CHAPTER 4 REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

NAME CLASS COLLEGE NO.

: AMIR HISYAM BIN ZAMRI : 506 (AL-GHAZALI) :

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6

TITLE Introduction Preventing pregnancy Overcoming infertility Moral issues Sexually transmitted diseases Conclusion

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SUBTOPIC CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO HUMAN REPRODUCTION

The development of science and technology has advanced rapidly at the starting of the 20th century. Today, science and technology plays a vital role in our everyday life. Science in particular has helped us to improve our understanding of life and how it works. Technology, on the other hand, is important to us to make our life easier. The advancement in the field of human reproduction has benefit mankind and helped to improve the qualities of life. The importance of science and technology to human reproduction is diverse and can be apply to everyday life. However, nowadays, there are many issues revolving around science and technology to human reproduction such as ethics and moral issues of cloning. Thus, science and technology to human reproduction must be carried out precisely and with purpose.

Pregnancy prevention or birth control is the techniques and methods used to prevent fertilization or to interrupt pregnancy at various stages. It is often used by couples to limit their family size and prevent unwanted pregnancies. The methods used for birth control: Diaphragm Soft rubber dome shaped barrier that covers the cervix in order to prevent sperm from entering into the uterus. Reliable if used with spermicide.

Intrauterine device (IUD) T-shaped piece of plastic placed inside the uterus. The piece of plastic contains copper or a synthetic progesterone hormone that prevents pregnancy. Failure rate is less than 1%

Spermicide It is a chemical product that comes in the form of a jelly, foam, or cream. It is designed to kill the sperm before they reach the uterus. Reliable if used with diaphragm

Contraceptive pill Pills that contains either estrogen and progestogen or progestogen only. It is used to control the thickening of uterine wall and prevent ovulation inside the uterus. Success rate is 0.3 - 0.8% if used perfectly

 Condom Sheath that is rolled over the penis to prevent semen from entering the vagina. It is usually made of latex, polyurethane or lambskin. Must be disposed of after use. Quite reliable and offers a reduction in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases Tubal ligation Surgical procedure for sterilization in which a womans fallopian tubes are clamped and blocked, or severed and sealed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus to prevent ovulation. 99% effective in the first year. Reduced effectiveness in the following years due to reformation of fallopian tubes. Permanent Vasectomy Surgical procedure for sterilization in which the vas deferentia are severed and tied in a manner to prevent sperm from entering into the seminal stream (ejaculate). Rate of failure in vasectomy is less than tubal ligation. Permanent

Infertility is the inability to conceive a child. The problem affects both men and women. The causes of infertility are different among different genders. Infertility in men is mostly caused by low semen quality and low sperm count. In woman, the factors are ovulation problem, tubal blockage, age-related problems and so on. Fortunately, todays technology enabled couples to have children despite being infertile. Ways to overcome infertility:

1. Sperm bank A special lab that is used to keep sperm from sperm donors The sperm is cooled down and kept inside the sperm bank The donors genetic biodata is recorded so that the woman who needed the sperm can be matched to the donor Sperms from the sperm bank is injected into the fallopian tube during the fertile phase to fertilized the ovum

2. In vitro fertilization The procedure is used to overcome infertility due to a blockage in the fallopian tube, preventing the sperms from the husband to reach the ovum The wife is given a hormone injection to speed up the development of ovum in the ovary A device called a laparoscope is inserted through the abdomen wall extract the ovum

 Sperms from the husband are mix together with the ovum in a culture specimen-filled Petri dish for fertilization to occur. The Petri dish is incubated for several hours for fertilization After fertilization, newly-formed zygote begins to divide. The culture specimen inside the Petri dish provides needed nutrient for the zygote When the zygote divides into an eight-cell embryo, it will be moved to the endometrium uterus wall through the cervix with a pipette

3. Surrogate mother When a woman is unable to conceive a baby, a surrogate mother is used to bear and gives birth to a child for the woman The womans ovum is fertilized with the husbands sperm before being inserted into the uterus of the surrogate mother

While the application of science and technology has benefit couples in the field of human reproduction, there are some moral issues that revolve around the usage related to human reproduction. The moral issues related to application of science and technology to human reproduction: 1. Cloning defies the basic breeding concept of giving birth to a child through fertilization between an ovum and a sperm 2. Animals that have been successfully cloned so far have suffered many problems and it is feared the same problems will happen in the cloning of humans 3. A baby that is born using an unknown sperm or ovum donor will raise questions on who the mother or the father is 4. The usage of surrogate mother might create a psychological problem for both mother and child if they have a mutual bond of love between them 5. The cloning process make it seems like humans are trying to act like God by creating another living being 6. There might exist some people who misuse the technology to create new human beings for personal gain 7. Cloning will raise the questions on whether cloned humans have the same personal rights as other humans

Sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease that is spread through contacts between humans during sexual intercourse. Some of them may spread through other ways such sharing of IV drug needles, childbirth and breastfeeding. Some of the well-known sexually transmitted diseases: Syphilis Sexually transmitted infections caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Gonorrhea Sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae Hepatitis B A disease caused by a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus, part of the Hepadnaviridae family Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) A disease caused by a lentivirus called human immunodeficiency virus, a member of the retrovirus family Scabies Also known as the seven-year itch, it is a contagious skin infection by a mite Sarcoptes scabiei

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, science and technology to human reproduction has its positive and negative sides. In one hand, it does benefit mankind but on the other hand, it can also be misused for other purposes.

Reference: http://www.slideshare.net/miaceh/reproduction-growth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/ The A Z of First Aid and Family Health by Dr. Tim Gietzen (publisher : Popular Book Company) The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook (publisher : John Wiley & Sons, Inc)