CHAPTER 1.

Introduction
1.1 What is Fluid power?
Fluid power is the technology that deals with the generation,
control and transmission of power-using pressurized fluid.
1.2 Avantages of using Fluid power system
o Multiplication of force
o Posibble to have a quick acting system with large forces
o Simple to construct
o Ease and accuracy control
o Constant force or torque
o Simplicity, safety, economy
1.3 Applications of fluid power
- Fluid power drives high-wire overhead tram.
- Fluid power is applied to harvest corn.
- Hydraulics power brush drives.
- Fluid power positions and hols parts for welding.
- Fluid power performs bridge maintenance.
- Fluid power is the musle in industrial lift trucks.
- Fluid power drives front-end loaders.
- Fluid power preserves the heartbeat of life.
- Hydraulics power robotic dextrous arm.

CHAPTER 2.Properties of Fluieds and their units
Hydraulic fluid primary function
1. To transmit power
2. To lubricate moving parts
3. To seal clearances between moving parts
4. To dissipate heat
Hydraulic fluid properties
-Good lubricity
-Ideal vicosity
-Chemical and environmental stability
-Compatibility with system materials
-Large bulk modulus
-Fire resistance


-Good heat-transfer capability
-Low density
-Foam resistance
-Nontoxic
-Low volltility
-Inexpensive
-Readily avaible

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2.1 Basic properties of gas (air)
Avantages of Air
It is fire resistant
It is not messy
It can be exhausted back into the atmosphere
Disadvantages of Air
Due to its compressibility, it cannot be used in an application where accurate positioning
or rigid holding is required.
Because it is compressible, it tends to be sluggish.
Air can be corrosive, since it contains oxygen and water.
A lubricant must be added to lubricate valves and actuators.
High pressure cannot be used due to the explosion dangers involved if components such
as air tanks should rupture.

2.2 Weight, Density, and Specific Gravity

1. Weight,W @ Force,F




2. Density,




3. Specific Gravity, S
g






W = F(N)

m (kg) g (ms
-2
)
(kgm
-3
)
m (kg)
V (m
3
)
(Nm
-3
)
W (N)
V (m
3
)
oil
Sg water

Weight Density
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2.3 Pressure, Head, and Force




CHAPTER 3.Steady state modeling
3.1 Conservation of energy

+
v

+ Z
1
+ h
pump
h
friction
h
loss
=

+
v

+ Z
2

3.2 Friction Losses in Pipes and Fittings
To get Friction Losses, follow these steps:-
Step 1: Find Velocity, v
v (ms
-1
) =

Step 2: Find Reynolds number, Re
Re =
v

(dynamic viscosity) *usually we use this , where, = dynamic viscosity

Re =
v

(kinematic viscosity) , where, =

(kinematic viscosity)
Step 3:
when Re < 2000 {laminar}
f =

when Re > 2000 {turbulant}
f =

Steps 4: Find head loss due to friction, hf

p (Pa)
F (N)
A (m
2
)
v (ms
-1
)
Q (m
3
s
-1
)
A (m
2
)
(m
2
s

-1
)

(Nsm
-2
)
(kgm
-3
)
hf =
v

hloss =
v

where,
k = k-factor
v= velocity


p (Pa) = (kgm
-3
) G g(ms
-2
) G h(m)
hpump =

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3.3 Basic component equations
-Power in, P
Power in = p G Q
-Power out, P
Power out = F G v
-Flowrate, Q
Flowrate, Q = v G A

-Torque,T







Pascals Law
p1 = p2

Gas laws (for accumulator)
p1V1 = p2 V2 = p3 V3









Power out = T G e
F (N)
T (Nm)
r (m)


1 bar = 1 x 10
5
Pa
1 stroke pump =
t

x stroke length
Stroke =

Bulk Modulus,| =

change in pressure is
applied to an oil volume, a
volume change
occurs.
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