Code No: RR210304 Set No.

1
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Define and explain zeroth law of thermodynamics.

(b) Distinguish between adiabatic and isentropic process.
(c) Identify the proper type of system in each case and explain the reason for your
choice.
i. Electric generator
ii. Domestic tea kettle
iii. Electric fan
iv. A living human being. [4+4+8]

2. In a vessel 10 kg of oxygen is heated in a reversible, non flow, constant volume

process so that the pressure of oxygen is increased two times that of the initial
value. The initial temperature is 20o C. Calculate

(a) the final temperature,

(b) the change in internal energy,
(c) the change in enthalpy and
(d) the heat transfer. Take R = 0.259 kj / kg K and Cv = 0.652 kj / kg K for
oxygen. [16]

3. A heat pump working on the reversed Carnot cycle takes in heat from a reservoir
at 50 C and delivers heat to a reservoir at 600 C. The heat pump is driven by a
reversible heat engine which, receives heat from a reservoir at 8400 C and rejects
heat to a reservoir at 600 C. the reversible heat engine also drives a machine that
absorbs 30 kW. If the heat pump extracts 17kJ/s from the 50 C reservoir, determine

(a) the rate of heat supply from 8400 C source, and

(b) the rate of heat rejection to the 600 C sink. [16]

4. (a) Deduce an expression for the non-flow availability for a system.

(b) A 2-kg piece of iron is heated from room temperature of 25o C to 400o C by a
heat source at 600o C. What is the irreversibility in the process? Assume for
iron Cp =0.450kJ/kgK. [6+10]

5. (a) Taking variation in specific heat into account, derive the following expression
for Otto cycle dη
η
= [− 1−η
η
× (γ − 1) × loge γ] dccvv

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Code No: RR210304 Set No. 1
(b) Calculate the percentage change in air standard efficiency of a Diesel cycle
which has the following particulars:
Compression ratio = 20:1 Cut off = 5% of stroke;
cv = 0.71478KJ/Kg 0 K, R = 0.287 KJ/Kg 0 K, increase in the mean value of
specific heat at constant volume = 2.5%. [8+8]

6. (a) Define
i. Mole fraction
ii. Partial pressure
iii. Partial volume
(b) A mixture consisting of 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen by volume is cooled
under constant volume conditions from 1 bar, 850 C to a final temperature of
100 C. Compute the partial pressures of the constituents and the volumetric
analysis at the final temperature. [6+10]

7. (a) Explain Lenoir cycle with the help of P-V and T-S diagrams.
(b) Derive an expression for its thermal efficiency. [8+8]

8. (a) Discuss the effect of superheat on the efficiency of Rankine cycle with the help
of T-S diagram.
(b) The following are the mean observations made during test on a steam turbine.
Duration of test = 2 hrs.
Power developed (turbine coupling) = 4500 kw
Total mass of steam condensed = 50, 000 kg
Steam pressure at stop value = 14 bar
Steam temperature at stop value = 3000 C
Barometric height = 76 cm of Hg
Vacuum = 72.5 cm of hg
Calculate the thermal efficiency of the turbine and also its efficiency ratio.
Assume that the condensate is returned to the boiler plant at the exhaust
saturation temperature. [6+10]

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Code No: RR210304 Set No. 2
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Distinguish between path function and point function.

(b) Differentiate between flow and non-flow process. [8+8]

2. Steam enters a steam condenser with an enthalpy of 2090kJ/kg and velocity of 510
m/s. The condensate leaves the condenser with an enthalpy of 209 kJ/kg and with
a velocity of 10m/s. Determine the heat received by the cooling water per kg of
steam condensed. [16]

3. (a) A Carnot refrigerator gives a C.O.P =5 when it extracts 8350 kJ/min from
a heat source. Find out the heat rejected to the surroundings and the power
required to run the compressor.
(b) One kg of ice at −50 C is exposed to the atmosphere which, is at 250 C. the ice
melts and comes into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere. Determine
the entropy increase of the universe. Cp for ice is 2.039 kJ/kg K and the
enthalpy of fusion of ice is 333.3 kJ/kg. [8+8]

4. (a) Using Maxwell’s relations deduce the two Tds equations.

(b) Derive the equation

(∂V /∂T )s 1
=
(∂V /∂T )p γ−1
[8+8]

5. (a) How will you show an adiabatic and throttling process on the Mollier diagram?
(b) How do you find the specific volume of superheated steam?
(c) Following observations were recorded in an experiment on a separating throt-
tling calorimeter:

Initial pressure = 3.8 bar

Pressure after throttling = 1.02 bar
Temperature after throttling = 1200 C
Water collected in separating calorimeter = 0.45 kg
Steam condensed after throttling = 6.75 kg
Determine the dryness fraction of steam sampled. Take Cp = 2.1 KJ/Kg K.
[4+4+8]

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Code No: RR210304 Set No. 2
6. Determine the combustion equation for one mole of ash - free coal, the analysis of
which on mass basis gives90% carbon 4% hydrogen 4% oxygen, 1% nitrogen, and
1% sulphur.
Compute the Air-fuel ratio by mass when 25% excess air is used during the com-
bustion of the fuel. [16]

7. (a) Explain with the help of suitable graphs the variation of the efficiency of the
diesel cycle with compression ratio and cut-off ratio.
(b) In an air standard diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 15.Compression begins
at 0.1MPa, 400 c. the heat added is 1.675 MJ/Kg. Find
i. The maximum temperature of the cycle.
ii. The work down per Kg of air.
iii. The cycle efficiency.
iv. The temperature at the end of the isentropic expansion.
v. The cut-off ratio.
vi. The mean effective pressure of the cycle. [6+10]

8. (a) What are the methods employed to increase the thermal efficiency of a vapour
vapour cycle.
(b) A steam tansies receives steam at a pressure of 20 bar and superheated to
88.60 C. The exhaust pressure is 0.07 bar and the expansion of steam takes
place isentropically. Using steam table only calculate the following
i. Heat supplied
ii. Head rejected
iii. Total change of entropy
iv. Theoretical the thermal efficiency. [6+10]

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Code No: RR210304 Set No. 3
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of a constant volume gas
thermometer.
(b) Explain the concept of temperature and equality of temperature. [8+8]

2. A cylinder fitted with a piston has an initial volume of 0.1m3 and contains nitrogen
at 150kpa, 250 C. The piston is moved to compress the nitrogen until the pressure
is 1 Mpa and the temperature is 1500 C. The work done on the nitrogen is 20kJ.
Determine the amount of heat transfer from the nitrogen. [16]

3. (a) Prove that Kelvin-planck statement and Clausius statement of Second law of
thermodynamics are equivalent.
(b) Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series with A rejecting
heat directly to B through an intermediate reservoir. Engine A receives 200 kJ
of heat from a reservoir at 4210 C, and engine B is in thermal communication
with a sink at 4.40 C. If the work out put of A is twice that of B find
i. the intermediate temperature between A and B,
ii. the efficiency of each engine and
iii. the heat rejected to the cold sink. [8+8]

4. (a) Using Maxwell’s relations deduce the two Tds equations.

(b) Derive the equation

(∂V /∂T )s 1
=
(∂V /∂T )p γ−1
[8+8]

5. (a) 4 kg of 0.5 dry stream at 6.0 bar pressure is heated so that it becomes
i. 0.95 dry at 6.0 bar pressure,
ii. dry and saturated at 6.0 bar pressure ,
iii. superheated to 3000 C at 6 bar pressure,
iv. superheated to 2500 C at 8.0 bar pressure. Determine in each case the
quantity of heat to be supplied.
(b) Explain with a diagram the working principle of Barrel calorimeter to obtain
the quality of steam. [8+8]

6. (a) Define

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Code No: RR210304 Set No. 3
i. Mole fraction
ii. Partial pressure
iii. Partial volume
(b) A mixture consisting of 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen by volume is cooled
under constant volume conditions from 1 bar, 850 C to a final temperature of
100 C. Compute the partial pressures of the constituents and the volumetric
analysis at the final temperature. [6+10]

7. (a) Compare the efficiency of the Otto, the diesel cycle and the dual cycle under
the conditions.
i. Constant maximum pressure and output and.
ii. Constant maximum pressure and temperature,
(b) At the beginning of compression in an air standard Otto cycle, engine cylinder
temperature is 37.80 C, the pressure is 0.99 bars and the volume is 0.000707m3 .
At the end of the compression the pressure is 10.55 bars. The heat supplied
to the cycle is 1.5kJ. Calculate
i. The compression ratio
ii. Network per cycle
iii. The mean effective pressure. [8+8]

8. (a) Sketch the Rankine cycle on P-V and T-S diagram and explain clearly different
process of the cycle. State in what respect it differs from carnot cycle working
between the same temperature limits.
(b) Dry and saturated steam at pressure 11 bar is supplied to a turbine and
expended isentropicelly to a pressure or 0.07 bar. Calculate the following.
i. Heat supplied
ii. Total change of entropy
iii. Heat rejected
iv. Theoretical thermal efficiency. [8+8]

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Code No: RR210304 Set No. 4
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define and explain zeroth law of thermodynamics.

(b) Distinguish between adiabatic and isentropic process.
(c) Identify the proper type of system in each case and explain the reason for your
choice.
i. Electric generator
ii. Domestic tea kettle
iii. Electric fan
iv. A living human being. [4+4+8]

2. A small water pump is used in an irrigation system. The pump takes water in from
a river at 100 C, 100kpa at a rate of 5 kg/s. The exit line enters a pipe that goes up
to an elevation 20m above the pump and river, where the water runs into an open
channel. Assume the process is adiabatic and that the water stays at 100 C. Find
the required pump work. [16]

3. (a) What is absolute temperature scale? Develop this scale from Carnot theorem
(b) A reversible engine during a cycle of operation interacts with three thermal
reservoirs maintained at 200K,300K and 400K. It receives 5 MJ of heat from
the reservoir at 400K and produces a net positive work of 840 kJ. Find the
amount and direction of heat interaction with other reservoirs. [8+8]

4. (a) Using Maxwell’s relations deduce the two Tds equations.

(b) Derive the equation

(∂V /∂T )s 1
=
(∂V /∂T )p γ−1
[8+8]

5. Find the internal energy and enthalpy of unit mass of steam of a pressure of 7 bar

(a) when its quality is 0.8,

(b) when it is dry and saturated,
(c) superheated, the degree of superheat being 650 C. The specific heat of super-
heated steam at constant pressure is 2.1kJ/kg K. [16]

6. Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of moist air are found as 300 C and 210 C
respectively. From the psychometric chart obtain:

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Code No: RR210304 Set No. 4
(a) Relative humidity
(b) Humidity ratio
(c) Specific enthalpy
(d) Dew point temperature
(e) Specific volume of the mixture. [16]

7. Derive an expression for the efficiency of the dual combustion cycle in terms of
compression ratio, cut-off ratio and other relevant parameters.
Show that their expression reduces to that for diesel cycle if there is no constant
volume rise of pressure and that of the Otto cycle if there is no constant pressure
combustion. [16]

8. A R-12 simple saturation cycle operates at temperature of 350 C and -150 C for the
condenser and evaporator respectively. Determine the C.O.P. and power/ton of
refrigeration of the system using

(a) Refrigeration charts .

(b) R-12 tables. Compare the result. [16]

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