r050210104 Fluid Mechanics

Code No: R050210104 Set No.
1
II B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2007
FLUID MECHANICS
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Define vapour pressure, capillarity, compressibility and surface Tension. Also
explain the practical significance of them.
(b) Derive an expression for the capillary rise of a liquid having surface tension σ
and contact angle θ between two vertical parallel plates a distance ?d? apart.
If the plates are of glass, what will be the capillary rise of water having σ=0.073
N/m =00 . Take d=1mm [8+8]
2. (a) Prove that the total pressure exerted by a static liquid on an inclined plane
submerged surface is same as the force exerted on a vertical plane surface as
long as the depth of centre of gravity of the surface is unaltered.
(b) Determine the horizontal and vertical components of total pressure due to
water on a tainter gate shown in figure 2. Width of gate is 4m. [8+8]
Figure 2
3. (a) What is a flow net. Draw a typical flow net and explain its applications. What
are the limitations of flow nets.
(b) A pipe 50 cm in diameter branches into two pipes of diameters 25 cm and 20
cm respectively as shown in figure 3. It the average velocity in 50 cm diameter
pipe is 4m/sec find
i. Discharge through 50 cm diameter pipe and
ii. velocity in 20 cm diameter pipe if the average velocity in 25 cm pipe is 3
m/sec
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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 1
Figure 3
4. (a) State and derive Bernoullis theorem, mentioning clearly the assumptions un-
derlying it.
(b) A 450 reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet
and outlet of the bend being 40 cm and 20 cm respectively. Find the force
exerted by water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at inlet of bend is
21.58N/cm2 . The rate of flow of water is 500 lit/ sec. [8+8]
5. (a) Explain the phenomenon of boundary layer separation and its influence on the
drag of an immersed body.
(b) In a flat plate of 2m length and 1m wide, experiments were conducted in a
wind tunnel with a wind speed of 50 Km/hr. The plate is kept at such an angle
that the coefficients of drag and lift are 0.18 and 0.9 respectively. Determine
drag force, lift force, resultant force and power exerted by the air stream on
the plate. Take density of air as 1.15Kg/m3 . [7+9]
6. (a) Draw a neat sketch of Reynolds apparatus and explain how the laminar flow
can be demonstrated with the help of the apparatus.
(b) Two parallel plates kept 100 mm apart have laminar flow of oil between them
with a maximum velocity of 1.5 m/sec. Calculate discharge per metre width,
shear stress at the plates and the difference in pressure between two points
20m apart. Assume viscosity of oil to be 24.5 poise. [8+8]
7. (a) Derive the Darcy - Weisbach equation for friction head loss in a pipe .
(b) Water is flowing through a horizantal pipe line 1500m long and 200 mm in
diameter. Pressures at the two ends of the pipe line are respectively 12 kpa
and 2 kpa. If f = 0.015, determine the discharge through the pipe in litres per
minute. Consider only frictional loss. [8+8]
8. (a) Explain the principle and working of pitot tube with the help of a neat sketch.
(b) Petroleum oil of (Specific Gravity = 0.93 and viscosity = 13CP) flows isother-
mally through a horizontal 5cm pipe. A pitot tube is inserted at the center
of a pipe and its leads are filled with the same oil and attached to a v-tube
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containing water. The reading on the manometer is 10 cm. Calculate the
volumetric flow of oil in m3 /sec. The coefficient of pitot tube is 0.98. [8+8]
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FLUID MECHANICS
(Civil Engineering)
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1. (a) Explain the phenomenon of Capillarity. Obtain an expression for capillary

rise of a liquid.
(b) A pressure gauge is fitted at the bottom of a closed vessel to which a simple
manometer is also fitted as shown in figure Determine the reading indicated
by the pressurge gauge if manometric liquid is mercury. (figure1b) [8+8]
Figure 1b
2. (a) What do you mean by Hydrostatic pressure.
(b) Define Total pressure and centre of pressure
(c) A circular plate 2.5m in diameter is submerged in water as shown in figure
2c. Its greatest and least depths below free surface of water are 3m and 2m
respectively. Find
i. Total pressure on front face of the plate and
ii. the position of centre of pressure [3+4+9]
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Figure 2c
3. (a) Describe briefly different methods of drawing flow nets.
(b) The velocity vector in an incompressible flow is given by V = (6xt + yz 2 )i +
(3t + xy 2 )j + (xy − 2xyz − 6tz)K
i. Verify whether the continuity equation is satisfied
ii. Determine the acceleration vector at point A (1,1,1) at t = 1.0 [8+8]
4. (a) State and derive Bernoullis theorem, mentioning clearly the assumptions un-
derlying it.
(b) A 450 reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet
and outlet of the bend being 40 cm and 20 cm respectively. Find the force
exerted by water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at inlet of bend is
21.58N/cm2 . The rate of flow of water is 500 lit/ sec. [8+8]
5. (a) Explain how laminar and turbulent boundary layers are formed and distinguish
between their characteristics.
(b) A thin flat plate measuring 75 cm × 25 cm is exposed parallel to a stream of
water of uniform velocity 1.2 m/sec. The flow takes place parallel to 25 cm side
of the plate. If the kinematic viscosity of water is 1.1 centistokes, determine
the maximum boundary layer thickness, shearing stress at the trailing edge
and the drag an both sides of the plate. [8+8]
6. (a) Draw a neat sketch of Reynolds apparatus and explain how the laminar flow
can be demonstrated with the help of the apparatus.
(b) Two parallel plates kept 100 mm apart have laminar flow of oil between them
with a maximum velocity of 1.5 m/sec. Calculate discharge per metre width,
shear stress at the plates and the difference in pressure between two points
20m apart. Assume viscosity of oil to be 24.5 poise. [8+8]
7. (a) Derive the Darcy - Weisbach equation for friction head loss in a pipe .
(b) Water is flowing through a horizantal pipe line 1500m long and 200 mm in
diameter. Pressures at the two ends of the pipe line are respectively 12 kpa
and 2 kpa. If f = 0.015, determine the discharge through the pipe in litres per
minute. Consider only frictional loss. [8+8]
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8. (a) Define coefficient of discharge, coefficient of contraction and coefficient of ve-
locity. What is the relation among them.
(b) Derive the formula for velocity of flow through an orifice.
(c) A 4cm diameter orifice in the vertical side of a tank discharges water. The
water surface in the tank is at a constant level of 2m above the center of the
orifice. If the head loss in the orifice is 0.2 m and the coefficient of contraction
can be assumed to be 0.63 estimate
i. the values of the coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge
ii. the discharge through orifice and
iii. location of point of impact of the jet on a horizontal plane located 0.5 m
below the center of orifice. [6+4+6]
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FLUID MECHANICS
(Civil Engineering)
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1. (a) Explain the working of a Bourdon pressure Gauge with the help of a neat
sketch.
(b) An U- tube differential manometer was used to connect two pressure pipes P
and Q as shown in figure the P contains a liquid having specific graity of 1.8
under a pressure of 95kN/m2 . The pipe Q contains another liquid having
specific gratuity of 0.9 under a pressure of 180 KN/m2 . Find the difference of
pressure if mercury is used as a U- tube liquid. (figure 1b) [8+8]
Figure 1b
respectively. Find
Figure 2c
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3. (a) State and explain equation of continuity for incompressible fluid and com-
pressible fluid.
(b) Give examples of stream line flow, turbulent flow, steady flow, unsteady flow,
uniform flow and non-uniform flow.
(c) Oil flows through a pipeline which contracts from 45 cm diameter at A to 30
cm diameter at B and then branches into two pipes C and D. The diameter
of the pipe C is 15 cm and diameter of the pipe D is 20 cm. If the velocity at
A be 1.8 m/sec and that at D be 3.6 m/sec Determine (figure3c)
Figure 3c
i. Velocity at section B
ii. Discharge at D
iii. Discharge at C
iv. Velocity at C
[3+4+9]
4. (a) Define potential head, velocity head and datum head.
(b) List out the assumptions and limitations of Bernoulli?s equation.
(c) 360 liters per second of water is flowing in a pipe. The pipe is bent by 1200
The diameters at the inlet and outlet of the bend being 360 mm 240 mm
respectively and volume of the bend is 0.14m3 . The pressure at the entrance
is 72KN/m2 and the exit is 2.4m above the entrance section. [3+3+10]
5. (a) Explain the phenomenon of boundary layer separation and its influence on the
drag of an immersed body.
(b) In a flat plate of 2m length and 1m wide, experiments were conducted in a
wind tunnel with a wind speed of 50 Km/hr. The plate is kept at such an angle
2 of 3
that the coefficients of drag and lift are 0.18 and 0.9 respectively. Determine
drag force, lift force, resultant force and power exerted by the air stream on
the plate. Take density of air as 1.15Kg/m3 . [7+9]
6. (a) Derive the expressions for discharge per unit width and shear stress for flow of
viscous fluid between two parallel plates when one plate is moving and other
at rest.
(b) Two parallel plates kept 75 mm apart have laminar flow of glycerin between
them with a maximum velocity of 1 m/sec. Calculate the difference in pressure
between two points 25 m apart and the velocity gradients at the plates and
velocity at 15 mm from the plate. Take viscosity of glycerine as 8.35 poise.
[8+8]
7. (a) Derive and expression for head lost due to sudden contraction of a pipe.
(b) A pipe increases in diameter suddenly from 10 cm to 20 cm. If the discharge
of water through the pipe is 100 lit/sec., determine the loss of head due to
sudden enlargement of cross sectional area. Also determine the difference of
pressure between two sections of the pipe line. [8+8]

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FLUID MECHANICS
(Civil Engineering)
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1. (a) Distinguish between

i. Ideal and Read Fluids
ii. Newtonian and Non- Newtonian Fluids
iii. Gases and Vapours.
iv. Adhesion and cohesion
(b) The velocity distribution in a fluid is give by u = 40000 y (1-2y) where u is
the velocity in m/sec at a distance of y meters normal to the boundary. If the
dynamic viscosity of fluid is 1.8 × 10−4 poise, determine the shear stress at y
= 0.2m. [8+8]

respectively. Find
Figure 2c
3. (a) Define the equation of continuity. Obtain an expression for continuity equation
for a three dimensional flow.
(b) In a two dimensional incompressible flow, the fluid velocity components are
given by U = x-4y and V = -y-4x. Show that velocity potential exists and
determine its form as well as stream function. [8+8]
4. (a) Define potential head, velocity head and datum head.
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(b) List out the assumptions and limitations of Bernoulli?s equation.
(c) 360 liters per second of water is flowing in a pipe. The pipe is bent by 1200
The diameters at the inlet and outlet of the bend being 360 mm 240 mm
respectively and volume of the bend is 0.14m3 . The pressure at the entrance
is 72KN/m2 and the exit is 2.4m above the entrance section. [3+3+10]
5. (a) Explain how laminar and turbulent boundary layers are formed and distinguish
between their characteristics.
(b) A thin flat plate measuring 75 cm × 25 cm is exposed parallel to a stream of
water of uniform velocity 1.2 m/sec. The flow takes place parallel to 25 cm side
of the plate. If the kinematic viscosity of water is 1.1 centistokes, determine
the maximum boundary layer thickness, shearing stress at the trailing edge
and the drag an both sides of the plate. [8+8]
6. (a) Prove that the velocity distribution for viscous flow between two parallel plates
when both plates are fixed across a section parabolic in nature. Also phone
that maximum velocity is equal to one and half times the average velocity.
(b) Water is flowing between two large parallel plates which are 2 mm apart.
Determine maximum velocity, pressure drop per unit length and the shear
stress at walls of the plate if the average velocity is 0.4 m/sec. Take viscosity
of water as 0.01 poise. [8+8]
7. (a) Drive an expression for head loss due to sudden enlargement of a pipe.
(b) An oil of specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 5CP flows through a pipe of di-
ameter 400 mm at the rate of 50 lit/sec. Find the head lost in friction in this
pipe of length 1000 km. Assume that f = 0.079/RN where RN is Reynolds
Number.
[8+8]

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Code No: R050210104 Set No.

1. (a) Explain the phenomenon of Capillarity. Obtain an expression for capillary

8. (a) Define coefficient of discharge, coefficient of contraction and coefficient of ve-

1. (a) Distinguish between

2. (a) What do you mean by Hydrostatic pressure.

4. (a) Define potential head, velocity head and datum head.

8. (a) Define coefficient of discharge, coefficient of contraction and coefficient of ve-

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