ME200 : Thermodynamics I Lecture 23 : Temperature scales & maximum performance measures

Professor: Euiwon Bae Lecture Hours : MWF 1:30-2:20 in ME1130 Office Hours : MWF 2:30-3:30 in ME1091 Email : ebae@purdue.edu Phone : 765-494-6849 Course website : http://engineering.purdue.edu/ME200

Outline

The Kelvin and temperature scales Maximum performance measures for cycles operating Between Two thermal reservoirs Examples

Kelvin scales
From the Carnot corollary:

TH Hot reservoir W Q System A

TH
Hot reservoir W Q System B

Q
Cold reservoir TC

Q
Cold reservoir

TC
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Kelvin scales
From the Carnot corollary: All reversible power cycles with the same two thermal reservoirs have the same (Regardless of substance making up the system (air, steam etc)) -> Temperature is the important factor

=1
Can argue that efficiency for the reversible cycle is the function of (TH, TC)

= (TH, TC)
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Kelvin scales
Define a Kelvin scales as :

In Kevlin scale, the ratio of temperature is equal to the amount of heat transfer for an reversible cycle.

Maximum performance measures

For power cycles

TH (Hot)

Qin System

Qout

Tc (Cold)

Wcycle = Qin- Qout

=

W=Qin-Qout

=1

=1

Maximum achievable efficiency between two thermal reservoir : Carnot efficiency

Maximum performance measures

For power cycles with Tc=298 K and

= 1

Rate of efficiency increase Is high at tower TH Decreasing Tc below certain level is impractical

TH

Real power plant 40% compared to theoretical max.

= 1

=1

298 745

= 0.6 (60%)
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Maximum performance measures

For power cycles with TH=298 K and

= 1

Rate of efficiency decreases as TC increases Tc=Th, efficiency is zero

TC TC=TH

Maximum performance measures

For Refrigeration and heat pump cycles

TH

Qout

System

Qin

Tc

Wcycle = Qout- Qin>0

W=Qout-Qin

= =

( ; )

= =

; ;

Refrigeration cycle Heat pump cycle

( ; )

; ;

Maximum achievable efficiency between two thermal reservoir

Maximum performance measures

For Refrigeration cycles with TH=298 K and

1 1

TH

TC

COP will gradually increase until Tc gets closer to the Th

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Maximum performance measures

For Refrigeration cycles with TL=298 K and

1 1

TL

TH

COP will gradually increase when TH is closer to the TL

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Example 1 Power cycle

5.30 An inventor claims to have developed a power cycle operating between TH=1000 K and Tc=250 K that develops net work equal to a multiple of the amount of energy Qc rejected to the cold reservoir that is Wcycle=NQc, where all quantities are positive. What is the theoretical maximum N?

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Example 1 Power cycle

Given : TH, TC, W=N Qc Find : maximum N System :
TH (Hot) Qin System Qout Tc (Cold)

Sol: =

=1

W=Qin-Qout 1

0.25 1 0.25 3
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Example 1 Power cycle

5.38 At steady state, a 750 MV power plant receives energy by heat transfer from the combustion of fuel at an average T of 317 C. The plant discharges energy by heat transfer to a river whose mass flow rate is 1.65x105 kg/s. Upstream of the power plant the T is 17 C. Determine the increase in the T of the river if the thermal efficiency of the power plant is 40%

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Example 1 Power cycle

Given : 750 MW power plant, TH=317 m=1.65x10^5 kg/s Tup=17, efficiency 0.4 Find : T
System :
TH (Hot) Qin System Qout

T1=17 C
Tc (Cold)

M=1.65e5 kg/s

W=750 MW

T2=?

Assumption : steady state, incompressible flow with constant specific heat 750 Sol: = =1 ; = = 1875 0.4 = 1 ; = 0.6 = 1125 15

Example 1 Power cycle

T1=17 C
Qout

Tc (Cold)

m=1.65e5 kg/s

T2=?
Heat exchanger; Qcv=m (h2-h1) = 2 1 ; = 4.2 19 2 = + 1 = 1125 MW + 290 = 291.62 kg 1.65x105 4.2 s
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Example 2 Refrigeration cycle

5.60 The refrigerator operates at steady state with a COP of 4.5 and a power input of 0.8 kW. Energy is rejected from the refrigerator to the surroundings at 20C by heat transfer from metal coils whose average surface temperature is 28 C. Determine (a) in KW (b) Lowest theoretical T inside the refrigerator in K (c) Maximum theoretical power in kW that could be developed by a power cycle operating between coils and the surroundings. Would you recommend making use of this opportunity for developing power?

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Example 2
Given : COP 4.5 Win=0.8 kW TH=20 C Tcoil=28 C Find : Q, Tc, max theoretical power System :
Tcoil=28C TH=20C Qout System Qin Tc

COP=4.5

W=0.8 kW

Sol

= = ; = 3.6 ( )

1 = = 4.4

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Example 2
Tcoil=28C TH=20C Qout System Qin Tc

COP=4.5

W=0.8 kW

= = ; ( ) = 1 = 239.72 = 33

:1

293 = 1 =1 =1 = 0.0266 = 2.6% 301 = 1 0.12

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Example 3 Heat pump cycle

5.66 A heat pump with a COP of 3.8 provides energy at an average rate of 75,000 kJ/h to maintain a building at 21 C on a day when the outside temperature is 0 C. If electricity cost is 8 cents per kWh (a) Actual operating cost and the minimum theoretical operating cost in $/day (b) Compare this with the cost of electrical resistance heating

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Example 3 Heat pump cycle

Given : heat pump to maintain temperature Find : theoretical and actual cost/ cost for using electrical resistance System : T=0 C Qout Tin=21 C W Qin =3.8 Qout=75000 kJ/h

Assumption : electricity cost 8 cent KWH Sol : Since COP is given =

75000 3.8

19737

Since 1 KWH=3600 kJ => $0.08 per 3600 kJ Therefore for 24 h work input 19737 kJ/h*24h=473688 kJ => 473688 kJ/3600 kJ*0.08=$10.52
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Example 3 Heat pump cycle

If we need the minimum cost -> when the COP is maximum Using two temperature only
1 = = = 14 1

Since COP is given =

75000 14

= 5357

Since 1KWH=3600 kJ => $0.08 per 3600 kJ Therefore for 24 h work input 5357 kJ/h*24h=128568kJ => 128568 kJ/3600 kJ*0.08=$2.85 For resistance heating 75000kJ/h/3600*24*0.08=$40/day
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