What is Secondhand Smoke?

Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and the smoke exhaled by smokers. Secondhand smoke is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and exposure to secondhand smoke is sometimes called involuntary or passive smoking. Secondhand smoke contains more that 4,000 substances, several of which are known to cause cancer in humans or animals.

EPA has concluded that exposure to secondhand smoke can cause lung cancer in adults who do not smoke. EPA estimates that exposure to secondhand smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths per year in nonsmokers. Exposure to secondhand smoke has also been shown in a number of studies to increase the risk of heart disease.

Serious Health Risks to Children Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of secondhand smoke because they are still developing physically, have higher breathing rates than adults, and have little control over their indoor environments. Children exposed to high doses of secondhand smoke, such as those whose mothers smoke, run the greatest relative risk of experiencing damaging health effects.

Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited symptoms. Exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Infants and children younger than 6 who are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk of lower respiratory track infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis Children who regularly breathe secondhand smoke are at increased risk for middle ear infections

Health Risks to Children with Asthma

Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease affecting 1 in 13 school aged children on average. Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause new cases of asthma in children who have not previously shown symptoms. Exposure to secondhand smoke can trigger asthma attacks and make asthma symptoms more severe.

The Science Behind the Risks 1. Surgeon General Warning: Secondhand Smoke Puts Children At Risk On June 27th, 2006, the Surgeon General released a major new report on involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke, concluding that secondhand smoke causes disease and death in children and nonsmoking adults. The report finds a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and declares that the home is becoming the predominant location for exposure of children and adults to secondhand smoke.

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Get more information on "The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General" at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/ The National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Childrens Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (NSEMA/CEE) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004) Key findings:

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11% of children aged 6 years and under are exposed to ETS in their homes on a regular basis (4 or more days per week) compared to 20% in the 1998 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Parents are responsible for 90% of childrens exposure to ETS.

Exposure to ETS is higher and asthma prevalence is more likely in households with low income and low education levels. o Children with asthma have as much exposure to ETS as children without asthma. o Read the Report: Fact Sheet: National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Childrens Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (PDF, 2 pp., 89 K, about PDF) 3. Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking (Also Known as Exposure to Secondhand Smoke or Environmental Tobacco Smoke - ETS) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992) Key findings: In adults:

ETS is a human lung carcinogen, responsible for approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths annually in U.S. nonsmokers. ETS has been classified as a Group A carcinogen under EPA's carcinogen assessment guidelines. This classification is reserved for those compounds or mixtures which have been shown to cause cancer in humans, based on studies in human populations. In children:

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ETS exposure increases the risk of lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. EPA estimates that between 150,000 and 300,000 of these cases annually in infants and young children up to 18 months of age are attributable to exposure to ETS. Of these, between 7,500 and 15,000 will result in hospitalization. ETS exposure increases the prevalence of fluid in the middle ear, a sign of chronic middle ear disease. ETS exposure in children irritates the upper respiratory tract and is associated with a small but significant reduction in lung function. ETS exposure increases the frequency of episodes and severity of symptoms in asthmatic children. The report estimates that 200,000 to 1,000,000 asthmatic children have their condition worsened by exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. ETS exposure is a risk factor for new cases of asthma in children who have not previously displayed symptoms.

Pregnant women: Secondhand smoke can harm your unborn baby Even if you don't smoke when you're pregnant, just being around smokers, can increase the risk of harming your future baby, according to a new study in the medical journal Pediatrics. Researchers found exposure to secondhand smoke increased a non-smoking pregnant woman's chances of having a stillborn by 23 percent, and increased the risk of delivering a baby with birth defects by 13 percent. "These results highlight the importance of smoking prevention and cessation focusing on the father in addition to the mother, during the preconception period and during the pregnancy," explains Dr. Jonathan Winickoff, Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, who is not affiliated with the study. The team of experts reviewed virtually all available studies worldwide that focused on this health issue. The scientists aren't exactly sure what levels of secondhand smoke are dangerous, but they do think the more exposure the higher the risks. "We anticipate that the effect becomes significant when the woman is exposed to more than 10 cigarettes a day, which isn't a lot when you consider that some women are exposed to partners and other people's smoking habits on a daily basis. However, we need more evidence to be able to say with certainty what the true levels are," explains study author Jo Leonardi-Bee, PhD and Associate Professor in Medical Statistics at the University of Nottingham in England. This research also suggests that secondhand smoke can be almost as dangerous to a baby as having a mother who smokes, at least when referring to stillbirths and birth defects. Pregnant smokers have a 20 to 34% increase risk of having a baby who is stillborn compared to women who don't smoke, according to Dr. Winickoff. The risks weren't much less 23% for the non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke.

The picture for birth defects is similar. The range for smoking women and birth defects is between 10 34%, and for pregnant women who are around smokers, 13%. Babies exposed to passive smoke were more likely to be born with major deformities of the feet, testes, or not have a brain. "We know there are at least 400 toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke. These can get into the pregnant mother and affect her baby," says Dr. Winickoff. Cigarettes contain heavy metals, DNA damaging agents, and class one carcinogens the most harmful ones known. "Protect yourself from passive smoke before and during pregnancy, not only toreduce risks of disease to yourself, but also to reduce the many harms that passive smoke can have on your future baby," says Leonardi-Bee.

How can secondhand smoke be avoided? With planning, you can reduce or eliminate exposure to secondhand smoke. Remember, it's your right to breathe clean air. Start with these simple steps:

Don't allow smoking in your home. If family members or guests want to smoke, ask them to step outside. Air conditioners and ventilation systems don't effectively remove secondhand smoke from the air. Don't allow smoking in your vehicle. If a passenger must smoke on the road, stop at a rest stop for a smoke break outside the car. Insist that smoking restrictions be enforced at work. Many states have laws against smoking in the workplace. Choose smoke-free care facilities. This applies to child care facilities as well as facilities for older adults. Only choose those with a no-smoking policy. Patronize businesses with no-smoking policies. Choose smoke-free restaurants. When you travel, request nonsmoking hotel rooms. Reinforce these no-smoking policies by telling the management that you appreciate the healthy air. If you have a partner or other loved one who smokes, offer support and encouragement to stop smoking. The entire family will reap the benefits. Sources:

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/secondhand-smoke/CC00023/NSECTIONGROUP=2 http://tl.answers.com/Q/Ano_ang_ibig_sabihin_ng_second_hand_smoke http://pinoybalita.blogspot.com/2011/03/

Waste Segregation. All activities, administrative and operational (including transportation activities), involved in the handling, treatment, conditioning, storage and disposal of waste. WASTE SEGREGATION The purpose of waste management is to: -protect people who handle waste items from accidental injury, -prevent the spread of infection to healthcare workers who handle the waste, -prevent the spread of infection to the local community, and safely dispose of hazardous materials (toxic chemicals and radioactive compounds). Open piles of waste should be avoided because they are a risk to those who scavenge and unknowingly reuse contaminated items, -allow persons to accidentally step on sharp items and injure themselves, - produce foul odors, and - attract insects and animals What are the effects of poor Domestic Waste management? Due to the poor management of the Domestic Waste from households, the following are some of the effects on the population and the environment; Solid wastes, when improperly disposed off can be an environmental hazard in that the surrounding environment as well as the fish are affected. This improper damping can lead to death of fish as well as diseases to man e.g. dysentry, cholera and so on. Some of these wastes can also be very harmful to the atmosphere. These wastes when improperly dumped into the atmosphere can lead to the destruction of the ozone layer and may cause diseases such as cancer. As a result there is problem in global warming. Air pollution can also lead to formation of acidic rain which is dangerous to crop life since it fastens the removal of soil fertility from the surface of the ground. It also affects drainage. When solid wastes are dumped in drainage channels and gutters, the block the flow of the sewerage. This may cause flooding. At the same time, solid wastes also affect soil drainage which hinders the growing of crops. Since some of the waste materials are water proof, they can be dangerous to the aeration system of the soil hence hindering agriculture. It also leads to the reduction of fertile cultivatable land in form of dumping sites. This in turn affects the country's since Uganda depends on agriculture for exports. Waste materials like toxic if consumed by animals can be very dangerous to life and worse still if these wastes are dumped in water bodies. They are dangerous to aquatic life. Poor solid waste has also led to the death of animals (especially domestic animals). Death of animals like cattle leads to poverty and the death of animals like dogs, leads to insecurity in homes. Poor Domestic Waste management also displays an ugly scenario of the environment. This can affect the tourism industry, as the tourist may not get attracted to visit the country.

It has also led to the spread of diseases in such away that when wastes like broken bottles and these are dumped anywhere, they collect water in them (when it rains) and this may become a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Wastes like human stool cause diseases when poorly dumped, as the flies will carry the germ from the stool. It can also lead to human injury. For example, when a person is walking and steps on the broken bottles or nails or even pins (shape objects), he can get injured which may lead to bleeding. (normal these waste shape objects are infected with germs) Uncontrolled damping of solid waste can lead to wastage of land where we find lots of land being used as damping sites for wastes. These same pieces of land are later on neglected by the inhabitants of the area. Poor waste management can be a source of under development around the societies surrounding that particular area. This ca cause harm to tourist industries of the particular countries. HOW TO PROPERLY SEGREGATE WASTE 1.) First, classify garbage as wet and dry. If possible, make a mini recycling center in your backyard. Place similar items in one container. Then, share your recycling interest and experience with your friends, neighbors. a. Wet garbage includes animal feeds and organic matter. Animal feeds are leftover foods, vegetables, fruit peelings and others that can be used as feeds for animals like pigs, chickens, and dogs. Place animal feeds in plastic or metal containers. Organic matter actually includes unused animal feeds, rotting fruits and vegetables,leaves and grasses, twigs and others that rot or decay.

b. Dry garbage may either be organic or inorganic such as glass, metal, plastic, rags, wood pieces, paper and others which can be used or sold for recycling. 2.) Compost organic materials right away. Build a backyard compost pit or install a home composter. If possible, talk with the professionals about putting up a composter.. 3.) If the community produces more than 25 kilograms of wet garbage, initiate the installation of a biogas digester with professionals.. 5.) Reuse the materials that you can still use. Donate or sell to junkshops those extra recyclable materials. Junkshops are recyclers. They buy recyclable materials and sell them in bulk buyers..

Ang mga plastik na basura ay hindi nabubulok at kinakailangang dumaan sa proseso ng recycling upang hindi makapinsala sa kapaligiran. Iyon namang mga nabubulok ay puwedeng ideretso na sa mga landfill kung saan mapapakinabangan pa sila bilang pataba. Kumbaga, magkaibang paraan at proseso ng pagtatapon at paglusaw sa mga ito kayat hindi dapat pagsamahin. Isa sa pinakamalaking contributor ng air pollution ay ang mauusok na sasakyan. Pero dahil nagtitipid sa change oil, hindi baleng makaperwisyo sa lahat.

Sources:

http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/english/4morerh/4ip/ip_manual/08_wastemanagement.pdf http://www.angelfire.com/nc/namicol/effects1.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_ways_on_how_to_segregate_garbage_properly

Ano ang second hand smoke?

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Ang second hand smoke ay ung usok ng sigarilyo na naiinhale o naaamoy ng mga taong nakapaligid sa naninigarilyong tao.ito ay mas mapanganib kesa sa usok na hinihithit mo sa sigarilyo mismo sa dahilang ito ay kung baga nakadaan na sa baga ng taong naninigarilyo bago maamoy ng mga tao sa sa tabi ng tyaong naninigharilyo

Ang secondhand smoke ay tinatawag din na kapaligiran na usok ng tabako (ETS) at ang exposure sa secondhand smoke ay tinatawag rin na hindi sinasadya o balintiyak na paninigarilyo. Ito ay naglalaman ng higit na 4,000 mga sangkap, ilang na kung saan ay kilala upang maging sanhi ng kanser sa mga tao o hayop.

Ano ang masamang epekto ng second hand smoke sa mga buntis at mga bata?

1. 2. 3. 4.

ASTHMA SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME PNEUMONIA AT BRONCHITIS INFECTION SA TENGA (MIDDLE EAR

Kahit na hindi ka manigarilyo,kapag ikaw ay buntis ngunit nakapaligid sa mga maninigarilyo, maaaring madagdagan ang panganib ng iyong sanggol, ayon sa isang bagong pag-aaral sa mga medikal na journal pang pedyatrya. Kailangan bukod sa maging smoke-free ang bahay dapat kasama na rin maging smoke-free ang opisina o kung saan man nagtratrabaho ang bagong ina. Kahit hindi nag-yoyosi ang buntis, kung ang mga taong nakapalibot naman dito ay panay ang paninigarilyo, mas malaki ang tsansang maapektuhan ang kalusugan ng bata. Ang exposure sa secondhand smoke ay maaaring magdulot ng 13% risk ng birth defects sa bata, kasama na rin dito ang posibleng risk na manganak na stillborn o patay na ang sanggol paglabas nito. Ayon sa mga scientifico, ang usok ng sigarilyo ay may higit na 400 na toxic na kemikal. Ang sigarilyo ay may mga heavy metals, DNA damaging agents at Class One Carcinogens- mga kemikal na nakakasama sa kalusugan at nagdudulot ng kanser. Payo ng mga eksperto sa mga nagsisimula ng pamilya, mas makakabuti kung ititigil muna na ang paninigarilyo bago pa man magbuntis, at iwasan ang

anumang secondhand smoke sa kapaligiran dahil kahit anung level ng exposure dito ay hindi makakabuti.

PAANO MAKAKAIWAS SA USOK NA DALA NG PANINIGARILYO NG IBA? -huwag hayaan na manigarilyo sa loob ng tahanan. -kung may maninigarilyo sa loob ng sasakyan,umiwas at kung maaari ay lumabas sa sasakyan. -magpunta lamang sa mga pasilidad na smoke-free o nagiimplement ng no smoking policy -kung aalis,piliin ang lugar na hindi gaanong mausok.

EpEKTO NG BASURA
Global warming - ito ay ang pagnipis at unti-unting pagkabutas ng ating ozone layer. Ilang beses na itong tinatalakay sa telebisyon at maging sa ilang babasahin ang kaseryosohan ng problema. At lahat ay nag-uugat sa

walang pakundangan nating pagsira sa ating kapaligiran at paglapastangan dito. Pagkapinsala sa lupa, hangin at tubig - Ito ay dulot ng kawalan ng disiplina at sistema sa pagtatapon ng basura at ang paggamit ng mga kemikal. Nagdudulot rin ng pagkapinsala ang labis na polusyong hindi lang sa hangin kundi maging sa tubig at lupa. Sobra-sobrang pagdami ng basura - ito ay dahil sa raw-araw nating pagtatapon ng basura na nagiging malaking problema kapag pinagsama-sama sapagkat dahil dito paunti na ng paunti ang ating imbakan. Nakakalasong kemikal - ito ay dulot ng pagsusunog ng basura, ang kemikal na ito ay maaaring magdulot ng kamatayan sa tao. Nakakasira ng mga kanal ito ay dulot ng mga basurang naiimbak sa mga kanal at napipigil ang pagdaloy ng tubig Pagkamatay ng mga hayop- dahil sa mga nakakalasong kemikal na nandidito Nakasisira ng mga lugar pangatraksyon-dahil sa nagkakakalat na mga basura

Mga Uri ng Basura: Nabubulok, Di-nabubulok at Nakakalason

Isa para sa mga nabubulok na basura gaya ng mga tira-tirang pagkain, papel, halaman at mga patay na hayop. Isa naman para sa mga di-nabubulok na basura gaya ng mga plastic container na madalas ginagamit na pambalot sa pagkain. Kasama rin sa mga di-nabubulok na basura ang mga bote, mga bakal at electronic wastes. Ang ikatlong uri ng basura ay ang mapanganib o nakakalason. Ang mga halimbawa naman nito ay yaong mga kemikal o gamit na ginamitan ng kemikal. Madalas ay makikita ito sa mga pagawaan at maging sa mga ospital. Bagamat ito ay maaaring mabulok o hindi nabubulok, hindi ito isinasama sa dalawang unang nabanggit na uri ng basura dahil sa panganib nito sa kalusugan ng tao.

MGA SAKIT NG NAKUKUHA SA BASURA.

1. Leptospirosis sakit na nakukuha sa ihi ng daga na maaring nahalo sa tubig na namuo sa

basura pati narin sa tubig na nanggagaling sa baha 2. Sakit sa baga- ito ay nakukuha sa pagsunog ng basura lalo na ng plastik at ng mga goma. 3. Influenza- ito ay sakit na nakukuha sa dumi ng ibon at ng iba pang hayop. Nakukuha rin ito sa kalat ng tao na mayroong ganitong sakit. 4. Diarrhea- ito ay nakukuha sa pag-inom ng kontaminadong tubig na maaaring sanhi ng pagkabutas ng daluyan ng tubig na malapit sa tapunan ng basura. 5. Typhoid Fever ito ay nakukuha sa mga pagkain na kontaminado ng dumi ng isang taong may sakit, ito ay maaaring sanhi ng di wastong pagtapon ng basura. 6. Hepatitis A ito ay nakukuha sa kontaminadong pagkain at pag-inom ng kontaminadong tubig na maaaring sanhi rin ng pagkabutas ng daluyan ng tubig na malapit sa tapunan ng basura. 7. Gastro-Enteritis ang sakit na ito ay nakakaapekto ng husto sa mga bata. Ito ay nakukuha sa paginom ng kontaminadong tubig, at sa paglalaro sa mga kanal

8. Dengue Fever ito ay nakukuha sa kagat ng lamok na nabubuhay sa mga tubig na naipon sa mga di natapon ng wasto na basura.

MGA DAPAT AT HINDI DAPAT GAWIN

Huwag basta-basta itatapon ang iyong panapon. Paghiwa-hiwalayin ang mga basura, magkompos at magresiklo ng iyong basura Huwag magsunog ng basura dahil ito ay makakasama sa Respiratory System. Umiwas sa paggamit ng mga disposable na kagamitan tulad ng styrofoam, plastic cups o plastic spoons. Imbes gumamit ng mga baso, plato, kutsara at tinidor sa mga handaan. Gumamit ng bayong o basket at umiwas sa paggamit ng plastic bags. Manawagan sa pagsasara ng mga tambakan ng basura at hikayatin ang mga kasamahan sa barangay o subdibisyon na patatagin ang poyektong ecological solid waste management sa inyong lugar..

TAMANG PAGSESEGREGASYON NG BASURA

Segregasyon ng basura o paghihiwalay ng mga basura at kalat na nabubulok at hindi tnabubulok.

NABUBULOK

-Gulay -prutas

-karne - etc

DI NABUBULOK - goma -plastik -lata

-bote -etc

-PAGRERECYCLE NG BASURA