M A N O J K H A N D E L W A L , 9 8 2 8 4 1 0 1 3 6

Page 1

Determinants
Determinant of order two:
a b
ad bc
c d
=
Determinant of order three:
a b c
e f d f d e
d e f a b c
h i g i g h
g h i
= +
Minor: Minor of an element of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting the
elements of the row and the column in which the given element occurs.
Cofactor: If we multiply the minor of an element by ( ) 1
i j +
, where i is the number of the row
and j is the number of the column containing the element, then we get the cofactor of that
element.
( ) 1
i j
ij ij
A M
+
=


+ +
+
+
+
+ +

+ means cofactor=minor
means cofactor= minor



11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
11 22 33 32 23 12 21 33 31 23 13 21 32 31 22
21 12 33 32 13 22 11 33 31 13 23 11 32 31 12
31 12 23
, :
( ), ( ), ( )
( ), ( ), ( )
(
a a a
For a a a cofactors are as follows
a a a
A a a a a A a a a a A a a a a
A a a a a A a a a a A a a a a
A a a
A =
= = =
= = =
=
22 13 32 11 23 21 13 33 11 22 21 12
), ( ), ( ) a a A a a a a A a a a a = =

Product of two determinants: Two determinants can be multiplied together only if they are of
same order.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c a b c
o | o | o | o |
o | o | o | o |
o | o | o | o |
+ + + + + +
= + + + + + +
+ + + + + +


M A N O J K H A N D E L W A L , 9 8 2 8 4 1 0 1 3 6

Page 2
Properties of Determinants
1. If each element in a row (or in a column) of a determinant is zero, then the value of the
determinant is zero.
2. If each element on one side of the main diagonal of a determinant is zero, then the
value of the determinant is the product of diagonal elements.
3. The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are
interchanged.
4. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then sign of
determinant changes.
5. If two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value of the
determinant is zero.
6. If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by the same
number k, then the value of the new determinant is k times the value of the original
determinant.
7. If corresponding elements of any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
proportional (in the same ratio), then its value is zero.
8. If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant consists of sum of two or more
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more determinants
whose other rows (or columns) are not changed.
9. If to each element of any row (or column) of a determinant, the equi-multiples of
corresponding elements of other row (or column) are added, then value of determinant
remains the same, i.e., the value of determinant remain same if we apply the operation

i i j i i j
R R kR or C C kC + +
Solution of Linear Equations by Determinants (Cramers rule)
(A) Non-Homogeneous System

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
, , ,
a b c d b c a d c a d c
D a b c D d b c D a d c D a d c
a b c d b c a d c a d c
= = = =
3 1 2
; ;
D D D
x y z
D D D
= = =

M A N O J K H A N D E L W A L , 9 8 2 8 4 1 0 1 3 6

Page 3


(B) Homogeneous System
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
0
0
0
a x b y c z
a x b y c z
a x b y c z
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =




Find D
If D0
Unique Solution
Consistent System
Independent System
If D=0
Either of D
1
, D
2
or D
3
is
non-zero
No Solution
Inconsistent System

If D
1
=D
2
=D
3
=0
Infinite Solution
Consistent System
Dependent System
Find D
If D0
Only Trivial Solution
x=y=z=0
If D=0
Non-Trivial Solution
Infinite Solution

M A N O J K H A N D E L W A L , 9 8 2 8 4 1 0 1 3 6

Page 4
Differentiation Formulae Sheet
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

1
2
2
2
0
1 1 1
1, ,
2
log
1
log
1
log
log
sin cos
cos sin
tan sec
cot cos
sec sec tan
cos cos
n n
x x
x x
e
e
a
e
d
c
dx
d d d d
x nx x x
dx dx dx dx x x
x
d
e e
dx
d
a a a
dx
d
x
dx x
d
x
dx x a
d
x x
dx
d
x x
dx
d
x x
dx
d
x ec x
dx
d
x x x
dx
d
ecx ec
dx

=
(
| |
= = = =
| (
\ .
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
cot
1
sin
1
1
cos
1
1
tan
1
1
cot
1
1
sec
1
1
cos
1
x x
d
x
dx
x
d
x
dx
x
d
x
dx x
d
x
dx x
d
x
dx
x x
d
ec x
dx
x x

=
+
=
+
=