=============== README.TXT File =============== PLEASE READ THIS FILE!

==================== SAP2000 Version 7.42 ====================

================== Release 2001/01/29 ==================

It contains important information that is more current than the Manuals. ================= TABLE OF CONTENTS ================= 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. SAP2000 Version 7.42 INSTALLATION OF VERSION 7.42 PATCH New Hardware Key Device for Nonlinear Version 7 Tutorial files on the Web Significant Changes from Previous Versions Upgrading to SAP2000 from SAP90 Version 5.4 or 5.5 Analysis Executables

======================= 1. SAP2000 Version 7.42 ======================= SAP2000 is a fully graphical Windows program, different versions: SAP2000 Standard, SAP2000 All versions require Windows 95/98/NT/2000 to Model creation, analysis, display of results, within the SAP2000 graphical user interface. and is available in three PLUS, and SAP2000 Nonlinear. be running on your computer. and design are all performed

SAP2000 is a very extensive program, featuring a friendly and powerful graphical user interface and sophisticated analytical capabilities. However, a few of the advanced analysis features cannot be edited in the graphical user interface, such as the Plane, Asolid, and Solid elements. The geometry and analysis results for these elements CAN be viewed in the graphical user interface. Users who have need of advanced analysis features described in the Analysis Reference manual that cannot be edited in the graphical user interface can use the input data text file as described in the Input Data File manual. See Topics "Overview" and "Input Data Files and the Graphical User Interface" in Chapter 2 of the Input Data File manual for more information. If you already have a previous version of SAP2000, we recommend that you upgrade to version 7.42 as soon as possible in order to take advantage of the latest features, improvements, and error corrections.

===================================== 2. INSTALLATION OF VERSION 7.42 PATCH ===================================== THIS PATCH WILL UPDATE SAP2000 FROM VERSION 7.40 TO VERSION 7.42.

For "Single User" and "Network Server" Installations ---------------------------------------------------YOU MUST START WITH AN UN-PATCHED INSTALLATION OF VERSION 7.40 FROM THE ORIGINAL SAP2000 CD. If you are running a version later than 7.40, first un-install your current version of SAP2000 and re-install version 7.40 from the original CD. Once you have installed version 7.40, run the patch file: SAP2000S742.EXE for the Standard version, SAP2000P742.EXE for the Plus version, or SAP2000N742.EXE for the Nonlinear version. When asked, enter the location of the folder where you have installed version 7.40. The patch will modify the files in this folder to create version 7.42. For "Network Server" installations, each "Network Workstation" installation needs to perform the upgrade described below. You may wish to copy the "Network Workstation" patch file (SAP2000742WS.EXE) into the SAP2000 "Network Server" folder for easy access by the workstation users. For "Network Workstation" Installations --------------------------------------You should already have SAP2000 7.40 installed as a "Network Workstation" installation. Your network administrator must update the "Network Server" installation to version 7.42. Once the "Network Server" has been updated to version 7.42, run the patch file: SAP2000742WS.EXE This will work for any program version, Standard, Plus or Nonlinear. When asked, enter the location of the folder where you have installed version 7.40. The patch will modify the files in this folder to create version 7.42. You may find these files on our ftp site or in a location provided to you by you r network administrator. --------------------------------------If you later want to uninstall version 7.42, use "Add/Remove Programs" under Control Panel and remove both instances of SAP2000 that appear there.

================================================ 3. New Hardware Key Device for Nonlinear Version ================================================ SAP2000 Nonlinear version 7.xx uses a hardware key device that is different from previous versions. If you are upgrading SAP2000 Nonlinear from a version prior to 7.00, please return the old hardware key device to us as soon as you receive this package. The Standard and PLUS version of SAP2000 do not require a new hardware key

device.

============================ 4. Tutorial files on the Web ============================ Tutorial files are available on our Web site in Adobe Acrobat Reader format. You may download these files and follow the tutorials to learn more about the use of SAP2000 and the new Static Pushover Analysis features of the program. Please check our Web site occasionally for the presence of newer files. They may be updated from time to time. Our Web address is: www.csiberkeley.com

============================================= 5. Significant Changes from Previous Versions ============================================= Listed in order, starting with the latest version: Significant Changes from Version 7.40 to 7.42 --------------------------------------------Steel Frame elements can now be exported to a Steel Detailing Neutral File (SDNF) supported by several Steel Fabricators. A bug has been corrected in the P-Delta calculations for Shell elements. The bug caused the P-Delta effect to be overestimated in some cases. This bug has been fixed for the initial P-delta iteration, but it has not yet been corrected for nonlinear static/pushover analysis. Minor bug fixes have been made to the steel design modules. Two errors have been corrected that may affect frame hinge behavior in nonlinear static/pushover analysis: (1) For hinges where the actual yield force/moment is much smaller than the maximum yield force/moment, the hinge may carry excessive load after rupture (past point E). This can occur in unsymmetrical, one-dimensional hinges where the yielding occurs in the weaker direction, or in PMM hinges where the yield moment due to interaction is much smaller than the maximum M3 yield moment. (2) When using the "Restart Using Secant Stiffness" method for member unloading, and a hinge is unloading from a large initial force/moment value at the start of the pushover case, large forces/moments of the opposite sign may be developed. An error has been corrected that affected the results printed in the analysis output (.OUT) file for the Nllink element internal forces and deformations for load cases, modes, and response-spectrum cases. This error was present ONLY in versions 7.30 to 7.40. It only affects the results in the .OUT file, not any results provided by the graphical user interface. It does not affect timehistory results. If you prepare data using the text input data (.S2K) file: In the CONSTRAINT data block the last CSYS specification was being applied to all constraints.

This has been fixed.

Significant Changes from Version 7.21 to 7.40 --------------------------------------------Improvements have been made to the "MS Access Database export" capability that was added in version 7.21. This feature is still an early release and is being tested and documented before final release. The Ritz-vector algorithm has been modified so that purely static (massless) modes can be calculated. These will be reported in the .OUT file as having a period of 1.0E-101. Thus it is no longer strictly required that mass be present at all degrees of freedom that are loaded by the Ritz starting load vectors. However, including mass at loaded degrees of freedom is still recommended whenever practical, and the Ritz-vector algorithm will still warn you if it detects loads acting on massless degrees of freedom. These massless modes are used in time-history analysis but have no significant effect in response-spectrum analysis. Also, the orthogonalization procedure in the Ritz-vector algorithm has been improved. P-delta analysis now includes P-delta effects in all element types, not just in Frame elements. For all elements except the Frame, P-delta effects are based on the rigid-body rotations of the element and do not consider the internal deformation of the element. The Nllink element balances the P-delta moment with a shear couple for finite-length elements, and two equal moments for zero-length elements. The Frame element considers internal deformation as documented in the SAP2000 Analysis Reference manual. Note that P-delta effects are not included in any constraints. Several changes have been made to nonlinear static pushover analysis: - P-delta effects are now included for all element types, not just for Frame elements, when requested in a nonlinear static pushover case. For all elements, P-delta effects are based on the rigid-body rotations of the element and do not consider the internal deformation of the element. The Nllink element balances the P-delta moment with a shear couple for finite-length elements, and two equal moments for zero-length elements. The Frame element does not consider internal deformation as it does for initial P-delta analysis. For Shell, Plane, Asolid and Solid elements, the P-delta effect for each step is based on the stress state at the beginning of the step and is not iteratively corrected at the end of the step as it is for Frame and Nllink elements. This means that you should specify a minimum of several steps for each pushover case to assure reasonable accuracy if P-delta effects are significant in these element types. Note that P-delta effects are not included in any constraints. - Large-displacement effects are now included for all element types, not just for Frame elements, when requested in a nonlinear static pushover case. Large-displacement effects include large translations and rotations of the elements, but the strains within elements are still assumed to be small. Elements that undergo significant deformation should be divided into smaller elements. Note that large-displacement effects are not included in any constraints. - The artificial stiffness that was being used to prevent instability when the stiffness of an element became zero or negative has now been reduced. The new procedure is more consistent, requires less iteration, is more likely to converge, and produces better results.

- Nonlinear static pushover analysis has been improved to reduce the occasional occurrence of non-convergence due to flip-flop behavior of yielding elements subject to P-delta effects. - A new option is available for displacement-controlled nonlinear static pushover analysis. You may use the "conjugate displacement" to control the analysis instead of using the monitored displacement; the monitored displacement is still used to determine how far to push the structure and for plotting the pushover curve. The conjugate displacement is a weighted sum of all displacement degrees of freedom in the structure: each displacement component is multiplied by the load applied at that degree of freedom, and the results are summed. The conjugate displacement is usually the most sensitive measure of displacement in the structure under a given specified load. When you use the conjugate displacement to control the analysis, the load increments are adjusted in an attempt to reach the specified monitored displacement. However, the analysis will usually only approximately satisfy the targeted displacement, particularly if the monitored displacement is in a different direction than the conjugate displacement. The use of conjugate-displacement control is generally recommended. - When using displacement control for nonlinear static pushover analyses, only the absolute value of the monitored displacement is used to determine when the analysis is complete, whether control is by the conjugate displacement or by the monitored displacement itself. The direction of loading now is determined by the specified load pattern. For example, positive acceleration loads will cause displacements in the negative direction (this is consistent with time-history analysis), regardless of the sign of the monitored displacement. Several changes have been made to the Pushover Frame hinge properties: - Separate scale factors may now be specified for the positive and negative axes of the stress-strain (moment-rotation or force-deformation) curves. In addition, the rigid-plastic nature of the hinge is shown in the plot of the stress-strain curves where the strains at +B and -B are subtracted out from the values at C, D, and E. Neither of these changes affects the results of previous analyses. - For P-M-M hinges the moment-rotation curve is now interpreted as a relative curve, whereas in previous versions it was an absolute curve after scaling by the yield scale factor given for the interaction surface. Now when the hinge state first reaches the yield (interaction) surface, the moment-rotation curve is scaled by the resultant moment divided by the yield moment you specified at point B, i.e., it is scaled by the factor: (sqrt(M2*M2+M3*M3))/MB. Previously it was scaled by (sqrt(M2*M2+M3*M3))/M3max where M3max is the maximum value of M3 that you specified for the P-M curve at angle=90 deg before scaling by the yield moment. This change has no impact on default hinges or on hinges you defined where both the moment-rotation curve and interaction surface were normalized to unity at M3 yield. It will affect hinges where you used different scaling for the moment-rotation curve and the interaction surface. - An error in the application of the moment-rotation curve in P-M-M hinges for points off the M3 axis has been corrected. In previous versions the hardening and softening tended to be under-estimated.

In version 7.21, the BS-5950 "n" factor (BS 4.3.7.6, Table 13, page 26) was always set to one to account for destabilizing loads. This was found to be too conservative. It has been changed back to being calculated according to Tables 13, 15, and 16. This is now the same as was being done in versions prior to 7.21 and is consistent with the SAP2000 Steel Design manual. If destabilizing loads are present, you may overwrite the "n" factor and set it to one. The ordering of shell joints in output from Print > Input Tables and Print > Output Tables has been made consistent with results in the .OUT file and the manuals. Joints 3 and 4 were previously reversed. The on-line help has been updated to reflect the current features for nonlinear static pushover analysis. An error has been corrected that caused time-history reactions to neglect the loads applied to elements that are directly connected to the reaction joint. An error has been corrected that prevented using restraint-displacement loading in the same model with moving load analysis. An error has been corrected that prevented multiple analyses in the same SAP2000 session when eigen residual-mass modes were requested. Other minor corrections and changes have been made.

Significant Changes from Version 7.11 to 7.21 --------------------------------------------A Frameworks Plus to SAP2000 model import facility has been added. The features currently implemented are documented in MS Word file FWP_ref.doc. This feature is an early release and is being tested and documented before final release. Most input and output can now be exported in an MS Access Database format. This feature is an early release and is being tested and documented before final release. The steel design under AISC-ASD and AISC-LRFD has been augmented to now also check slender sections. The steel design check for angle sections under AISC-ASD and AISC-LRFD has been thoroughly revised and improved. A concrete frame design bug that caused the shear design of columns in special and intermediate moment resisting frames in seismic areas to be incorrect (mostly conservative) has been corrected. This only affected the shear design if the longitudinal reinforcement was also designed. If the column was being checked the shear design was unaffected by this bug. Users are requested to reverify the shear design in concrete frames if their models may be affected by this bug. An error has been corrected where AASHTO LRFD column shear design under seismic load was previously not being checked for Zone 4 (severe). Users are requested to reverify the shear design for Zone 4 if their models may be affected by this bug. Under BS-5950, the "n" factor (BS 4.3.7.6, Table 13, page 26) is now always set to one to account for destabilizing loads. This is more conservative.

Other minor bug fixes have been made to the design procedures. Longer filenames are now supported. The maximum path length is 1023 characters. An error that sometimes caused the Printer Setup to crash on NT machines has been fixed. Other minor corrections and changes have been made.

Significant Changes from Version 7.10 to 7.11 --------------------------------------------A display bug in the GUI that affected frame force diagrams when multi-valued results were possible (Combinations, etc.) has been corrected. It only affected the orientation of the display. All values printed and used in design were unaffected by the bug. This bug only affected version 7.10. A bug in AISC-LRFD steel design that affected user specified design sections has been corrected. For most normal cases the bug made the check conservative. This bug only affected version 7.10. Substantial speed increases have been achieved in bridge moving-load analysis, time-history envelope calculation, and static-pushover analysis. Several changes have been made to the static-pushover analysis: - An error in calculating the plastic strain for hinges in Frame elements with rigid-end offsets has been corrected. This error only affected elements with offsets at the J end of the element, and only if the offset was rigid (or partially so). The error could be significant in some cases. It is recommended that you use version 7.11 to check pushover analyses run with previous version of SAP2000 if your model contains rigid-end offsets. - The static pushover analysis now checks for non-convex P-M-M interaction (yield) surfaces. Any P-M-M point which falls inside the surface defined the adjacent points is automatically moved outward (increasing the yield value) until a convex surface is obtained. This is an iterative process. The amount of error detected, and whether or not automatic correction was successful, is reported in the .LOG file. If significant errors are reported, you should correct the P-M-M surface manually. - End releases sometimes caused excessive iteration in version 7.10. This has been corrected. A minor error was corrected that may affect nonprismatic sections for Frame elements. If the sum of the absolute lengths of all segments of a nonprismatic section exceeds the clear length of the element, the absolute lengths are now all scaled down so that their sum equals the clear length. This was not being done in previous versions.

Significant Changes from Version 7.08 to 7.10 --------------------------------------------The graphical user interface has been recompiled on a newer version of the compiler. This should make the program run faster.

An algorithm has been added to automatically trace unbraced lengths of frame elements for major and minor directions of bending. The tracing accounts for restraints, available degrees of freedom, diaphragm constraints in XY plane, and support provided by other frames, shells and solids. This algorithm is currently used in design only for effective length K-factor calculations and unsupported length factors. The limit of 2 Gigabytes on the size of the stiffness matrix has been removed so larger models can now be analyzed. The limit is now about 16 GB. An error was corrected in the Eurocode Steel design check where the k22, k33, and kLTB factors were not being correctly computed. It is recommended that you use SAP2000 version 7.10 to re-check designs from earlier version of SAP2000. Several errors have been corrected in the AASHTO-LRFD design check. It is recommended that you use SAP2000 version 7.10 to re-check designs from earlier version of SAP2000. Several enhancements have been made to the static pushover analysis from version 7.08: - An error in calculating the performance point introduced in version 7.08 has been fixed. - Large-displacement geometric nonlinearity may now be analyzed in Frame elements. In particular, large rigid-body displacements and rotations are considered. The strains and relative bending rotations within each element are assumed to be small. When bending rotations are large, divide the Frame element into smaller elements. In addition to static pushover analysis, problems like snap-through buckling and cable shape-finding can be solved using this option. When defining a pushover case, select one of the following options for consideration of geometric nonlinearity effects: (1) None, (2) P-Delta only, or (3) P-Delta and Large displacements. - An iterative solution strategy is now used for pushover analysis. You may now set the iteration tolerance and the maximum number of iterations for each step. The iteration tolerance is a relative force error that is allowed for convergence to be achieved. If convergence is not reached within the maximum number of iterations, the step size is halved and iteration is tried again. The default values are usually good enough for most analyses. Iteration is most important for large-displacement effects, and least important when geometric nonlinearities are not included in the analysis. - You may also set the minimum number of steps, which determines the maximum step size allowed; the maximum number of null steps (steps of zero length when the solution is "turning", or steps where convergence failed), and the maximum number of total steps. Limiting the number of null steps prevents the analysis from running forever when it stalls. Limiting the number of total steps limits the total time of the analysis and the amount of disk space used to save the solution. - For PMM hinges, you may select whether the axial force behavior is proportional to the specified moment-rotation curve (i.e., the entire yield surface expands and contracts proportionally), or is elastic-perfectly plastic (i.e., the yield surface does not change in the P direction). The first option may be more conservative and realistic. The second option may allow the pushover analysis to proceed further when otherwise the structure would fail locally under gravity load. (This feature was actually added in version 7.08 but was not documented in the README.TXT file)

- Minor changes have been made internally to the hinge model to increase its accuracy and robustness.

Significant Changes from Version 7.04 to 7.08 --------------------------------------------SAP2000 version 7.08 provides minor enhancements to the static pushover analysis from version 7.04. Steel design using the AISC-LRFD code now covers slender sections and single angles.

Significant Changes from Version 7.03 to 7.04 --------------------------------------------SAP2000 version 7.04 provides minor enhancements to the static pushover analysis from version 7.03. Minor bugs relating to steel design have been fixed.

Significant Changes from Version 7.02 to 7.03 --------------------------------------------SAP2000 version 7.03 provides minor enhancements to the static pushover analysis from version 7.02. The original tangent approach has slightly been modified in how it treats unloading. This version treats the unloading in a hinge as a local redistribution. For most problems this approach should work better in finding a solution. As in the previous approach the solution will stall at a displacement value lower than the target if gravity load capacity is lost in a member and other members are unable to carry this load.

Significant Changes from Version 7.01 to 7.02 --------------------------------------------SAP2000 version 7.02 provides minor enhancements and corrections to the static pushover analysis from version 7.01, as well as a correction to the concrete P-M-M interaction calculations for the Canadian, British and European Codes.

Significant Changes from Version 7.00 to 7.01 --------------------------------------------SAP2000 version 7.01 provides enhancements and corrections to the static pushover analysis from version 7.00, as well as a correction to the movingload analysis. STATIC PUSHOVER ANALYSIS: - Two solution strategies are now available to handle the case when a hinge drops load or ruptures: (1) The original approach that follows a tangent path to unload the structure (2) A new secant-restart approach that goes back to the starting state and reloads the structure using the secant stiffness of each hinge The first approach is generally faster, but may fail in some cases. If that happens you may want to re-run the analysis using the restart approach. Select "Restart upon Unloading" in the Pushover Case dialog box.

- You may select whether or not you want to see negative increments that may be used to unload the structure. Select "Save Positive Increments Only" in the Pushover Case dialog box if you do not want to see negative increments. - Joint displacements, frame element forces, and the hinge force-displacement histories for each pushover case may be obtained from the Print Output Tables option under the File menu. These are only available in spreadsheet form. - Minor corrections were made to the pushover analysis, including correction of the yield value for P-M-M hinges depending upon where the yield surface is first pierced. - Additional information on state changes is now available in the .LOG file. MOVING-LOAD ANALYSIS: - An error was corrected that somtimes gave incorrect corresponding forces. The actual force and moment maximum and minimum values are correct.

Significant Changes from Version 6.13 to 7.00 --------------------------------------------SAP2000 version 7.00 features a large number of new features and enhancements as well as a few error corrections. Significant new features, enhancements and error corrections are listed below. Minor items that do not affect the accuracy of results are not listed. Please see the on-line help for further information regarding all new features and enhancements. TOOLBAR CHANGES: fixed toolbar on (top) toolbar is change according The floating toolbar has been removed and replaced with a the left-hand side of the Graphical User Interface. The main now context-sensitive, i.e., the tool buttons available to the operations available to you. See the on-line help.

DRAFTING FEATURES: The program now follows generally-accepted drafting conventions more closely. Several new "snap" options have been added, including snap to midpoints and ends, snap to intersections, snap to perpendicular, and snap to lines and edges. Drawing constraints have also been added, so that you can now draw with constrained X, Y, or Z coordinates. See the on-line help. AERIAL VIEW: A small aerial-view window is available to enable you to see where you are in large and complex models, and to speed up panning and zooming. This feature may be turned on and off. DESIGN CODES: The following codes have been added or updated to later versions: - Canadian CSA-A23.3-94 (Concrete) - AASHTO LRFD 1997 (Concrete) - AASHTO LRFD 1997 (Steel) - New Zealand NZS-3101 1995 (Concrete) In addition, some over-conservative assumptions have been removed and the design algorithms have been refined for all supported codes. DXF IMPORT/EXPORT: The DXF Import and Export have been improved. You can now import/export Solids, Joints and NLLinks and export any visible text in 2D views only. You also now have the option to save and import data on any layer you want. There is no longer a need to use SAP_FRAMES and SAP_SHELLS. You must

use a template DXF file when exporting. The template file can include layer names, color settings etc. There is a template file provided. The on-line help has the full documentation of the new DXF import and Export. WINDOWS METAFILE EXPORT: You may now export graphics in the Windows Enhanced Metafile format for inclusion in documents using other programs that support this format. COLOR PRINTER SETTINGS: There are new color-printer settings available in the Options... Color Setting menu item. ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL: Orthotropic materials may now be defined and modified in the Graphical User Interface (they have always been available through the text file). See the on-line help. ORTHOTROPIC SHELL: The Shell element now supports orthotropic material properties. Orthotropic properties may be rotated through a "material angle" when defining Shell Section properties. See the on-line help. THICK PLATE: A thick-plate formulation that includes transverse-shear deformation is now available for the Shell element. The previous thin-plate formulation that neglects transverse-shear deformation is still available. You can select whether or not to use the thick-plate formulation in the Shell Section properties definition. Only plate behavior is affected, not membrane behavior. See the on-line help. THE THICK-PLATE OPTION IS NOW THE DEFAULT. The thick-plate formulation tends to be somewhat stiffer yet more accurate than the thin-plate formulation for most thin-plate bending problems. Of course, the presence of shearing deformations will make the thick-plate formulation more flexible. RESIDUAL-MASS MODES: Residual-mass (missing-mass) modes may now be calculated as an option for eigen-analysis. When present, residual-mass modes are automatically included in Response-spectrum and Time-history analyses. For Ritz analysis, residual mass has always been included for all starting load vectors. This has not been changed. See the on-line help. EFFECTIVE-PERIOD PRINTOUT: For each load case, the effective period is printed in the output (.OUT) file under the heading MODAL LOAD PARTICIPATION RATIOS. The effective period is calculated as the Rayleigh period of the structure using the static deflection for the load case as the mode shape. This information can be used for determining an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system for blast-load analysis and other special purposes. It is not of general utility. STATIC PUSHOVER ANALYSIS: Static Pushover analysis has been added to the Nonlinear version of SAP2000. Nonlinear hinges may be defined anywhere in the Frame elements. Properties may be user-defined or may be calculated automatically by the program from Section Properties according to standard pushover guidelines. Analyses may be force or displacement controlled. Pushover results may be displayed graphically and in table form. See the on-line help. KEY-DEVICE DEPARTMENT NAME: For large organizations working over a wide-area network, you may define "department names" to restrict the use of the hardware key device to certain people. Please contact CSI for more information if you need to use this feature. TIME-HISTORY ELEMENT LOADS: Time-history results now include the effect of all internal element loads, including gravity, concentrated, distributed and prestress loads on Frame elements, as well as temperature loads on all element

types. BRIDGE P-DELTA FORCES: An error was corrected that sometimes gave incorrect Frame element forces for Moving-load cases when P-Delta forces are present.

Significant Changes from Version 6.11 to 6.13 --------------------------------------------GENERAL... (a) An error was corrected that produced incorrect moments in Frame elements subjected to trapezoidal loads that varied within an output segment. The error was zero if changes in the load corresponded to output locations. (b) An error was corrected that calculated the mass incorrectly for non-prismatic Frame elements. This error was generally small unless the length of the element was less than unity in the length units used for the analysis. (c) An error was corrected that sometimes produced incorrect results for models that have both Welds and Constraints. (d) An error was corrected in which gravity loads imported from SAP90 text files were not rotated to account for changing global up to +Z. This does not affect SAP90 files for which global +Z is already upward. DESIGN... (e) An error was corrected where the program was not accounting for the optional user-specified flexural steel provided when calculating flexural capacity for shear design of beams where ductile design is requested. Version 6.11 shear design was based on required values rather than the user-provided flexural values. (f) An error was corrected for concrete design by the Canadian code where the minimum beam reinforcement on the tension side was unconditionally related to (4/3)As. This has been corrected for seismic design and is now consistent with the SAP2000 Concrete Design Manual. (g) An error was corrected where 1% minimum steel required by the ACI code for concrete column design was being used for all codes, which is over-conservative for some codes. This has been corrected to be code-dependent. (h) For ductile design, the required minimum in-span moment capacities for the ACI and Canadian codes has been slightly refined. This should have minimal impact on previous designs. BRIDGE ANALYSIS... (i) An error was corrected that could produce incorrect moving-load results for lanes that contain Frame elements with their local 1 axes oriented in the opposite direction of the direction of the lane.

For example, suppose element 1 connects to joints 1 and 2, and element 2 connects to joints 2 and 3. Results in version 6.11 for a Lane defined from element 1 to element 2 would have been correct, but for a Lane defined from element 2 to element 1 may have been incorrect. Results in version 6.13 should be correct for both cases. (j) An error was corrected that sometimes produced incorrect corresponding quantities in a moving-load analysis. For example, the maximum value of M3 would be correct, but the value of M3 corresponding to maximum M2 may have been incorrect. (k) Moving load analysis has been speeded up significantly for some models involving multiple lanes and vehicles. (l) An error was corrected that sometimes produced an incorrect display of an influence line. TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS... (m) An error was corrected that caused incorrect importing from SAP90 and SAP2000 text files of differing modal damping values for a time-history analysis. The error did not affect constant modal damping for all modes in a time-history analysis, nor differing modal damping values specified within the graphical user interface. NONLINEAR TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS... (o) An error was corrected that sometimes displayed Nllink time-history traces for the wrong Nllink element. (p) An error was corrected that sometimes produced incorrect History envelopes for Nllink elements. (q) An error was corrected that produced incorrect reactions for nonlinear time-history analyses at joints connected to Nllink elements. Envelopes and time-history traces of the reactions were both calculated using the linear effective stiffness rather than the nonlinear element properties. Only joints connected to Nllinks were affected, and only during nonlinear time-history analyses. (r) An error was corrected that produced incorrect group force sums for nonlinear time-history analyses for groups containing Nllink elements. MISCELLANEOUS... (s) Minor improvements and corrections were made to the Graphical User Interface to fix problems with the functioning of the dialog boxes and the display of results, and to improve the stability of the program. These changes should not have any significant effect on previous analysis or design results.

===================================================== 6. Upgrading to SAP2000 from SAP90 Version 5.4 or 5.5 ===================================================== Most modeling and analysis features available in SAP90 are also present in SAP2000, and many new features have been added. Only the SAP90 heat-transfer

analysis features are not currently available in SAP2000. SAP90 input data files for versions 5.4 and 5.5 may be imported directly into SAP2000. A translated SAP2000 input data text file (with extension .S2K) will be created, and the model will be stored in the native SAP2000 data base file (with extension .SDB). The model can then be modified, analyzed, designed, and displayed. When you import a SAP90 input data file, SAP2000 will ask you to specify what direction was assumed to be upward in the SAP90 model. All coordinate-dependent quantities in the SAP90 model will be converted to conform with the SAP2000 convention that the +Z direction is upward. Please note that SAP90 Bridge Moving Load cases may be translated into multiple SAP2000 Moving Load cases. In many cases, you may be able to combine them back into a single SAP2000 Moving Load case, but you will have to do this manually. For each SAP90 Moving Load case, a single SAP2000 envelope- type Combo is created during translation. Please also note that the "pm" portion of the SAP90 lane load was used for moments M2 and M3 for all elements, while the floating concentrated load "pm" for the SAP2000 vehicle load only applies to the vertical moment (usually M3), and only for lane elements! WARNING! Some imported data may be interpreted differently by SAP2000 than by SAP90. For example, the interaction between end offsets and end releases is different, as is the interaction between prestress load and P-Delta analysis. Be sure to check your imported model carefully! Compare the results of analyses using both SAP90 and SAP2000 before making further use of the imported model! See Topic "Upgrading from SAP90" in Chapter II of the "SAP2000 Getting Started" manual for more information.

======================= 7. Analysis Executables ======================= With SAP2000 you can create your model, perform the analysis, display the results, and check the design all within a single graphical user interface. However, some users have requested the ability to perform multiple analyses in a batch mode outside of the user interface. We have provided executable files for this purpose in a subfolder called UTILITY under the SAP2000 folder. These files are 32-bit Windows executables. They can be run from a Command Prompt (DOS-like) window under Windows 95/98/NT/2000. These are not DOS executables and cannot be run on DOS or Windows 3.x machines. In order to run properly, they must be copied or moved from the UTILITY subfolder up to the SAP2000 folder where SAP2000.EXE is located. The executables are: (a) SAPRE.EXE. This reads and checks a SAP2000 input text file and prepares the data for subsequent analysis using SAPGO.EXE. To run, give the command: SAPRE sap2000file /M:nnnnn where "sap2000file" (required) is the SAP2000 input text file to be

read; and "nnnnn" (optional) is the amount of memory to be allocated in 1000-byte units. The "sap2000file" must include the extension .S2K. The default memory if the /M: parameter is omitted is the same as specifying /M:2000. (b) SAPGO.EXE. This perform the analysis following the execution of SAPRE.EXE. To run, give the command: SAPGO sap2000file /M:nnnnn where "sap2000file" (required) is the SAP2000 input text file to be analyzed; and "nnnnn" (optional) is the amount of memory to be allocated in 1000-byte units. The default memory if the /M: parameter is omitted is the same as specifying 1/16 of physical memory. To perform an analysis using these executables: (a) Prepare an input text file (.S2K) using a text editor or by exporting a file from the SAP2000 graphical user interface. (b) Run SAPRE.EXE followed by SAPGO.EXE. These commands may be place in a batch (.BAT) file. (c) To display the results, import the SAP2000 .JOB file under the File menu of the SAP2000 graphical user interface. It is important to import the .JOB file, not the .S2K file, or your analysis results will be lost.