Code No: RR310803 Set No.

1
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
HEAT TRANSFER
(Chemical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. A pipe with 150mm outer diameter is lagged with two layers insulation each of
equal thickness 50mm the k of one of the insulating materials is five times that
of other. What will be the ratio of heat loss when the better insulating material
forms the outer layer to that when the better insulating material is placed next
to the pipe? Assume the inner and outer surface temperatures of the composite
insulation are fixed. [16]
2. An exterior wall of a house has 0.1 m layer of common brick (k=0.7 w/mo c) followed
by 0.038 m layer of gypsum plaster (k=0.48 w/mo c ). What thickness of loosely
packed rock − wool insulation (k=0.0675 w/mo c ) should be added to reduce the
heat loss (gain) through the wall by 80% ? [16]
3. (a) How the local and average convection coefficients for flow past a flat plate are
related? Derive the relationship. [8]
(b) Water at 750 C flows through a 0.005 m diameter tube with a velocity of 1m/s.
If the tube wall temperature is 250 C, make calculations for the heat transfer
coefficient. Use the correlation,
St = 0.023 Re0.2 P r−0.667 .
The thermo-physical properties of water are:
Thermal conductivity is 0.647 W/(m.K) Viscosity is 1.977 kg/h.m
3
Density is 1000 kg/m Specific heat 4.187 kJ/(kg.K)
[8]
4. (a) Determine the hydraulic radius for the following cross sections:
i. Circular tube of diameter D
ii. Square tube of dimensions s × s. [4+4]
(b) Estimate the heat transfer from a 40 W incandescent bulb at 1250 C to 250 C
in quiescent air. Approximate the bulb as a 0.05 m diameter sphere. What
percentage of the power is lost by free convection? The appropriate correlation
for the free convection coefficient is Nu=0.60(GrP r)0.25 where the different
parameters are evaluated at the mean film temperature and the characteristic
length is diameter of the sphere. The properties at mean temperature are
Thermal conductivity is 0.03 W/(m.K)
Kinematic viscosity is 20.55 × 10−6 m2 /s
Pr = 0.693. [8]
5. (a) Write a short notes on condensation of superheated vapors. [8]
(b) Explain the effect of non-condensable gases on rate of condensation. [8]

1 of 2
Code No: RR310803 Set No. 1
6. (a) A surface, upon which radiant energy of intensity 600 W/m2 strikes, absorbs
400 W/m2 , transmits 50 W/m2 and reflects the remainder. Compute the
values for the absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity. [8]
(b) 1500 W/m2 energy strikes a gray surface where 1000 W/m2 are reflected
and 300 are transmitted through the surface of the material. Compute the
absorptivity of the material. [8]

7. (a) Derive the relationship between effectiveness and number of transfer units for
a parallel flow heat exchanger. [8]
(b) Determine the heat transfer area required for a heat exchanger constructed
from a 2 cm OD tube to cool 26,000 kg/hr of an alcohol solution (Cp =3.81
kJ/kgK) from 90 to 50o C, using H2 O which enters at 20o C and leaves at 40o C
and for the following arrangements: [4]
i. co current shell and tube
ii. counter current shell and tube heat exchanger, alcohol in shell and H2 O
through the tubes. (Assume correction factor for LMTD = 0.95). Assume
that the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer tube area is
830 kJ/hrm2 K. [4]

8. (a) Discuss the salient features of multiple effect evaporators. [8]

(b) Explain the various feeding methods employed in evaporators. [8]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2
Code No: RR310803 Set No. 2
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
HEAT TRANSFER
(Chemical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. A 15mm dia steel sphere ,k = 42W/m0 C, is exposed to cooling airflow at 200 C

resulting in the convective coefficient h = 120 W/m2.C. Determine
(a) Time required to cool the sphere from 550 to 900 C
(b) Instantaneous H T rate 2 min. after the start of the cooling
(c) Total energy transferred from the sphere during the first 2 min.
Data: Density = 7850 kg/m3 , Cp = 475 J/kg0 C and α=0.045 m2 /h [5+5+6]
2. The outside and inside surface temperatures of a 20cm outer diameter and 18cm
inner diameter pipe (k=40W/mK) are 400o C and 460o C respectively. Calculate
the reduction in heat loss if a 5cm layer of insulation (k=0.06 W/mK) is put on the
pipe. Assume that the inner and outer surface temperature of insulation is 390o C
and 140o C . What is the inside surface temperature of this pipe in this case? [16]
3. A vertical wall 1 m height is under convection with surrounding air. The tempera-
ture of the surface of the wall is maintained at 1000 C and air is under atmospheric
conditions with a temperature of 200 C. Calculate the heat loss per unit width
on both sides of the wall neglecting the heat transfer by radiation. The physical
properties of air are:
Prandtl number is 0.69
Thermal conductivity is 0.034 W/(m.K)
Viscosity is 0.0232 cp
Density is 0.870 kg/m3 .
The correlation for natural convection heat transfer in usual notation is:
Nu=0.59(Gr.P r)0.25 . [16]
4. (a) Determine the hydraulic radius for the following cross sections:
i. Circular tube of diameter D
ii. Square tube of dimensions s × s. [4+4]
(b) Estimate the heat transfer from a 40 W incandescent bulb at 125 C to 250 C
0

in quiescent air. Approximate the bulb as a 0.05 m diameter sphere. What

percentage of the power is lost by free convection? The appropriate correlation
for the free convection coefficient is Nu=0.60(GrP r)0.25 where the different
parameters are evaluated at the mean film temperature and the characteristic
length is diameter of the sphere. The properties at mean temperature are
Thermal conductivity is 0.03 W/(m.K)
Kinematic viscosity is 20.55 × 10−6 m2 /s
Pr = 0.693. [8]

1 of 2
Code No: RR310803 Set No. 2
5. Nucleate boiling of saturated water at 4.825 M Pa is being conducted by means
of a submerged brass heater producing a heat flux of 2050 kW/M 2 . Estimate the
surface temperature of the heater.
Thermal properties of water
ρ = 968 kg/m3
k = 0.58 w/mo C
Cp = 4180 j/kg o C
µ = 1.14 x 10−6 N.sec/m2 [16]

6. (a) A surface, upon which radiant energy of intensity 600 W/m2 strikes, absorbs
400 W/m2 , transmits 50 W/m2 and reflects the remainder. Compute the
values for the absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity. [8]
(b) 1500 W/m2 energy strikes a gray surface where 1000 W/m2 are reflected
and 300 are transmitted through the surface of the material. Compute the
absorptivity of the material. [8]

7. (a) Discuss the various factors which have an effect on heat transfer capacity of
an Evaporator and on its economics. [8]
(b) How are heat exchangers classified? and sketch the temperature distribution
in fluids in condensers and evaporators? [8]

8. A solution is to be concentrated from 10 % to 50% solids in a single effect evapora-

tor. Steam is available at 2 bar absolute. The vapour space inside the evaporator
is at 100 mm Hg vacuum. The feed rate to the evaporator is 25,000 kg/hr. Overall
heat transfer coefficient is 2840 W/m2o C. Specific heat of solution is 3700 J/Kg o C.
Calculate the area of heating surface required if the feed is at 50o C. Latent heat of
vaporization at steam temperature = 2197 kJ/kg, at temperature in vapour space
= 2375 kJ/kg. Specific whose feed solution in 3.77 kJ/kg k. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2
Code No: RR310803 Set No. 3
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
HEAT TRANSFER
(Chemical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. Heat is flowing through an annular pipe of inside radius r0 and outside radius r1 .
The thermal conductivity varies linearly with temperature from k0 at T0 to k1 at T1 .
Develop an expression for heat flow through the pipe. Simplify if the expression
assuming that r1 -r0 is very small.
Interpret the result physically. [16]

2. The outside and inside surface temperatures of a 20cm outer diameter and 18cm
inner diameter pipe (k=40W/mK) are 400o C and 460o C respectively. Calculate
the reduction in heat loss if a 5cm layer of insulation (k=0.06 W/mK) is put on the
pipe. Assume that the inner and outer surface temperature of insulation is 390o C
and 140o C . What is the inside surface temperature of this pipe in this case? [16]

3. (a) Define Reynolds number. Why is it important? [5]

(b) What is Dittus-Boelter equation? When does it apply? [5]
(c) A vertical plate at 1000 C is 1 m wide and 20 cm high. It rests in still air at
1 atm and 200 C. Determine the local heat transfer coefficient at 10 cm from
the leading edge of the plate. The properties of the air at film temperature
may be taken as: Thermal conductivity is 0.03 W/(m.K)
Viscosity is 2.03× 10−5 PaS
Density is 1.00 kg/m3 .
Specific heat 1.01 kJ/(kg.K) [6]

4. (a) Discuss the problem of combined free and forced convection. [8]
(b) Air enters a rectangular duct measuring 0.3 m by 0.4 m with a velocity of 8.5
m/s and a temperature of 400 C. The flowing air has a thermal conductivity
0.028 W/(m.K), kinematic viscosity 16.95 × 10−6 m2 /s and from the empirical
correlations the Nusselt number has been approximated to be 425. Work out
the equivalent diameter of the flow passage, the Reynolds number and the
convective heat film coefficient. [8]

5. (a) What is the effect of liquid pressure on boiling? [8]

(b) Estimate the heat flux which would occur in nucleate boiling of saturated
water at 477o K upon platinum wire as submerged heating surface (491o K).
Thermal properties of water
ρ = 968 kg/m3
k = 0.58 w/mo C
Cp = 4180 j/kg o C
µ = 1.14 x 10−6 N.sec/m2 [8+8]

1 of 2
Code No: RR310803 Set No. 3
6. A polished metal pipe 5 cm outside diameter and 370 K temperature at the outer
surface is exposed to ambient conditions at 295 K temperature. The emissivity
of the surface is 0.2 and the convection coefficient of heat transfer is 15 W/m2 .K.
calculate the heat transfer by radiation and natural convection per meter length of
the pipe. Take the thermal radiation constant σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2 K 4 . [16]

7. (a) Hot oil (Cp =5.2 kJ/kg.k) with a capacity rate of 2800 Kg/min flows through
a double pipe heat exchanger. It enters at 380o C and leaves at 300o C. Cold
oil (Cp = 4.8 kJ/kgk) enters at 30o C and leaves at 200o C. If the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 1000 W/m2 K, determine the heat transfer area required
for
i. Parallel flow and
ii. Counter flow [4+4]
(b) Define overall heat transfer coefficient and write an expression for it by ac-
counting fouling resistances at the inner and outer tube surfaces in shell and
tube heat exchanger. [8]

8. (a) Discuss the different methods of feeding in evaporator with neat diagrams. [8]
(b) State and explain the Duhring?s rule. [8]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2
Code No: RR310803 Set No. 4
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
HEAT TRANSFER
(Chemical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. A hot gas at 573K flows through a long metal pipe of 0.1m OD and 0.003m thick.
From the stand point of safety and of reducing heat loss from the pipe, mineral
wool insulation (k=0.052 w/m K) is wrapped around so that the exposed surface
of the insulation is at a temperature of 323K. Calculate the thickness of insulation
required to achieve this temperature if hi = 29 W/m2 K, ho = 11.6 w/m2 K and
the surrounding air temperature is 298K. Also calculate the corresponding heat
transfer rate per unit length. [16]

2. The outside and inside surface temperatures of a 20cm outer diameter and 18cm
inner diameter pipe (k=40W/mK) are 400o C and 460o C respectively. Calculate
the reduction in heat loss if a 5cm layer of insulation (k=0.06 W/mK) is put on the
pipe. Assume that the inner and outer surface temperature of insulation is 390o C
and 140o C . What is the inside surface temperature of this pipe in this case? [16]

3. (a) How the local and average convection coefficients for flow past a flat plate are
related? Derive the relationship. [8]
(b) Water at 750 C flows through a 0.005 m diameter tube with a velocity of 1m/s.
If the tube wall temperature is 250 C, make calculations for the heat transfer
coefficient. Use the correlation,
St = 0.023 Re0.2 P r−0.667 .
The thermo-physical properties of water are:
Thermal conductivity is 0.647 W/(m.K) Viscosity is 1.977 kg/h.m
Density is 1000 kg/m3 Specific heat 4.187 kJ/(kg.K)
[8]

4. (a) Determine the hydraulic radius for the following cross sections:
i. Circular tube of diameter D
ii. Square tube of dimensions s × s. [4+4]
(b) Estimate the heat transfer from a 40 W incandescent bulb at 1250 C to 250 C
in quiescent air. Approximate the bulb as a 0.05 m diameter sphere. What
percentage of the power is lost by free convection? The appropriate correlation
for the free convection coefficient is Nu=0.60(GrP r)0.25 where the different
parameters are evaluated at the mean film temperature and the characteristic
length is diameter of the sphere. The properties at mean temperature are
Thermal conductivity is 0.03 W/(m.K)
Kinematic viscosity is 20.55 × 10−6 m2 /s
Pr = 0.693. [8]

1 of 2
Code No: RR310803 Set No. 4
5. (a) Explain about film boiling. [6]
(b) Discuss the merits and demerits of film wise and drop wise condensation. [10]

6. (a) Making use of the Plank’s law of distribution, establish the relation for the
Wein’s displacement law. [5]
(b) The sun emits maximum radiation at λ = 0.52 µ. Assuming the sun to be a
black body, calculate the surface temperature of sun and the emissive ability
of the sun’s surface at that temperature. [5]
(c) Determine the maximum monochromatic emissive power of the sun’s surface.
[6]

7. (a) Derive the relationship between effectiveness and number of transfer units for
a parallel flow heat exchanger. [8]
(b) Determine the heat transfer area required for a heat exchanger constructed
from a 2 cm OD tube to cool 26,000 kg/hr of an alcohol solution (Cp =3.81
kJ/kgK) from 90 to 50o C, using H2 O which enters at 20o C and leaves at 40o C
and for the following arrangements: [4]
i. co current shell and tube
ii. counter current shell and tube heat exchanger, alcohol in shell and H2 O
through the tubes. (Assume correction factor for LMTD = 0.95). Assume
that the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer tube area is
830 kJ/hrm2 K. [4]

8. A solution is to be concentrated from 10 % to 50% solids in a single effect evapora-

tor. Steam is available at 2 bar absolute. The vapour space inside the evaporator
is at 100 mm Hg vacuum. The feed rate to the evaporator is 25,000 kg/hr. Overall
heat transfer coefficient is 2840 W/m2o C. Specific heat of solution is 3700 J/Kg o C.
Calculate the area of heating surface required if the feed is at 50o C. Latent heat of
vaporization at steam temperature = 2197 kJ/kg, at temperature in vapour space
= 2375 kJ/kg. Specific whose feed solution in 3.77 kJ/kg k. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2