Introduction

History of Cylinder 1560s, from M.Fr. cylindre,, from L. cylindrus "roller, cylinder,"from Gk. kylindros " a cylinder, roller, roll," from kylindein "to roll."
A cylinder is a solid

geometric figure with straight parallel sides and a circular or oval section. It is a solid or hollow body, object, or part with such a shape.

Radius The radius of a circle is the length of the line from the center to any point on its edge. In the figure above, drag the orange dot around and see that the radius is always constant at any point on the circle.

Diameter
Diameter Which is the circle's 'width'. The diameter is two times the radius.

Parts of Cylinder

Base and side A cylinder is a geometric solid that is very common in everyday life. A cylinder has two ends, called bases, that are usually circular. The bases are always congruent and parallel to each other. If a cylinder is 'unroll' ,the side is actually a rectangle when flattened out.

Height The height h is the perpendicular distance between the bases. It is important to use the perpendicular height (or 'altitude') when calculating the volume of a cylinder Radius The radius r of a cylinder is the radius of a base. If the diameter of a cylinder that is the diameter of a base, the radius, r is obtained by half of the diameter. Axis A line joining the center of each base.

Formula of cylinder

1.

The formula of the surface area of a cylinder ( including the top and bottom surface):
A = 2r2 + 2rh
By factoring 2r from each term we can simplify this to

A = 2r(r + h).
where: is Pi, approximately 3.142 r is the radius of the circular end of the cylinder h height of the cylinder

2. The formula of the total volume enclosed by a cylinder : V = r2h

where: is Pi, approximately 3.142 r is the radius of the circular end of the cylinder h height of the cylinder

Pictrue of Cylinder

Example of cylinder in real life: Pipe Bottle Pole Cup

Defining Problem :

Construct 2 cylinders using same sheet of paper. Compare the volume of 2 cylinders using the same sheet of paper. Determine which cylinder holds the most popcorn. Calculate the volume enclosed by a cylinder by using formula Determine which shape of container hold the most volume Determine whether radius or height affect the volume of cylinder more

Solving Problem Section A For this activity, I have constructed 2 cylinders using a same sheet of paper. The volume enclosed by both of the cylinders is calculated using formula. I have determined which dimension will hold the most popcorn.

Materials needed : 8.5 x 11.0 inch white paper 8.5 x 11.0 inch colored paper Tape Popcorn Plate Cup Ruler

1. A white paper is roll up along the longest side to form a baseless cylinder that is tall and narrow. Make sure that the sides are not overlap. The edges are taped. The dimensions are measured using a ruler and the data is recorded in a table below. The Cylinder is labeled as Cylinder A.

Draw the

2. A colored paper is roll up along the shortest side to form a baseless cylinder that is short and stout. Make sure that the sides are not overlap. The edges are tape. The height and the diameter are measured using a ruler and the data is recorded in a table. The cylinder is labeled as Cylinder B.

Drawing

dimension Height ( inch) Diameter (inch) Radius (inch)

Cylinder A 11 2.7 1.4

Cylinder B 8.5 3.6 1.8

3. Do you think the two cylinders will hold the same amount? No, the two cylinders will not hold the same amount. Do you think the two cylinders will hold more than the other? Which one? Why? Yes, one of the cylinders will hold more popcorn then the other. Cylinder B will hold more popcorn compare to Cylinder A. This is because the volume enclosed by Cylinder B is more compare to Cylinder A.

4. Cylinder B is placed on a plate with Cylinder A inside it. Popcorn is poured into Cylinder A using a cup until its full. Carefully, Cylinder A is lift up so that the popcorn is fall into Cylinder B. Describe what happened. Is Cylinder B full, not full or overflowing? The popcorn falls into Cylinder B, when Cylinder A is lift up. Cylinder B is only not full, there is still some space to fill popcorn into Cylinder B until it is full.

5. Was your prediction correct? How do you know?

Yes, my prediction is correct. The total volume enclosed by Cylinders B is more compared to Cylinder A. 6. A) State the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder.

V = r2h
where: is Pi, approximately 3.142 r is the radius of the circular end of the cylinder h height of the cylinder

b) Calculate the volume of Cylinder A.

Volume of Cylinder A = x 1.4 square x 11

= 67.733 inch square

With diagram Label

c) Calculate the volume of Cylinder B

Volume of Cylinder b = x 1.8 square x 8.5

= 86.519 inch square

With diagram Label

d) Explain why the cylinders do or do not hold the same amount. Use the formula for the volume of a cylinder to guide your explanation.

The cylinders will not hold the same amount. The formula given for the volume enclosed by the 2 2 cylinder is r h. r is the formula to find the base of the cylinder which is a circle, while h is the height of the cylinder. Both the cylinders have different height and radius. Therefore, the volumes

of the cylinders are also different. We have to square the radius of the cylinder. According to the formula, the difference in radius to the volume of a cylinder is more significant compared to the difference in height. Although the height of Cylinder B is lesser, the volume enclosed is still greater because its base is bigger compared to Cylinder A. As the radius of the Cylinder B is higher compared to Cylinder A, the volume enclosed by Cylinder B is higher. By using the formula, the volume of Cylinder B is more than Cylinder A, although the height of Cylinder A is higher than Cylinder B.

7. Which measurement impacts the volume more: the radius or the height? Wotk through the example below to help you answer the question. Assume that you have a cylinder with a radius of 3 inches and a height of 10 inches. Increase the radius by 1 inch and determine the new volume. Then using the original the height by 1 inch and determine the new volume.

Cylinder Radius

height

volume

10
Original

282.743 inch square

Increased radius Increased height

4 3

10 11

502.655 inch square 311.018 inch square

Which increase had a larger impact on the volume of the cylinder? Why do you think is true?

Increasing the radius will have a larger impact on the volume enclosed by the cylinder compared to increasing the height. In the table above, when the radius is increased by 1 to 4 and the height remains as 10, the volume is 502.655 inch square. As the height increase by 1 to 11 and the radius remain as 3, the volume is 311.018 inch square. This is because when we find the volume of a cylinder, We have to square the radius, so when the radius increases the volume will be larger.

Section B

If you were buying popcorn at the movie theater and wanted the most popcorn, what type of container would you look for? Clue: You need more than one type of containers.

You are given 300 cm square of thin sheet material. Explain the details.

Have a thought about:

i) ii)

You are the popcorn seller, what type of container would you look for? You are the producer of the containers, what type of container would you chose to have the most profit?

In this question, I will choose a cube, cylinder, an upside down pyramid and a cone.

Cylinder (Top Opened) For the cylinder container, the top of the cylinder is open. So the surface area is calculated as

A = r2 + 2rh

Then all working

CUBE (Top Opened) Working Plus Diagram

Square pyramid (base is opened)

Just multiply the perimeter by the "slant length" and divide by 2. This is because the side faces are always triangles and the triangle formula is "base times height divided by 2"

Conclusion Container Cylinder Cube Height 5.642 7.746 Radius 5.642 Length 7.746 Width 7.746 volume 564.220 464.764

Cone Cuboid

10.501 5

7.425 -

10

10

606.251 500.000

After doing all the containers with different shaped with a 300 cm square sheet of materials, I found that a cone can hold the most amount of popcorn. If I am buying popcorn at a movie theater, I will choose a cone shape container. I will hope that I can get the most amount of popcorn.

If I am the popcorns seller, I will choose a cube to fill popcorn to sell. This is because I can get more profit when selling popcorns. I can sell more boxes of popcorn when I use the same amount of popcorns. Besides that, a cube shape container is also easy to hold.

If I am the producers of the containers, I will choose a cuboid for a popcorn container. This is because the measurements are do not have decimals, so that is is easier to make those

containers. It also take a shorter period to produce a container, so that we can produce more containers in a short period.

Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to thank to all the peoples that have help in I finishing this project work. I would also like to thank my Additional Mathematic Teacher for all the assistance she has provided me throughout my project within the limited time.. I appreciate the information she have given. Her expertise and help have been invaluable during this process. Also, thanks to my mom and my dad for giving me fully support in completing this project work. I sincerely appreciate their generosity. I would like to give my special thanks to my fellow friends who had given me extra information on the project work and study group that we had done. Thank you for spending time with me to discuss about the course work. Last but not least, I would like to express my highest gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this course work. I really appreciate all your helps. Again, thank you so much.

History of popcorn

Popcorn is also known as popping corn is a type of corn that expands from the kernel and puffs up when heated. Corn is able to pop because, like amaranth grain, sorghum, quinoa and millet, its kernels have a hard moisture-sealed hull and a dense starchy interior. This allows pressure to build inside the kernel until an explosive "pop" results. Some strains of corn are now cultivated specifically as popping corns. The kernels are sometimes different than others. There are many techniques for popping corn. Commercial large-scale popcorn machines were invented by Charles Cretors in the late 19th century. Many types of small-scale home methods for popping corn also exist, with the most popular in the United States being prepackaged. Depending on how it is prepared and cooked, some consider it to be a health food while others caution against it for a variety of reasons. Popcorn can also have non-food applications, ranging from holiday decorations to packaging materials.

Popcorn was first discovered thousands of years ago by Native Americans. It is one of the oldest forms of corn: evidence of popcorn from 3600 B.C. was found in New Mexico and even earlier evidence dating to perhaps as early as 4700 BC was found in Peru. Some Popcorn has been found in early 1900s to be a [1][2] purple color. The English who came to America in the 16th and 17th centuries learned about popcorn from the Native Americans. During the Great Depression, popcorn was comparatively cheap at 510 cents a bag and became popular. Thus, while other businesses failed, the popcorn business thrived and became a source of income for many struggling farmers. During World War II, sugar rationsdiminished candy production, [3] causing Americans to eat three times as much popcorn than they had before.

At least six localities (all in the Midwestern United States) claim to be the "Popcorn Capital of the World": Ridgway, Illinois; Valparaiso, Indiana; Van Buren, Indiana; Schaller, Iowa; Marion, Ohio; and North Loup, Nebraska. According to the USDA, most of the corn used for popcorn production is specifically planted for this purpose; most is grown in Nebraska and Indiana, with increasing area [4][5] in Texas. As the result of an elementary school project, popcorn became the official state snack food of Illinois.
[6]