Joaquin Galarraga 3C 2012

Educacion Fisica Examen Teorico 3ro 2012 Escuela Secundaria

Our circulatory system
It is made up of blood, blood vessels, pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation and the heart. Our circulatory system: 1. Takes oxygen and nutrients to every cell. 2. Removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from every cell 3. Carries hormones from the hormonal (endocrine) glands to different parts of the body. 4. Maintains temperature and fluid levels 5. Prevents infections from invading germs. Oxygenated blood goes from heart to body. Deoxygenated blood goes from body to heart, who takes it to the lungs which change it into oxygenated blood.

How does our heart work?

It is formed by special cardiac muscle, which contracts regularly without tiring. The heart first pumps blood to the lungs, to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, later it is pumped out around the body. This is called cardiac cycle. The heartbeat is one complete contraction of the heart. Our heart rate (pulse) is the number of heartbeats per minute. Stage 1
Blood flows into the heart when it is between beats and relaxed. Deoxygenated blood from our body enters the right atrium through the 2 vena cava veins. At he same time newly oxygenated blood from our lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

Stage 2
Our right atrium muscles contract to pump blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. At the same time our left atrium muscles contract to pump blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

Stage 3
Our ventricle muscles contract to pump blood through the semilunar valves into the pulmonary artery to travel to the lungs. Our left ventricle muscles contract to pump blood though the semilunar valves into the aorta, to travel around our body again.

The heart is actually a double pump. It is divided by a wall called the Septum. The righthand side of the heart deals with blood returning from our body through the vena cava veins. The heart sends this blood to our lungs through the pulmonary artery, who add oxygen to this blood and sends it back to the heart through the pulmonary veins, which receives it in the left atrium and sends it to the body through the aorta after going through the left ventricle.

Vocabulary:
Arterioles: smallest arteries. Capillaries: smallest vessels.

Joaquin Galarraga 3C 2012

How does oxygen get to our muscles?

Arteries
Thick walled Elastic, expand to carry blood Blood under high pressure No valves needed, artery walls contract to move blood Carry blood away from heart Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)

Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels linking arterioles and venules Extremely thin walls, one cell thick Allow food and oxygen to pass out to our body tissues Allow carbon dioxide and other waste to pass into blood from our body tissues

Veins
Thin walled Non-elastic Blood under low pressure Have valves to stop blood flowing backwards Carry blood to the heart Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins)

What happens in our capillaries?

Arterioles bring oxygen and nutrients to the capillaries. In muscle tissue the oxygen and nutrients squeeze out through the thin capillary walls. The capillaries then join with venules, which take the carbon dioxide produced after the oxygen was used by the muscle, which lead to veins and back to the heart.

What makes up our blood?

Men on average have 5-6 liters of blood in their body, while woman have about 4-5 liters. Blood is made of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements. These are: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma Red Blood Cells Platelets White Blood Cells
Is a watery liquid It is pale yellow in color. Contains dissolved substances: salts and calcium, nutrients including glucose, hormones, carbon dioxide and other waste from our body cells. Are made in the red marrow of our long bones, sternum, ribs and vertebrae Are extremely numerous Give blood its color Contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all our body cells Have no nucleus and last for about 120 days Are replaced in very large numbers. Are made in our bone marrow Stick to each other easily Produce clots when a blood vessel Work With fibrinogen to make blood cot Are made in our bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen Are far fewer than red blood cells Are three times the size of red blood cells Are a mobile guard system to deal with infection and disease: some eat up germs, some produce antibodies to destroy germs.

People who live at high altitude have more red cells and hemoglobin than those who live at sea level. This is why athletes train at high altitude.

How do our red cells carry oxygen?

The oxygen joins up to hemoglobin (substance in blood) to form it into oxyhemoglobin.

What does our blood do?

Our blood links all the tissues and organs or our body together. It has 4 of them: Transportation, Protection, Temperature Regulation and Maintaining Bodys Equilibrium. (Look at booklet)

How well does our heart pump?

Our heart is made up of cardiac muscle which never gets tired. The speed and force of each heartbeat is controlled by the brain. Heart muscle like others can get stronger if it is exercised.

Heart Rate
Our arteries are forced to expand and then contract (pulse). A pulse can be felt at points in the body where arteries are near to the skin. 2

Joaquin Galarraga 3C 2012

Stroke Volume
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in each beat. Whenever we exercise stroke volume increases for a number of reason. Working muscles squeeze blood in our veins, forcing more blood back to the heart. The heart stretches as it fills up with the extra blood and in turn it contracts more strongly. This result is more blood being pumped out of the heart for each beat.

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute. It is controlled by heart rate and stroke volume heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output.

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels. It depends on how much blood is flowing into the blood vessels and how easily it can flow out.

What will affect blood pressure?

Age: the older we are the higher the pressure because arteries less elastic. Exercise: blood pressure increases when we do exercise, but goes back to normal later. Stress: causes hormones to be released into the bloods, which increases blood pressure. Smoking: because nicotine reduces the efficiency or our capillaries. Diet: a diet high in fat or salt because fatty deposits may block up or harden arteries. Weight: being overweight puts an extra strain on the circulatory system and so raises blood pressure.

What does high blood pressure mean?

A person has high pressure (called hypertension) if readings stay high over a long period of time. Hypertension is caused by blockages in the smaller body vessels, which means the heart has to work harder to force blood around the body. (Read booklet on ice hockey player page)