JI
.. 1000 )( 225 + (13 - I))( ,00 X 1000 )( )2
2253 0 24 X I 000 )( 225
J .. 1 000 "
12
+ ( 13 - I ) :..: I OO

f .. 99300"' 10 mm4
oK
or
ILLUSTRA TlVE EX
AMPLs
T 3oooo
- A == 231500 == 0 129 MPa
7. 5x 10
6
x 112.5
99300x 104 - "'
0 85 MPa
0.129 0.85
1.2 +J:7"'061<J.o
Provide a thickness of 225 mm and 8 mm bars @ 1
80
m
1
Ill c c each face.
woo
Total steel = 2 x 50 x == 556 nun2
180
or.
Example 22.5
Pr -
556x 100
---- == 0.247 o/o
1000x225
7JJ
OK
OK
The wall of a water tank is subjected to a direct pull of30 kN and a bending moment
of 10 kNm in the horizontal plane as shown in Fig. 22. 12. Find the maximum stresses in
concrete and steel. Use M20 concrete.
T
10 0
C/L
-Pol- -PoJ-
.
I

I

e
1000


100 C/C
EACH FACE
I 1so
F
2 Vertical ection throua ig. 22. t
It will
fhe
' II , rccentrj . . The dtrct
) doll). Crty he outside the ect10n d
'llaru. fhe section i as umed to b k
1 ...
L t
or
or
LIQUID R TAINJNG STRUClUR '
o o. J .. 1 0- 0 "" 120 mm. :. Nd 36 mm
_2 t e ,
:- , b h (m -I) A" "' (d- d') T (-Td')
"'
36
(120-

- 30 x 103 (334- 75 + 30)
acb - 1.24 MPa
Eq 22 2 I gives,
I (Nd-d') _
CJst At- 2 acb b Nd - (m- 1) AS\: Nd O'cb T
(78 5 X 10) 0' - ! X 1 24 X 1000 X 36- 12 X 78.5 X 10 (
36
-
30
) 1.24 = 30 X 103
st 2 36
or o
51
- 69 MPa
1
= 0. 19 < 0.30 assumed earlier
1+-6_9_
N -
13x 1.24
Second trial
Let N = 0.25, :. Nd - 30 mm
Eq 22.22 gi'leS,
""' [

3o(tzo-
3
3
)o] - 30 x to' (334 -75 + 30)
or -
8670
= 5.25 MPa
1650
Eq 22 21 gi'le
I
785 0 t- - If 5.25 Y 1000 X )0- Q = 30000
2
1rd trw/
or o
1
t = 138.5 MPa
N 1
- 0.275
1 + 138.5
J) X 5.25
.. 0.33 > 0.25
Nd ..
q . 22.22 gives;
71J

a,b 2
33)
3 + 12 ...
33- "020- 33)1
or,
"" 30 >< I Ol (
3
..
34 -7h 30)
crcb "" 4.63 MPa < 7.0 MPa
Eq 22.2 I gives,
OK
I
)85 (jst- - X 4.63 X J000 X 33 - J2 X 78S J( 33-30
2 33 .>:463==30x J()l
or
0
st - 140 MPa < 150 MPa
I
OK
140 "'OJO,.. 0275
1+--
N -
o
lfd 13x4.63
esJTed, one more trial may be carried out.
Exampie 22.6
The floor of a w t t k .
05kNm/m in a an IS
max the verttcaJ plane. A sectwn of the floor, . shown m ftg 22 13 find tbt
tmum stres
ses rn concrete and steel. Use M25 concrete

to
11
b
rn
T
12Q-
l

8 @ 75 C/C
EACH FACE

- - --

1000 1
l
30
I eli
l
30
T
Fig. 22. JJ Vertical section through noor
Ill, At 1 "" A
12 : 8 mm bar @ 75 mm c c.
1 I QUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
a,
or
= 25 MPa < 150 MPa
E: _2 _o v .
a t I All + a t2 At2 T
or
1 dul r rat10 for M25 concrete m
D re ten 10n m concrete,
B m t n 10n m c.onc rcte
I
w th Ill '"a Crilcked <,ectum.
F: x mpfe 22.7
[soooo-2s, so(' J
"'------- 50 MPa
SOx
75
< 150 MPa
280 280
--=- = II
3obc 3x8.5
SOx 10
3
- - - - 1000
120 x l000+( 11 - J) x 2 x 50 x 75
0.375 MPa < 1.2 MPa
50
I I
'
4.54 MPa > 1. 7 MPa
OK
OK
2. 65 m hgh
D 1 n qu re Y. ater having inner dimensions of 7.5 m " 7 S m rtcd on the
w o w II ti eo at the bottom and free at tha r he tank i<; suppo !)se M20
Th n r I b I mrmollthlc with the 'wall s. r he free hoard I 5 em.
on rm nd Fe 41 nl II S IJ bar
( p Cll y of water tank
1
40m3 140kllolitre
7.5/7.5 2.5
to 280.mrll I t h1e; ' e of th v rt1 al wdt he 23() mm at the top and
""''''' f H tanY. l..et centre to (.. ntre linn nsion of the tank he
rn b
L 7.7J m
L
II
7 71
:L 5
3 10 ()
4 Jol L/11
of I S 1!70 . r'MI
n t1 b llltHnent J11 11 t 11 IIHJ o n the w.lli ' r J,, .
I)
ILLUSTRATIVE
f:XAMPtf<.S
mum S.M. in vert1cal direction at th bQ
"ax e ttom of wall
where
Yw - densi ty of water == 10 kN!m3
Moment coefnci ots
X y
0
L -
At vertical centre of y"'-
H
2
the wall
At Vertical
Vertical edge
Depth
Horizontal
Horizontal
below top
moment
moment
Mx
moment
Mv
Mv 0
0
O.D25
- 0 082 0.25
0.01
0.019
- 0071
0.50
0.005
0.010
- 0055
0.75
- 0.033
- 0004
- 0.028
1.0
0. 126
-0,025
0
\laxmum BM m hon zontal direction at ends of wall
B.M. at m1d he1ght of the wall
8 . M = -0.126 x 10 x2.53 - 19 70k mm
+ 0 005 ... I 0 X 2 53 - I 49 Nm m
= - 0.082 X 10 X 2.53 = - 12 81 kNrnm
B.M at the mid height of wall - - 0.055 x 10 x 2 53 - B.bO lNm. m
For no crack. .
mg m the wall, ncar bottom
or t
In
lt knc\s f
0
Wall rcqutrcd, t "'
for
00
cr, -1 -

. n lhc wall ncar top,
lhlt k
Of .
Waif required, t
I)
6 d 9. 70 10 mm
/000 I 7
h
b 10 rum
1000 I. 7
.
,,, ii(J d t r r II ro. I
4 ht opt <! w I I . I h ' n ' 1
ht 01 a lh" of ., 80 mm uJ tJc
1
- 1 ..
! ... I 1- . IHl\111111 I

1
' t, '' )uncn 1ons of thl' IJn" ,tr /Jt {"ll
I) l
''' l l7o t nd . tli t,r
't '"I do ' nor 'I hl''ll l'' . tol ''
r,. , >. r cr 1 tt
II tJt , ' I! llfopt tft 11111 Ul Jlt I 'II
tu11 1 .
lt Ill l"Ol)\ 'I 1(1\'t:
l!llll 11h I
11 R 1 1 b l RU fURl!
ant tt m
0 10 2.52 a 28.12kN/m
_i
230
T
7500
1
230
-
T
50
50 I _..:...7.::..:.50_0

(a) PLAN
2650
3750
C/L
I
.
I
100
l
L_j_ ___ ---=:!:l t
50
720 1:4:8 P.C.C.
(b
CTlONAL L VA TION
I , 21.1 uar w t r tank
ILLUSTRATIVE tv
.,..A fiLES
. umS.F. atmidpointandtopoftheven .
1
!a. tm tea edge of
::: 0. 4(){; '( 2
.. o 406 " IQ , 2 s2 2
s 37
The s.F. in the wall the vertical edge wiU
me S.f. at bottom edge will cause tension in the base


' et us check the section of wall on the vertical edge
L
2537xto
3
1000x230
1.2
t- 230mm
+ 6Y)2.8QyJ06
1000; 23ol
1.7
095 I
717
Let us check the section of base slab near the bottomed t The llllcl:t.."Sl of
1
wund the edges is 280 mm
28.12x 10
3
l000x280
I. 2
6.1" l9.70x 10
6
+ =089<1
1000x280
2
l'mtca/ remforcement in wall
fi )At base of wall
1.7
BM. at bottom causes tension on the water face= 19. 0 mm
0
=b"'
7
MPa, cr5t : 150 MPa, m = 13, D = 280 mm, d = 250mm
For a balanced section

N = --'-:-::- :: 0.38
150
1+--
13)( 7
J- 1- /3=08
.
.. _M_ "'

'br Ill.
"' 604 mm2 m
lnillJu 0 35
Ill steel required i 1000
280 "' 490 mm
-
'l.-f1 I 00
quattc h .
eAt ,. etglu of wall
tau
tc 0
ron on th uter Ia e of'' II
B.M. 0 01

m
1 mt11
mm andd
775mm lrum top D24
a 2. mm
r .. I so MPa inl d 1 li mm
ornm m
t
o
I
25 17 z I
LH ... ll l R INl Is IRUC' rtJRlS
u l utred 1 0 '
0
11
0 . -
-
100
1000

-;-=- = 430 mm2/m
-
1 mm a 1 ... 5 mm d e on
' ')
2 n m m tl04 nun
the water face at bottom or
Wall
J pm nt I ngth 50 4> - . 00 mm
Ot<
b urt il d at I 000 mm above the base and the rernain
1

. ng at
n the outer face of the wall, provide 10 mm bars@ 12S rnrn
.:__ - _ m > 430 mm
2
/m) above the base.
j_
230
WALL COMPRESSION
,..
I FACE I
c
L
- -
. .
T
r
\
e
"'
T
FACE
WALL

....
(a)
fig. 22. J5a Force in walls at joint in plan at top
M = 12.81 kNm/m, T = 25.37 kN/m
!::!,= 12.8JxJOOO =SOOmm
T 25.37
e
abc)ut the c g of compression zone,
(5 0 115 200 +- 0 87 )( 200) = A,)( 150 0.87 X 200
25 37 x 10
3
:-:589 =
570
mm2fm
26100
(II) e r 1 'P of ...,all m th m dd!e
.35% ( 400 mm2
M '"' 7.5 m/rn
ILLIJS'fRJ\'r IVe c
. XAMptF..s
' rnmurJUm reinforcement.
prOvlue
us provide I 0 mm bars r;;, 2SO
1 et \"'/, mrn c/
. JO mtn (a) 125 mm c/c (- 628 ....
2
c stagger"'
71'1
tee! IS b ... rn /rn 67 "" on ea h 1
1000 rnm he1ght a ovc the base. Beyond 0 rn
01
2
101
) 'f face so that
1
10
the outer face to take care of tens
1
rn he1ght pr . hts steel rnay b he total
c'C on on on the , OVtde I 0 e Provi ded
provide I 0 mm bars @ 125 rnrn c/c o h outer face. rnrn bars ra 12S rnrn
1,m > 570 mm2/m clc). Curtai l 50 e Water face ne
nun
0
/Q bars ar ends f
maming bars at 20 0 mm from the ends at IOoo rnrn c o the Wall ( 628
re . 'rom the
Base slab ( F1g 2 2. 15 b) ends, and the
WALL
BASE
T
TENSION
SLAB FACE
--;4-T
e

-
--
.
COMPRESSION
FACE
(b)
Fig. 22. J Sb Forces in wall and base slab at joint in elevation
M , 19 70 kNmtm, T = 28.!2 kN m
D -' 280 mm. d"" 250 mm
e = M = 19 70xl000 =]OOmm
lakin T 28.12
g moment ab h.
11.12 )(
101
7
out t e e.g. of compression zone.
(
00
+ 140-250 + 0.87 X 250) = A, 150 X 0 87 X 250
Or
28.12 10
3
8075 700 mm m
A = _,:.:..:..:_:_:._....:--
Prov d
1
150 x 217 5
I e I 0 rnn b I b r II ed e o b n
'>e cun
1
1
<trs I 00 mm clc at top face of the s a nea 1
b a I ed at 1 O<JO zooo mm trlliTl th eu
mm and the remaining bars at d
I c the lh. k fi n the nd l'r''' c
ll)lll b c ness of the base slab to 100 mm at 1()00 nun ro
ar, fitl ..,00 2 m l in ea h dlr t n
the b .. rnrn c/c ( 50 x 1000 "" 2 50 mml/m . I 75 mm
otr<,Jtt ot th I 200
e s ab
.
/L-
A

C/L-
B
l !Ql ID Rl I I I (, S IRUCTURFS
r shtn n 111 Fig. - 2. 1 thl. b. c and d.
T
1000
3750
10 c
125 C/C (V)
EACH FACE
10 @
250 C/C (H)
EACH FACE
1
_,ooo.r
(a) PLAN NEAR BOTTOM OF TANK
3750
C L
i3750
280
C/LT
C L
1-r"" - - - - -

125 C/C (H)
BOTHWAYS
' T
' 1000
I
I
i3750
.
: + 10 @ 125 C/C (H) I
4 1000 10
1
@ 250 C/C
lo4 t I
. 230
, ...., a a a
(b) PLAN NEAR TOP OF TANK
- A
- B
fi Z2.16 k inforcement details in square water tank (cont.)



10
@ 125
EACH FACE C(v)
2650
T
1ooo
10

0
25o c;c
EACH FACE (H)
- . ,.
..
. "" ..
. .. .
I
1000
280, ..
a I= 1000 ,
I
3750

f-
(c) SECTION A-A
T
2so c;c (H)
s Nos
' l
2ao
t-t----+-10 @ 125 C/C
BOTHWAYS
T
750 2650
t
1000

-
.,
721
C/L
I
I
r
.,
C/l
I
l
100
rr
-
T
T
50
P.C.C.1: 4:8
r- 1000 1000 _,
I I
I
r-
3750
(d) SECTION B-B .
F'ig 2
2
wattr tank
I 6 Rein forcemeot details in square
t 1 n !IPIH 1 IN IN'. n l l< ll liH:
II \ 11 I I " l ll ,,, llltll) \ ,, ,,, '" \\ hll h I, I ll h ,,,,.. I ,,l l lllrnht
J'h 11 I tl b !Ill' \'.lp. tltl 11llh lll lh IS !Ul j.,N II
1 11
11
I '' " ' II t tn
1
l ls M,n
I tth I,' fl,
\ 111 ' tl '' '
I
1
1
00 11\lll
l th II p nn h 1111
(l(l() Ill Ill
I r
I 01 I r 11l tIl l II th nn h In\
1
4000 11\111
tr tl \ ttl 11 hlp
I 00 mill
1
I ' ,,II I th holt om lOO nm1
''I I
p h. I' l 0111 s I 00 mnt
Ill h I rt1 ll ' .111 h h mdo.
h I 000 m
1
r h
., .,
... - Ill
t n { 1 th 1 ml 1 h1m n 111 I i 2. . 17.
f I b
It n mu.; I It 1 1 uJ ,, Jom
l h1 kn ''' dorm
IOOmm
R1 nl Jom 1 '\00 11\t\1
,
R d1u
h {)
Nh
1.4i
- t
l
1 m
- l
...
l l iom II 10 2 4i
I I ln. rl k Nfm ( .1 )
I I I I Nlm
m n th II,
I ll (} (l 7
l
o md 11 n o 1
I
2250
I
I
, : 4: a P.c.c. 1 oo
FiJ! . .22. 17 C' .
lr ular wuttr t mk-partiall
dornl' i . . I
s Ill lllnp comprl sion in c 0 11. 0
'" R
I t cnsO
o Ml
lllllllll llllllll Sit.: I
Ill hMh dir cti,nh
-
( lll<l
ld 8
Ill ill h It
{.!I 200 IIlii\
und r nund
'
m
1 Omm
mm
"I
1
\ ' 111 ' 1
I () I olin, 1
1lln,
1

1
00 nun di.un 1 1
(' s '0 ntn I
h
lluit,
11
t
1
n' \\lth mm ht lfl
Ill\ . \ ' f'l i I )
ll 111 r" 1 m nt111l ,,, tltl b)( n1 n
'' ' . IN
t H,Ull REl \INING SlRlJCTURF
U HTENING --11
CONDUCTOR
60 @ 1so c;c
BOTHWAYS
I
I
ISA 50X50X6
ALL ROUND
75
ISA 50X50X6
--------
--
4-8
RINGS
900 DIA
(a) VENTILATOR
I
M.S. COVER
650X650X5
600X600
(b) MANHOLE
I
EXPANDED
300 WIRE MESH
l_
TOP DOME
"'
75
r
HINGE
TOP DOME
6(1) M S @ 250 C/C
.
rr r-T
I
I
I
I T
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
250 C/C
t
250 C/C
j_
(c) STEEL LADDER
Fig. 22.18
sreeJiadder
A steel ladder_ is provided inside the
1
all
ing and repairs etc. The ladde ank so that
725
cle r cons 1st a Perso
placed at 500 mm apart. 6 mm M.s bars (a) two ISA 50n rnay enter the tank
to forrt1 step!>. __, mm c/c are " 6 angle
o the an I s
Ring beam g e sectiOns
Radial out ward horizontal thrust from dome
Hoop tension
== 485 x 0.843 "'41 kNtrn
- 41 X D/2- 41
- X J2 :: 492 kN
_ 492xtooo Area of hoop steel required
ISO "'3280 rnm2
Provide 16 - 16 mm rings.
Let us provide a ring beam of 600 x 600 mm section
Tensile hoop stress in concrete ::: 492x 10
3
600 x 600 + 13 x
3200
"' 1.20 MPa
Provide 8 mm tie@ 300 mm c/c in the ring be
am.
Vertical wall
Horizontal pressure due to water at the base
- Ywh=
Hoop tension at the base - Th = Yw h x D/2
- 10 x 2.25 x (24- m
Tensile hoop stress crh -
Where t _ h"
-w - t tckness of wall
tw 1000
_ 267 x 1000 =
0
_
89
MPa
300x 1000
P < 1.2 MPa
rovide 0 '">4 o
- ro hoop steel in the wall. Adopt 12 ntm bars.
At h - 2.25 m. t" -' 300 mm.
,
Area of hoop steel -
0.24 x 300 x 1000 "' 720 rnm
No of 12 mm bars
100
= E. "' oJ 7
113
1000
6.J7
!50 nlln c c
OK
OK
0
I
I
-
ll l H I J I I I I I I t lJI I
h
II
\ t r I
t h
h I
-
-=
I
I
l m the \\all.
hei ht equal to it
19 10
6
btw
2
16
10
6
Ill I 'lltlll
l\1 ttun
111orn r11 ,, i 11
1
I
l C\ "I)
It HM t lltll dl '"'
ll'llt d
' tth tpprnprtat I Jltlt
C IOltttiJ,It}
""' 19 kNm.lm
3002 == 1.27 MPa < I. 7 MPa Of\
Provide 12 mm bars@ 200 mm c/c on the
development length (say 1000 mn
1
> l
'II ""
re of eel pro\ided = 113
1000
= 565 mm2.
200
1- mm
0 mm de on the other face upto full height of the wall.
eel pro ed = I 13 I 000 = 452 mm2
250
....... ~ near the bottom of the wall
,.. 565 + 452 = I 017 mm2
> 720 mm2
OK
tapered to 100 mm thickness near the top. The minimum steel near the tor is
0.35
100
100
- x 1000 = 175 mm2
2
< 52 mm
2
OK
b m md snctUld en to ensure that the centre Jines of top dome, top rmg ea '
lJ con urrent far a po sible. Otherwise, a local bcndi.ng moment .wJII
b
mem meetmg at the joint Suitable reinforcement should be provuJcd
r 1 I aJ bendmg moment.
b diredly
e w JJ and r ... . , ~ on oil The weight ot the \\' ter
1
1 1
Juc
d
tf b I C S I } l
bearin tensl., fi rc i d velope m tc ' II
d d 1 ar the '
of a tr m th II Joe I mom nt r I o pro tu;c 1 c
for lh foflowm 1 for
oil reaction,
rwrd
{tl u . ntal t n!>ion from walls, and
hllrlf!)
pr) . , moment from wall .
bendrng .
ttill mbcr is ubjccted to axial ten .
a nlC IS 3 l<>n and be
When
1
water face, : 370 require th
1
ndmg rno
00 t 1e . . . a th tre l'llen
oecurs . condJtton . e rn t
rJcuon
~
0
t abt
-+ ~
,. J I ~
._, t obt
fbase slab near the vertical wall
llltckness o . ., 300 rnrn
I
. . tal thrust of water on the wall ==
Honzoll - y hl I
2 W "' 2 ;, JQ X 2 2S}.
= 25.3 kNtm
. . al BM in base slab due to the horizontal tension
Addti!Oil
::: ( ~ x 0.3) 25.3 == 3.8 kNm/rn
Total BM in the base near the wall - 19 i" 3.8 :: 22.& k.Nm!m
or.
Gross area of the slab - bD 1::: 1000 x 300 = 30 x 1Q4 nun2
. 3
Gross moment of inertia of slab - boJ/12 = 1000 x 300
12
or
Section modulus - bD
2
/6 = 1000 x 3()()2 6 =15 IOfl mml
or
< I
21t Rhw
Weight/m of circumference of dome -
nD
-
2 x 22.32 3.5x4 = 26L m
24
Vertical load from the dome = 26 kt /m
V
0.6
0.6 25"'9k m
ertical load from the ring beam =
V crtical load from the wall =
(
0.10;0.30)
i .., . 2 ~ k m
ntcaiJ d 0.3 OJ
oa trom slab just below the wall
8
tq,: I '
Total lllad =
4

T h , ~ I f " II end tht ba e
au h Oad \viii di per_ c at 60 at the jun II\ n
& htanng At the bottom of the base lah,
0
I
I
0
0 - ---
I
h
1
oo
I
100
J
17
n
m
1 II , an
11500
I
ld
0 mm
...A--------- 4 25--------
mm
H t e t p ur
(
I
r
Ill
I I
)
I
'
I
II
'
I
t I I
I
'
hr II
I
'
II II Rl I I 'IN,. 11-tllt llJHIS
1- n m nd ri ,, 0 nun cit.
I H)
1.1 ' MP<1 1.2 MPa
2 1t QAJ
l n lo d on top dum 46 kN
I. OJ 75 X 0.07;<; X
25
-
- lts.2o kN
d r d du fo t p nng beam
0.050 0.25 X (it X 8.6) ><.
25
_
- 8.4s kN
ue<Jof ddueto\ rticah\all = (rc 8.6)xO.IOx3.15x25==
212
.75 kN
De d 1 d due to raper in wall = (n x 8.6) x (_!_ x 0.05 x 1) x
25
_
Total load - 400 kN
2 - 16.88 kN
Total load perm -
400
8 6
= 14.8 kN!m
1t X
l4.80x 10
3
103
x
150
= 0.099 MPa
Compressive stress -
< 5 MPa
Hoop t n ion at any depth x from top= Yw h D/2
x, m
Hoop tension, kN/m
0
0
1m
42.5
2m
85
3m
127.5
re of eel required to resist hoop tension
A
127.5xi0
3
2 r - = 8-<iO mm
ProVJd 12 hoop @ 125 mm clc.
Area provided
150
- J. f 3 X IOOO = 904 mm2
125
01(
> 850 mm2
OK
Ten 1le stress in concrete
127.5x 10
3
12 s x 1 ooo + r 2 >< 904
0.94 MPa .-- 1.2 MPa OK
The hoop te J m Y be curtailed according to hoop tension at different heights along
rhe wall s hown in Fig. 22.20 c.
ILLUS' I RA'J IV(
1
' -:XAMI' J
1
1inimurn vertical reinforcem
14i o n tnt, I hat .
jC 0 I ' l\ IOtn !-....
I' ' \Jrtf
,. Jo'''' , I rrrr:n
face of the bottom dome lllak 't
oP sur es an an I
ptte
1
4.05 &e 2 (J at
1
sin a = 0
1
tentr
5. 925
6
ll, C(Js r1 .. 5
1

semi central angle u ""
42
.
840
.. s.rns o 73
. 5)04&
will be m hoop compression
dorne .
enure . h f b
r to self wetg to ottom dome ==
l-oad due 25 ,.. 0. IO "'2 S '-
dial water column (3 m- 1.6 rn) , o.Nr
01
2
due to ra 1.4 " I 0 ..,
Load dial water pressure varying for z 14 kN!tn2
due to ra ero at cro"
d .. n to tn
7JJ
LOa = 1.6 x I 0 - ilXttnum tn 1.6
- 16 kNtrn2 m depth
. al thrust at edges

. - wR2 + Ywh R2 + YwR2 2[!+coscx-2cos2]
T 1 1 + cos a 2 6 I
+coscx
2.5x5.925 14x5.925 10xs.n
5
2[
1
Tl - + + HJ.73-2,..07)21
I + 0. 73 2 6 - I _
+0.73
r, _ 72.54 kN/m
THESE TWO 8 AR S
MUST PASS THRU
CROWN
8 @ 200 C/C
J
8 @ 200 C/C
BARS
BOTTOM RING
BEAM
(c) PART PLAN OF BOTIOM DOME
Fig. 22.20
. . 0 H Tank t Cl nt.)
Rrin forcemcnt detail in ctrculat . .
t H_l tl lll Ri I \1 IN{, S I Rt ll Ill!' I s
1
1
cl>St(
0 72 MPa
" IP.t
51 '-.Nt
Ill
mmmJUm mh1r ,m nt 111 tht dllnlt: in e'ch .
1

" u rectwn
0 35 I 00
\ t Ji)'() 2 >< I ooo 175 lllm2;m
n m bMS 1 mm c t: r.Jdr.Jll)- .llld circumferenthll) ..
.ts .shown in F.
B TIES
250 C/C
Bilt ' QQDS
125 C/C
4 OS.
100 HOOPS
25 C/C
4 OS.
2 HOOPS
125 C/C
5 OS.
(d)
tg. 22.2oct.
C L
8 @ 250 C/C
BOTHWAY
I
I
I
I
I
I
8 @ 150 C/C VERTICALLy
8 @ 250 C/C I
LOOPS 5-NOS.
8 @ 200 C/C
I
C/L
8 @ 200 C/C
(BOTHWAYS)
p, ' 22.20 Heinforc ment detaal .
m 0. H. Tank (cont.)
ILL\JS' I RA ILV! I
'<At-.1.-, r s
h
e am

rl
1
the bottom of wall
ohl a
vJtlt>
. ht of bottom dome "'
wetg
400 kN
"' (7tx86),.-03s
144
Weight of water
Weight of ring beam
Total weight - 18 ): 0.35 "2S
87kN,..1900kN "' 827SkN
- 1900
n 8 6 "' 704 kNim
Weight per unit length
..
. beam be supported on 6 - 300 mm dia
73s
t the nng columns as h

C/L
350
sona.J
RING BEAM
. T.- C/L
so
'(
\
COLUMN 6 NOS.
PLAN OF RING BEAM
(e)
Fig. 22.20 Reinforcement details in circular 0. H. Tan!..
It can be designed as a circular beam in plan supported on i. \.Oiumn di lU d 'n
Chapter 12.
Sagging moment at midspan - 2 ,., r
2
of..
Hogging moment at support - - 2 " r
1
o f..'
Maxrmum torsional moment 2' r2 a 'A"
fh ntrc \me 0! th l\1\U n
e maxtmum torsional moment occurs at 12.75o trom the
I
II till Rl 1 I I , " IR!Il' ltml S
I)' 70 Ull
J
n
' 70. J
2726 \
,...

U1 mum Ill -7 ;:6 0 045
1.!27 kNrn
- :.6
0 OSQ
- 2.J2 6 1-:Nm
'"'7"6
- ...
0009
24.5 kNm
p t:eru;fOll c u t"d b) the 01 nJronal thrust from the bottom dome
D
r1 cos ax 72.54 x o 73 x 4. 12s
-
- 218.4 1-:N
Th nn be.lm b !U t beltm the and Thus, part _of vertical Wall anct
I 1 r
n the force mducc:d m the rmg beam. The st1ffnesses of Wall
n. o J and
1 OO} re quue high. Th ring beam should be destgne
the uppon for a bendmg moment =- 142 6 kNm and direct tension , 218.4 kN
M
Eccentncllv - - - I II 0 mm > 350 mm
T
u) rh mrd Jhin for a bendmg moment 122.7 J..:Nm and direct tension - 218.4 kN
M
EccentriCit) e - 562 mrn 350 mm
T
(Ill) 14 r hear force due to 70.-l kN m load and twisting moment 24.5 kNm at 12.75o
fr m the centre line ofrhc column
I )
Hn
r
d
C pan c c
urved dear pan
rrx8.6
6
4 50 m
4.50 - 0.30 4 . .:20 m
r fl rce at the face of rh column due to 70.4 k: N/m load
r f '" t the clwn of ma unum tor ional moment
11)
5
- 70 x (} CJ57
'
91 kN
f'fuv I nt hcarforceVe
1
v t- 1.6-
h
d 1 nth
of 0
r tlfru
CJI + J.6
146 kN
24.5
0.35
203 kN
twn lor b ndin moment using l;qs. 22.21, 22.22 and 22.23,
Pr Vi 8-l 6 mr11 bar in the rin , beam. A I so, provide I 0
u 200 mm <. c .1 .howJJ in Hg 22.20f.
1
OQI- 2 LEGGED
STIRRUPs o
200
I Cft
1 COLUMN
Fig. 22.20
(t)
Reinforcement details in .
Circular 0 Lr
1 n. ank
12 JOINTS
zz. e categorized as follows :
Joints ar
oovement Jomts - There are three types of mo .
(I) tv'' vement JOin .
(a) Contraction Joint is a movement jotnt w' h d
but no initial gap between the concrete

.tha eliberate d1 c ntmu
f h et er std of th jom The
o t ts JOint ts to accommodate contractton o on
A dtstmctton should be made between a complet ''-'"''"
. F.
2
.,
21
. e Cotltnlctlon JO
shown m tg. a.m which both concrete nd reinfcrci
1

interrupted and a parttal contraction JOint as sho"n in Ft .2
1
b
which only the concrete is interrupted, where the rem run
through. A water bar should be provtded either centr \h
10
11 or
on the soffit of a floor.
CONCRETE BUT NO
DISCONTINUITY IN
INITIAL GAP WATER BAR
. A
. .
0. 6

OISCONTINUilY IN
STEEL
)
1 t contraction joint
(a omp .. t
Fig. 20.11 ontrac:tion JOln
.... ..,
) 0
.L\
UQUil) Rl IAININO SIIUJ("flJRI S
JOINT SEALING
COMPOUND
6
..
. 6 .
.
STRIP
PAINTING
6
6.
DISCONTINUITY IN
CONCRETE BUT NO
INITIAL GAP
CONTINUITY
OF STEEL
(b) Partial contraction joint
Fig. 20.21 Contraction joints
(hi Erpanston Joint is a movement joint with complete discontinuty .
d . d I In
bolh reinforcement and concrete an mten ed to accommodate . h
_ . en er
expansion or of the structure. An expanston type water bar
should be provtded erther centrally m a wall as shown in Fig. 22.
22
or
on the soffit of a floor. A centre-bulb water bar may be used in Wall
In general, such a jomt requires the of an initial gap
the adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or openin
accommodates the expansion or contraction of the structure. g
INITIAL GAP

JOINT FILLER
;/'
DISCONTINUITY IN BOTH
CONCRETE AND STEEL
ig. 22.22 f.tpansion joint
ILLUS'l RA ltV F., EXAMI't,Hs
7
.
11
, Jmnt is a movement jont '.11\th .
) .<hd< mont nd '"""ao " h<lt :""loo -..,.,
1
' renfo " "'"'" "'"""''"' in tho ,..::"1 ""''"" mOdo
f '" I ot
0
1
; on ;, botw n wall ""d 0""' ; of tl<o ioim A typ""
applica. p 22 23. n IOtne tylindrltal t-
shown m rg.
. .
fl
A
A
.
A
.
STRIP PA!NitNG
JOINT SEALING
COMPOUNo
- -1 ..
a, A
PREPARED SLIDING SURFACE
OR RUBBER PAD
Fig. 22.23 Sliding joint
1) Construction Jomt A in the concrete introduced for convenience tn
(.. struction at wh1ch spec1al measures are taken to achieve subsequ
con . . &' fu h . en,
tinu itv without provtsion Or rt er relative movement is called construction
con
1
. . . b .
. . t A typical app 1cat10n IS etween successwe lifu in a reservo
1
r wall as
JOin h . . d
hown in Fig. 22.24. T e pos1t1on an of all construction joints 5
hould be predetem1ined by the engineer. Consideration should be giwn to 5
1. iting the number of such joints and to keeping them free from possibility of
1m . . .
percolations in a similar manner to contraction JOints
.
'
PREPARED JOINT
SURFACE
CONTINUITY OF
STEEL
Fig. 22.24 Construction joint
IIQUIPIU I I I 'to SIRtJCiliRI S
t .J, I t Jl tempttlllrtl\ I n bet .. ,
. . .. l'n the
1 tnt llJr '' htdt Iter a \II liable 1111 lllncr
rvaJ a d tte
ut rnto u . 1 ttflcd "''h mortar or e
1
n hefur HI
hh
. , . litre elh
r "11 t of uituble .
0
1llplet
1
e
. fOJOhn" e y
1d c In th tom1er c:1se the \\ tdth
1
. o tnaten ilt
. _ o the .,. "''
tde tu bt prep.tred before hlhng. AP should bt
PREPARED JOINT SURFACEs
(a)
INITIAL. GAP LATER
FILLED WITH CONCRETE
STRIP
PAINTING
INITIAL GAP -
JOINT SEALING
COMPOrD P
(b)
(c)
I
JOINT SEALING
COMPOUND
STRIP
PAINTING
A
- MORTAR FILLING
ig. 22.25 Temporary open joint
\
/(' '
ll.LUS I RA'IIVI
fJ oETAifiNU Of JOIN1S
'-XAMI'I. I
. movement JOint should .
0
1 J atrn .
t'lcient tunct10n1ng : iil lKht
VC'- [ore '' th
e follow
# . t should accommodate d tng destrabt
1
orl1 u e mo
I roe tightness vernent of n
I' . tt tructur
d
sin should prov1de for e With 1 f
r
he e "' . . ton of - o
bl ng of the JOmt . gr11 and d b
l the ctost . e "'htch Wo
aterial used tn the constructi uld Pt'event
fhe rn . on of Ill
( 1
ng properties : overnel'lt .
' folloWI )OlltlS h
ould ha\e the
(i) It should not suffer permanent d'
d
1
splaced by flutd pressure stonton or elltru
ton and h ld
(ii) Jt should not slump unduly in hot ou not be
weather. Weather or b
ecome brmle m cold
(
rii) It should be insoluble and du bl
1
- h ra e and h
exposure to tg tor by evaporati f s ould not be
on o solvent or pi . . affected b)
1 h asttctsers
(
iv) In speca cases, t e materials sh ld
. I d b- ou be non t .
to chem 1ca an ological action
0
Xlc, taintless 0
as may be specifted r reststant
)f4C!NG Of JOINTS
J
ints in general and construction joints in partie
1
o h u ar are the deti
.,,cture and, therefore, t e number of joints should be k .'c1ent areas in the
lu" -d- - bl . ept to the mtnlmu Th'
"'realized by provt mg sutta e remforcement for cont
1
f m. IS may
l' . . ro o cracks If it
m
ovement or JOint should be provtded at the design
5
. ts not teasble,
. . pacmg. The movem t
be prov1ded at the followmg spacings: en JOtnts
(a) In reinforced concrete floors, movement J-oints should b d
. . e space at not mon:
than 15 m apart tn two dtrections at right anoles The wall a d fl
. . _ . . e - n oor JOmts
should be m I me except where shdmg JOints occur at the base of the y,a\1 in
wh1ch case correspondence is not so important.
(b) For floors with only nominal percentage of remforcement, the concrete tloor
should be cast in panels with sides not more than 4.5 m.
(c) In concrete walls, the vertical movement should normal\) be pia d at a
maximum spacing of 15m.
{d) Amongst the movement joints in tloors and wall , e pan ion joints hould
normally be provided at a spacing of not more than 30m bet\\etn 'UC 1\t
exransion JOints or between the end of the structure and the next e. P n.tOI\
JOint, all other joints being of the contraction
(e) If the temperature change to be accommodated are occur 70:
frequently than usual as in the case of storage of arm rtqutd or m untn u at
root slabs, a spacing smaller than 30m hould be adopted.
I Jllllll> RL I' ININtr S'l RlH II)\ hS

H. hi'E ltt:N< 'ES
0 (I 96 ) 'onct etc .\'trllt Ill/ I' for the Stomgc of l.llfllll/s, l';ut I
E ur 1u oflmh Ill Si.md,u I.. Nl'" I >clh i
10
IV
1 , ; (-00 dr.llll 'oncrctt ' Stmctun fin tlze of LuJuicls P
Bureau ,,f lrHti n Standards, lklhi . ' uri
1 1111
d II
1 . II'' ;'l ('riteriajor J)e.,ign ofRC( StaginK f'or 0\'<'rheud "'
u - ' ' to (1/('r r k.s
Burc, u oflndtan ._'tandurds, Delhi. U/1 ,
EXERCISES
ectton
1
t? a direct kN/m and a moment of 30 kNm
De ign the on ( 1) uncrackcd basis, (II) cracked bas1s. Use M 25 c
- oncrete
and e 415 grade steel.
- 200 nun thick section of a wall is subjected to a direct pull of 50 kN and
bending moment of 15 kNm in the horizontal plane. It is remforced with IO a
. d h . mm
bnr (fL 125 mm clc on each face. Ftn t e max1mum stresses in concrete and steel
if concrete is of M 25 grade and steel is H. S. D. bars.
3. 0 ign a rectangular water tank of 250 kL capacity in a space of 15 m x 5 m area.
Jt i a covered tank and placed 1m below the ground level.
4. De 1gn a ckar water reservoir of 2000 kL capacity. lt is square in plan and
completely under-ground. The depth of the tank should not be more than 6 m. The
net capacity of the earth is I 00 kN/m
2
and depth of water table is 3 m.
As ume necessary data and prepare detailed drawings.
5. Rcde ign the clear water reservoir of exercise 4 if it is circular in plan.
6 Oe 1gn n Circular overhead water tank of 200 kL capacity over a staging of 25m.
A ume uitable proportions and prepare detailed structural drawings.
a
0.