Chapter 1

The land of the Nile was a very prosperous land. Lower Egypt was in the north and Upper Egypt was in the south on a higher elevation and extended along the Nile about 600 miles. The time sequence of Ancient Egypt was divided into three groups, Old, Middle, and New Kingdom. The Old Kingdom lasted from 2750 to 2260 BC. During this time The Great Pyramids were built. The Middle Kingdom consisted of 2061 to 1784 BC. Egypt became stronger and achieved literature, art, and architecture. During 1570 to 1070 BC, the New Kingdom took place. Egypt became world powerful and conquered other nations. 1000 years before the old kingdom, Egypt learned to irrigate and developed a writing system that used picture symbols called hieroglyphs. They may have copied the writing idea from Sumerians. At first, hieroglyphs were mostly for religious purposes, but then Egypt began to use them to write everything. During 3100 BC, King Menes conquered Lower Egypt from Upper Egypt and united the two. Some more information about the Old kingdom was that Egyptians considered kings to be gods. The king owned everything and the vizier (chief adviser), carried out orders. Other officials collected taxes, planned building projects, and made sure laws were obeyed. Members of the royal family held the highest public offices. In between the three kingdoms, weak kings ruled, foreign people took over, and they were times of great confusion and disorder. During the old kingdom, scribes carved hieroglyphs into stone walls of tombs, temples, and palaces. To keep even more records, Egyptians created papyrus, a paperlike material made from the papyrus plant. They wrote

on the papyrus with sharpened reeds dipped in a mixture of soot and water. The papyrus was rolled up into scrolls.

Chapter 2
Egypt contained many qualities whether theyre language, Religion, Economy, Government, Culture, or Technology. They have always seemed to be advancing. Most of Ancient Egypt did not know how to write, they had scribes whose job was to record messages, poems, stories, and almost everything else. As said before, they wrote on papyrus with sharp reeds dipped in in. Archaeologists have deciphered hieroglyphics with the help of the Rosetta Stone. Hieroglyphics have evolved through the years beginning as crude glyphs and ending as elegant symbols with curves along the lines. Each glyph represents a sound, object, or an idea. Over seven hundred symbols make up the Ancient Egyptian alphabet. One of the scrolls written was the Book of the Dead.

Chapter 3
Ancient Egyptians were polytheistic, which meant they worshipped several gods. Their religion consisted of an afterlife and used temples instead of churches. To ensure that royalty succeeded in the afterlife, the Book of the Dead was placed in the tombs called pyramids. They also mummified royalty to preserve them. They feared kings because they thought that kings were gods. The Hyksos, a nearby country-state, also followed Egyptian beliefs. They considered children gifts of the gods. Gods who were later banished by Amenhotep and revived by later monarchs.

Chapter 4
Ancient Egyptian economy was very complex. To survive, Egypt farmed, had irrigation, mined, and traded. Egypts crops consisted of wheat, barley, and other grains. Egypt irrigated with a system of canals, dikes, and basins. Mining had exceedingly great profits. Copper and gold were mined the most in Egypt. According to hieroglyphs in tombs, kings owned everything. Egypt was divided into forty-two nomes. They traded fine jewelry, grains, and stone for ebony, ivory, wood, silver, copper, cedar, pine, and incense.

Chapter 5
The government of Egypt today is harsh, but long ago, when Egypt was an ancient civilization. Their government was strong. Egypt was divided into Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt and into nation states. The government fed of off the profits from crops, so the more crops, the stronger the government. The chief adviser (vizier) and other officials carried out the kings orders. Members of the royal family held the highest public offices. The Middle Kingdom was a time of invasion, the Hyksos ripped Egypt apart. Then, Upper Egypt took over and drove the Hyksos south.

Chapter 6
Bread was Egypts main food, Egypt created fine pottery. They also buried the dead. The Hyksos introduced fine jewelry and better arts.

Chapter 7

Egypt has created many things; all of them helped many continents today. To trade, they had sailboats. To keep track of trade, they wrote on papyrus with sharp reeds dipped in soot. To hold goods, they weaved baskets. When Egypt traded over land, they used caravans. To walk they had sandals. They also created a three season calendar and irrigation to farm. On papyrus, they wrote in hieroglyphs. The creation of the upright loom, the lyre, and the lute was used to sooth Egyptians. During war, they used body armor and horse drawn chariots.

Epilogue
Of all Ancient Civilizations, Egypt was definitely the most complex and the most heroic. As Egypt led on raids, wars, and oaths of friendship, all countries thought of Egypt as the biggest and the strongest. Easily defeating others, Egypt was the big city.