Code No: R05220104 Set No.

1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Derive an expression for the discharge through a channel by Chezy‘s formula.
(b) Determine the dimensions of the most economical trapezoidal earth lined
Channel (Manning’s n = 0.020) to carry 14 m3 /s at a slope of 4 in 10,000.
[8+8]

2. (a) Explain the criterion for critical state of flow. Derive the expression?.
(b) In a flow through a rectangular channel for a certain discharge the Froude
numbers corresponding to the alternate depths are F1 and F2 . Show that
 2/3
F1 (2+F 2 )
F2
= (2+F22 ) . [8+8]
1

3. Define the following dimensionless numbers with their suitability:

(a) Reynold’s Number.

(b) Froude’s Number.
(c) Euler’s Number.
(d) Weber Number. [4 ×4 =16]

4. (a) Prove that the force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed semi-circular plate in
the direction of the jet, when the jet strikes at the center of the semi-circular
plate is two times the force exerted by the jet on the fixed vertical plate.
(b) A jet of water of diameter 50mm strikes a fixed plate in such way that the
angle between the plate and the jet is 300 . The force exerted in the direction
of the jet is 1471.5N. Determine the rate of flow of water. [8+8]

5. Differentiate between:

(a) The impulse and reaction turbines

(b) The radial and axial slow turbines
(c) The inward and outward radial flow turbines
(d) Kaplan and propeller turbines. [4×4=16]

6. (a) A model turbine 1m in diameter acting under a head of 2m runs at 150 rpm.
Estimate the scale ratio if the prototype develops 20 KW under a head of 225
m with a specific speed of 100.
(b) What are the physical indicators for the presence of cavitation in turbines?
[10+6]

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Code No: R05220104 Set No. 1
7. (a) Define static head and manometric head of a centrifugal pump.
(b) A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5m and design speed
of 1000 rpm. The vanes are curved back to an angle of 300 with the periphery.
The impeller diameter is 300 mm and outlet width 50 mm. Determine the
discharge of the pump if the manometric efficiency is 95%. [8+8]

8. (a) Write short note on hydropower development in India.

(b) From the investigation of hydrosite, the following data is available Available
head = 45m, Total catchment area 60sq.km, rainfall per annum =1400mm,
Percentage of rainfall utilized = 68%, turbine efficiency =82%, generator ef-
ficiency = 90%, Penstock efficiency = 74%, load factor=55%. Calculate the
suitable capacity of a turbine and generator. [4+12]

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Code No: R05220104 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What are the empirical formulae for determining the value of Chezy‘s constant
and what is the relation between Manning‘s constant and Chezy‘s constant.
(b) A certain stretch of lined trapezoidal channel has one vertical side wall and the
other 450 sloping wall. If it is to deliver water at 30 m3 / sec with a velocity of
1 m/sec, compute bed width and flow depth for minimum lining area. [8+8]

2. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Types of channels

(b) Hydraulic exponent M
(c) Flow through non prismatic
(d) Channels of first and second kind. [16]

3. (a) What do you mean by scale effect?

(b) Name and discuss the dimension-less numbers generallyused in fluid flow prob-
lems. [6+10]

4. (a) Show that the force exerted by a jet of water on an inclined fixed plate in the
direction of the jet is given by F =ρaV2 sin2 θ. Where a = area of the jet, V =
velocity of the jet, θ = inclination of the plate with the jet.
(b) A jet of water of diameter 50mm moving with a velocity of 20m/sec strikes a
fixed plate in such a way that the angle between the jet and the plate is 600 .
Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate
i. In the direction normal to the plate
ii. In the direction of the jet. [8+8]

5. The following data pertain to a Kaplan turbine

Power available at shaft=8850kW, Net available head = 5.5m, Speed ratio = 2.1,
Flow ratio=0.67, Overall efficiency = 85%, Assuming that hub diameter of the
wheel is 0.35times the outside diameter, determine

(a) runner diameter

(b) runner speed. [16]

6. (a) Where is servo meter used in governing mechanism of turbines? Explain its
use?

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Code No: R05220104 Set No. 2
(b) A Kaplan turbine is to develop 2400 KW when running at 240 rpm under a
net head of 49m. In order to predict its performance a model of scale 1:5 is
tested under a net head of 25m. At what speed should the model run and
what power would it develop. Determine the discharge in the model and in
full scale turbine if the overall efficiency of the model is 85%. [8+8]

7. (a) Why should the suction lift of a centrifugal pump not exceed a certain limit?
(b) A centrifugal pump is to discharge 120 lps at a speed of 1400 rpm against a
head of 30 m. The manometric efficiency of the pump is 75%. Determine the
vane angle at outlet if the diameter and width of impeller are 25 cm and 5 cm
respectively. [6+10]

8. (a) How are the load factor, capacity factor and utilization factor interrelated?
What is the significance of diversity factor?
(b) Why is it necessary to predict the future load demand? What are the methods
of load forecasting? [10+6]

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Code No: R05220104 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Prove that in uniform open channel flow, the water surface is parallel to the
channel bed.
(b) A trapezoidal channel with side slope of 2H:1V has to carry a discharge of 20
cumecs. If the bottom width is 4m, calculate the bottom slope required to
maintain a uniform flow at a depth of 1.5 m take manning‘s n=0.015 [8+8]
2. (a) Define specific force in open channel applying momentum principle, obtain an
expression for specific force.
(b) A trapezoidal channel of bed width 6m and side slopes 1:1, carries a uniform
flow of 25m3 /s.
i. Plot a specific energy curve and find the value of critical depth and min-
imum specific energy.
ii. Calculate the alternate depths and their corresponding Froude’s number
for a specific energy of 2.5m
iii. Determine the depth alternate to 1.5m
iv. Determine the type of flow for y=0.5m and y=2.5m. [8+8]
3. Explain in detail about Buckingham’s pi theorem of dimensional analysis. Give
one example. [16]
4. A jet of water having a velocity of 60m/sec is deflected by a vane moving at 25m/sec
in a direction at 300 to the direction of jet. The water leaves the vane normally to
the motion of the vane. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles and find out
the vane angles for no shock at entry and exit. Take the relative velocity at the
exit as 0.8 times the relative velocity at the entrance. [16]
5. The following data pertain to a Kaplan turbine
Power available at shaft=8850kW, Net available head = 5.5m, Speed ratio = 2.1,
Flow ratio=0.67, Overall efficiency = 85%, Assuming that hub diameter of the
wheel is 0.35times the outside diameter, determine
(a) runner diameter
(b) runner speed. [16]
6. (a) What are the conditions for the kinematic similarity to exist between model
and prototype?
(b) How do you compare the performance of a turbine under different working
conditions? [8+8]

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Code No: R05220104 Set No. 3
7. (a) Explain the role of cavitation in centrifugal pumps.
(b) Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the same speed of 1440 rpm.
One pump has an impeller diameter of 40 cm and lifts 1000 litres per minute of
water against a head of 20 m. Determine the head and the impeller diameter
of the second pump to deliver 50% discharge. [6+10]

8. (a) Explain the process for the preparation of daily load curve along with a neat
sketch.
(b) Explain the procedure for the prediction of load and what its significance is.
[8+8]

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Code No: R05220104 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Derive the condition for depth of flow of a most economical circular channel
section subject to the condition for maximum velocity.
(b) Water flows in a channel of the shape of isosceles triangle of bed width ‘a’and
sides making an. angle of 450 with the bed. Determine the relation between
depth of flow d., and the bed width ‘a’ for maximum velocity and for maximum
discharge condition. Use Manning’s formula and note that d is less than 0.5
a. [8+8]

2. (a) How do you estimate the loss of energy in hydraulic jump?

(b) A rectangular channel 6 m wide discharges 11200 lit/s of water into a 6 m
wide apron with no slope with a mean depth velocity of 6 m/s. What is the
height of the jump?. How much energy is absorbed in the jump? [8+8]

3. By dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the drag force R on a partially

submerged body moving with a relative velocity V in a fluid; the other variables
being the linear dimension l , height of surface roughness K, fluid density ρ, and
the gravitational acceleration g. [16]

4. (a) State and explain momentum equation. what are the prarctical applications
of it.
(b) A jet of water 75mm diameter strikes a curved plate at its center with a
velocity of 20m/sec. The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8m/sec
in the direction of the jet. The jet is deflected through an angle of 1650 .
Assuming the plate to be smooth. Find
i. Force exerted on the plate in the direction of jet
ii. Power of the jet and
iii. Efficiency of the jet. [8+8]

5. (a) A conical draft tube having inlet and outlet diameters 1.0m and 1.5m respec-
tively discharges water at outlet with a velocity of 2.5m/s. The total length
of the draft tube is 6m and 1.2m of the length of the draft tube is immersed
in water. If the atmospheric pressure head is 10.3m of water and loss of head
due to friction in the draft tube is equal to 0.2 X velocity head at outlet of
the tube, find the pressure head at inlet
(b) A conical draft tube having inlet and outlet diameters 1.2m and 1.8m dis-
charges water at outlet with a velocity 3.0m/s. The total length of the draft
tube is 7.2m and 1.44 m of the length of the draft tube is immersed in water.

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Code No: R05220104 Set No. 4
If the atmospheric pressure head is 10.3m of water and loss of head due to
friction in the draft tube is equal to 0.2X velocity head at outlet of the tube,
determine efficiency of the draft tube. [8+8]

6. (a) A turbine develops 8000 KW at 100 rpm . The head on the turbine is 30 m.
If the head is 15 m determine the power developed and the speed.
(b) How do you govern the speed of an impulse turbine? Explain with a neat
sketch.
(c) Define specific speed and derive the equation. [5+5+6]

7. (a) Define a centrifugal pump. Explain the working of a single stage centrifugal
pump.
(b) The water is to be pumped out of a deep well under a total head of 90m. A
number of identical pumps of design speed 1000 rpm and specific speed 900
rpm with a rated capacity of 150 lps are available. How many pumps will be
required and how should they be connected ? [8+8]

8. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Firm Power

(b) Secondary power
(c) Diversity factor
(d) Load duration curve. [16]

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