Link budget planning is part of the network planning process, which helps to dimension the required coverage, capacity

and qu limited, because mobiles power level is limited to (voice terminal 125mW). Downlink direction limits the available capacity o network environment both coverage and capacity are interlinked by interference. So by improving one side of the equation wo The object of the link budget design is to calculate maximum cell size under given criteria:

# Type of service (data type and speed) # Type of environment (terrain, building penetration) # Behavior and type of mobile (speed, max power level) # System configuration (BTS antennas, BTS power, cable losses, handover gain) # Required coverage probability # Financial and economical factors (use of more expensive and better quality equipment or not the cheapest installation metho
and to match all of those to the required system coverage, capacity and quality needs with each area and service.

In an urban area, capacity will be the limiting factor, so inner city cells will be dimensioned by required Erlangs/km for v Even using 25dB as inbuilding penetration loss into the building core area, link budget would typically allow about 300m cell will determine the maximum cell range, when typically cells are less congested. A typical cell range in rural areas will be s

Below is an example of how WCDMA voice call link budget can be done. Some of the values can be debated, including the prop

The WCDMA link budget calculations start from the uplink (reverse link) direction. Uplink interference (noise from other mobi 1.>The starting point of a link budget calculation is to define the required data rate(s) in each network areas and Eb/No (En simulation tools can be used to tailor the Eb/No. Simulation can be done by creating a uniform base station and a mobile dist tool for operators to test their network plan models. 2.> The next step is to gather vendor specific data like a BTS output power and a receiver noise figure, defined and used cable intelligent antenna systems in specific areas, possible additional line amplifiers, used diversities (like antenna, polarisat

3.>For each geographical areas network operator has to define Eb/No, data services, a system loading factor, estimated mobi handover area sizes will be addressed later.

4.> Mobile power levels, the chip rate and the process gains are defined by the UMTS standards. Soft handover gain and the th on propagation models after drive tests. The link budget gives a cell range and from that cell coverage area can be calculated. Cell coverage overlap parameter is usu planners agree that overlap should be 20-30 percent, but that relates directly to build cost. After all that, the base station r

dimension the required coverage, capacity and quality of service requ irement in the network. UMTS WCDMA macro cell coverage is uplink ownlink direction limits the available capacity o f the cell, as BTS transmission power (typically 20-40W) has to be divided to all users. In a ence. So by improving one side of the equation woul d decrease the other side. System is loosely balanced by design.

equipment or not the cheapest installation metho d)

ty needs with each area and service.

dimensioned by required Erlangs/km for v oice and data. k budget would typically allow about 300m cell range, which is a way too much for a capacity purposes. In a rural area uplink power budget d. A typical cell range in rural areas will be s everal kilometers depending on a terrain.

e of the values can be debated, including the propaga tion model, but it gives an idea of the calculation methods.

ction. Uplink interference (noise from other mobi les) is usually the limiting factor in cdma systems.

ta rate(s) in each network areas and Eb/No (En ergy per Bit to Noise power density ratio) targets. Usually the operator predefines these, but creating a uniform base station and a mobile dist ribution plan with defined service profiles. Almost every UMTS vendor has a simulation

nd a receiver noise figure, defined and used cable systems (thicker the cable, more expensive it is to install), used antenna types, usage of rs, used diversities (like antenna, polarisat ion, receiver) etc.

services, a system loading factor, estimated mobile speeds, different penetration losses, coverage reliability and a used fade margin. Soft

he UMTS standards. Soft handover gain and the therm al noise density are the same in every UMTS system. Both parties also have to agree

culated. Cell coverage overlap parameter is usu ally missing from the calculation as it increases the cell count dramatically. Most network y to build cost. After all that, the base station requirements for the each type of areas can to be calculated.

WCDMA macro cell coverage is uplink ) has to be divided to all users. In a

s. In a rural area uplink power budget

lly the operator predefines these, but ery UMTS vendor has a simulation

stall), used antenna types, usage of

ability and a used fade margin. Soft

stem. Both parties also have to agree

dramatically. Most network

Explain the different Handover types in UMTS

Ans: Soft(er) Handover: connected to more than one cell on the same frequency, softer occurs when 2 cells in the active s belong to same Node-B; Intra-frequency Hard Handover: Occurs when Ue moves from one cell in one RNC to a cell in anot RNC and the RNCs do not have an Iur link between each other; Inter-Frequency Hard Handover: when UE changes from o frequency to another frequency (usually due to traffic layer management or Quality reasons);Inter Handover: Handover from UMTS to GSM (v.v.) usually at the edge of UMTS service area but also due to quality reasons.

equency, softer occurs when 2 cells in the active set Ue moves from one cell in one RNC to a cell in another quency Hard Handover: when UE changes from one nt or Quality reasons);Inter-technology (iRAT) Hard MTS service area but also due to quality reasons.

Simplified link budget for WCDMA system

Target load Transmitter characteristics 384kbps data, DL 0.75 20 W 5.6666667 W 37.533277 dBm 17.425308 dBi 2 dB 0 dB 52.958584 dBm

Edited By @ : Anjit

Total transmitter power Transmitter power on TCH TX PWRTCH in dBm TX antenna gain TX cable loss TX Body loss Transmitter EIRP

50 14.16666667 41.51267675

Receiver characteristics and margins

RX antenna gain 0 dBi Thermal noise density -174 dBm/Hz Receiver noise figure 8 dB Receiver noise density -166 dB Receiver noise power -100.1567 dBm Processing gain 10 dB Required Eb/No 7 dB Interference margin 6.0205999 dB Required signal power -97.13609 dBm RX Cable loss 0 dB RX Body loss 0 dB Diversity gain 0 dB Fast fading margin 0 dB Soft handover gain 1 dB Coverage probability (cell edge) 0.9 Shadow fading std deviation 6 dB Shadow Fading Margin 7.5 dB Indoor penetration loss 20 dB Allowed propagation loss 123.59467 dB DL allowed Prop Loss=Tx EIRP + RX Ant Gain - Reqd Signal Pwr + Diversity gain - Fast fading margin + Soft handover gain - Shad

UL allowed Prop Loss = Tx EIRP + RX Ant Gain - Reqd Signal Pwr - RX Cable loss + RX Body loss + Diversity Gain - fast fading margin + Soft Han

Shadow Fading Margin (cell edge approach)

Given coverage probability on cell edge (P) Shadow fading standard deviation 1-P Closest 1-P in table Argument (inverse of Q) Shadow fading margin

Antenna Gain

Horizontal 3dB beam width Horizontal gain Number of dipoles Vertical gain (dBd) Vertical gain (dBi)

65 7.493795078 6 7.781512504 9.931512504

Total antenna gain Range (Okumura-Hata path loss model) L=137.4+35.2LogR Carrier frequency BS antenna height MS antenna height Parameter A Parameter B Parameter C MS antenna gain function (large city) Path loss exponent Path loss constant Downlink range Uplink range Cell range

17.42530758

2100 25 1.5 46.3 33.9 44.9 -0.000919047 3.574349294 137.3351261 0.412649827 0.328429832 0.328429832

Watt Edited By @ : Anjit

384kbps data, UL 0.5 0.25 W 0.25 W 23.9794 dBm 0 dBi 0 dB 0 dB 23.9794 dBm

50

TX PWRTCH=0.85*TxPwr/(Max no. of user*Target Load) TX PWRTCH,dBm= 10*log10(TX PWRTCH/0.001)

Tx-EIRP = TXPWRTCH+Tx AntGain-TX cable Loss-Tx body Loss

17.425308 dBi -174 dBm/Hz 5 dB -169 dB Rx Noise Density=Thermal Noise Density+ Rx Noise Figure -103.1567 dBm Rx Nise Pwr = Rx Noise Density+10*log10(3840000) 10 dB PG=10*LOG10(3840/384) 3 dB 3.0103 dB Interfernce Margin = -10*LOG10(1-Target Load) -107.1464 dBm Reqd Signal Pwr = Rqd Eb/No-PG+Rx Noise Pwr+Interfrnce margin 2 dB 0 dB 3 dB 4 dB 2 dB 0.9 6 dB 7.5 dB 20 dB 120.0511 dB margin + Soft handover gain - Shadow Fading Margin - Indoor penetration loss

y Gain - fast fading margin + Soft Handover Gain - Shadow Fading Margin - Indoor penetration loss

0.9 6 dB 0.1 0.1 1.25 7.5 dB

1-P(=Q) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.22 0.17 0.1 0.07 0.04 0.023 0.01

degrees dB dBd dBi

dBi Unit MHz m m

dB km km km

dBm 46.98970004

We compute TX power on TCH by using the formula P_tx_ch = (1-control overhead) x Total power / (Load x maximum number of users) For 384kbps speech service maximum number of users is round

0.13W=21dBm (msTX Pwr)

20W=43dBm (NodeBTXPwr) mW= 10*log10(mW) dBm

PG=10log(Wc/Rb) Wc=3.84Mcps >> Rb= 12.2K for Voice : 64K for Video Higher the P.G, Better the Service(384k,64k..) Coverage

on loss

10

10

-1

10

-2

Q(x)
10
-3 -4

10

-2

Q(x)
10
-3

10

-4

10

-5

0.5

1.5

2 x

2.5

2 x

2.5

3.5

QoS Voice CS12.2K Video CS64K PS64K PS128K PS384K(QPSK) HSDPA(16QAM)

SF 128 32 32 16 8 16

SIR(required) 2.87

CE 1 2.5 2.5 5 10

User/cell 30 4 8 0 0

30 10 20 0 0

ZTE Carrier unit 1 BPC card :> No. of CE in UL: No. of CE in DL:

CE 192 192

CE is the H/W resource Digital Signal processing(DSP) to proce signalling inside the BPC

PG=10 logWc/Rb Wc= 3.84Mcps Rb=12.2k for voice 64k for video 14.4 Mbps for 15 codes 7.2 Mbps for 10 codes 3.6 Mbps for 5 codes

-5.020286063

processing(DSP) to process

Rule of Thumb:

Normal Condition High paging & Signalling Load (like registration/update cell) Avoid in LAC Border in High Traffic Area Inputs for LAC Division

# No. of Sites supported by 1 RNC 1 315

Required No. of sites( from Calculation) 620

1 RNC means >>> 1LAC & 1RAC 1 RNC >> 2-3 LAC,RAC KPI:RRC connection Req. with service KPI:RRC connection Req. with service+update

: as 315 sites supported by 1 RNC

No. of RNC Required 1.968253968

WCDMA

increasing the cell load, cell coverage area becomes smaller limited by interference in UL limited by Power in DL The operator normally asks vendors to guarantee the level of coverage for a certain load level, using the minimum amount of base stations and cost. Vendors have to commit to these figures even when most of the sites are yet to be acquired and some of the performance parameters will be defined later. Vendors are expected to reply in a very short period of time with limited information, so it is easy to see why network quality is not the biggest consideration in initial planning. There is a tendency for operators to use this tactic to get the lowest possible initial quote from vendors. An experienced network planner can produce a "quick and dirty" network base station requirement figure with only a few parameters. The most crucial parameters for the initial rollout are: Capacity requirements - the planned customers and service usage in each area of the network (with BTS site capacity calculation) should be known in order to get the required amount of base stations for capacity. Coverage requirements - the link budget of high data rate services should be calculated in order to estimate the required base station amount in each network area to get the amount of base stations for coverage. In each network area, take the larger number of capacity OR coverage base stations for that area, then add each area together to get a total. To get the final required number of base stations, the following formula can be used: - Add 10% more quality sites to provide special coverage or a dominant server in difficult or important areas - tunnels, bridges, exhibition and sports venues, shopping centres, airports, big hotels, high rise buildings, MD's home and CEO sailing and polo club! - Add additional 10% more sites to fix holes because not all planned sites can be acquired. - By this time the sales team will tell you that your plan is 30% too expensive, so you need to cut 30% of your base stations (and 40% of your acquisition budget) The total will tell you how many sites you need to build an initial 3G network.

A.Coverage Planning : The propagation predictions for WCDMA require the same planning phases as in GSM. First, the base station configuration and the link budget have to be defined. Also, the coverage threshold has to be well defined to exceed the required quality criteria but avoid unnecessary additional investments for the radio network elements. Moreover, the capacity targets and forecasts have to be well known at this phase because they have a strong effect on the base station coverage area. When the base station antenna height, coverage threshold, and capacity requirements are defined and tclarified in the link budget calculations, the actual propagation predictions process can start. Propagation measurements can be performed to fine tune the propagation prediction model. When the prediction model is tuned, the final base station parameters can be used to make the propagation predictions. Optimized base station parameters can be evaluated when the planning criteria are defined. This planning threshold means that agreement must be reached on the reasonable QoS level required for the different geographical locations. The threshold also depends on whether the service has to be extended inside vehicles and buildings in different areas. The planning threshold is defined in GSM by starting from the mobile station senplanning terrain bin. Capacity Planning WCDMA capacity planning is directly related to the link budget and, thus, to the base station coverage area. In the link budget in Table 1, only one type of service (64/144 kbps data transmission) was introduced, and the base station coverage was fixed for this service. It is possible to have any type of service between the voice calls and 2 Mbps data traffic in the WCDMA Base station. This means :>>> the BASE STATION coverage area is different for different users

Basically, the question is about the spreading power factor, SPF, which varies significantly when comparing the 12.2 kbps voice call (SPF = 25 dB) and 2 Mbps data transmission (PG = 2.8 dB) connections. In the uplink direction, the main objective in capacity planning is to limit interference from the other cells to an acceptable level. Network planning can increase the uplink load by reducing other cell interference. This can be achieved by obstacles to block the interfering cells. Also, down-tilting is a very useful tool in limiting interference. In the downlink direction, two aspects should be considered: the interference from other cells and the power of the base station. The load equation for the downlink is similar to the equation for the uplink. However, in the downlink there is a new para

Spreading Code Distinguishes physical and logical Channels(service)

Scrambling Code(PSC) Distinguihes Cells (in DL) and distinguihes UE(in DL)

The number of installed transceivers limits the mobile network theoretical capacity. In cdma systems interference, accepted and planned quality and grade of service will determine the system capacity. Cdma systems also have soft capacity, which complicates the network area capacity estimations. The link budget is used to calculate the maximum allowed path loss and the maximum range for cell. The link budget includes the interference margin, which is the increased noise level caused by greater load in a cell. So by increasing the cell load, cell coverage area becomes smaller. That's how cell coverage and capacity dimensioning are interlinked. System capacity planning is divided to two parts: 1> The first thing is to estimate a single transceiver and site capacity. Calculations how the noise raises as the cell load increases is out of the scope of this page, but in-cell noise, Eb/No requirements, planned data rates, coverage probability, air resources usage activity factor, target interference margin and processing gains are needed to approximate the transceiver and site capacity. Depending on the parameter values, planned transceiver capacity is typically from 400 kbits/s to 700 kbits/s per transceiver.

2> The second part of the process is to estimate how many mobile users each cell can serve. Once the cell capacity and subscriber traffic profiles are known, network area base station requirements can be calculated. Estimations can be done in Erlangs per subscriber or kilobits per subscriber. Network vendor normally has simulation tools to test system parameters and verify rough estimations. A lot of data is required for comprehensive network dimensioning; number of subscribers and growth estimations, traffic / user / busy hour / geographic segment and required throughput including service mixes in geographic segments for example.

Here is a rough downlink capacity calculation example: During a busy hour an average user downloads 10 Mbits with 384 kbits/s, 2 Mbits with 144 kbits/s and makes one 60-second voice call. Data has to be retransmitted 1.1 times because of network conditions. Used kbits/s per user per busy hour downlink only are:

If a cell capacity is estimated to be 500 kbits/s, each cell can be dimensioned for about 129 Effective traffic = User traffic / (1-p), (where p is the loss probability) considering the fact that retransmissions may take place more than once.

Estimate/approxiamating Single Transceiver and site capacity: Cell Noise Eb/No requirements planned data rates coverage probability Air resources usage activity factor target Interference margin Processing Gains

Estimate how many mobile users each cell can serve: number of subscribers growth estimations, traffic / user / busy hour / geographic segment required throughput including service mixes

Simulation tool(ATOLL) is used : to test system parameters to verify rough estimations