Applied Linguistics This is a guide to revise for the second midterm.

It covers the topic of input, developing system and output. See the answer sheet to check your answers. State whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). If you tick a sentence as false, explain why. 1. ____ L2 input is encoded with lexical, syntax and morphological items. 2. ____ Connections between meaning and form are necessary for acquisition to happen 3. ____ Linguistic development will happen even if the learner is deprived of input. 4. ____ Knowing which noun is the subject and which one is the object when hearing a sentence is an example of form-meaning connection. 5. ____ Similarities between languages are not considered an important factor that comes into play in how sentences are comprehended. 6. ____ While language is being processed, human capacity is able to hold a lot of information at the same time 7. ____ Pre-fabricated patterns (chunks) are processed differently from words. 8. ____ Most of the Grammatical Forms carry meaning. 9. ____ Non redundant grammatical forms are more important than redundant grammatical forms because they may be the only clue to get the most specific information in an utterance. 10. ____ Internalization is the process in which language is stored in long term memory as part of learners interlanguage. 11. ____textual enhancement is an example of output enhancement techniques. 12. ____ Components like the lexicon, phonology, morphology, syntax, etc; are part of the language learners development system and interact in complex ways. 13. ____ Communication and language are equivalents. 14. ____ Access refers to finding the lexical items and forms to be put together in a sentence. 15. ____ Monitoring is a phenomenon that can only be seen in L2 utterances Fill in the blanks with one item in the box competence / working memory / Stress / form meaning connections / content words / Meaning/ accommodation/ restructuring/ pre-fabricated patterns / procedural knowledge/ sociolinguistic competence/ negotiation of meaning / subject of the sentence / parsing / input modification / Nonconversational / 1) Learners communicative job is to capture the __________ contained in the sentence. 2) Language that a learner hears when she or he is not part of the interaction and is not directed to the individual learner is ______________ input 3) Input processing consist of at least two sub processes: ______________ and _____________ 4) Learners process ______________________________ before function words. 5) ___________________ is that space inside human beings brain where information is processed millisecond by millisecond. 6) Learners often internalize long stretches of language called ______________ and store them as large words, without analyzing each component inside them. 7) One thing that affects acoustic salience is ______________ . 8) Usually, L2 learners tend to interpret the first noun or noun phrase in an utterance as the ___________________, this is called First noun strategy. 9) _______________ and _____________ can facilitate learners input processing. 10) The learners internalized and systematic knowledge of the L2 which is used during communication is called __________________. 11) ___________________ is step-by-step information about how something works or how to carry out something. 12) The underlying knowledge of the language that determines the appropriateness of the language use in a given context is known as_______________ .

13) _______________ and ____________________ are processes that allow the developing system to grow and change.

Choose the best alternative (a, b, c or d) 1) Which are characteristics of conversational input? I. Language that learners can hear in a communicative context and involves some kind of oral exchange with other people. II. Language that a learner hears when he or she is not part of the interaction III Language heard on TV or radio. IV. Some kind of response is expected. a) II and III b) I and III c) I and IV d) I, II, III, IV

2) Which of the following are characteristics of the Working Memory? I. it has limited capacity to hold information II. it can process small bits of information at a time III. It stores L2 forms and sociopragmatic knowledge a) None b) I and II c) Only III d) I, II and III.

3) What is true about the following sentence for beginner students? Yesterday, Peter and Jack decided to take a different road on their way back home. I. Learners will process first yesterday because it is a content word II. Learners will process first yesterday because it carries enough meaning to know when the action took place. III. Learners will process first decided because the grammatical form ed carries enough information to help them to know when the action took place. IV. Since yesterday and decided inform the learner about when the action happened, both will be processed at the same time. a) Just IV b) I, II, III, IV c) I and II d) None.

4) What is true about the bold items? a. What are you doing? b. Last year, Alan believed that I was in love with him I. In the previous sentences, the grammatical form ing is much more important than the grammatical form ed for meaning. II. In b, the grammatical form ed is the item that carries more information about pastness. III. Learners will tend to process the grammatical form ing before the grammatical form ed because it is the only source of information about when the action is taking place. IV. The grammatical form ing in the example given in b can be considered as a non-redundant grammatical form since it is the only source of information about tense. a) Just I b) I and II c) I, II, III and IV d) I, III and IV.

5) What is it true about grammatical features (grammatical forms or words)? a) When they are in the middle part in a sentence they will be more salient, thus easier to process b) When they are in initial position they will be more salient, thus easier to process

c) The position of the grammatical features in an utterance doesnt affect how they are processed. d) The acquisition of L2 forms can only take place after receiving explicit knowledge. 6) Interlanguage implies that I. The internal language system is incomplete. II. The learner may test his or her hypothesis of the language when speaking. III. The language learner has not acquired all the features of the target language. IV. The learner can hear an unknown word or sentence structure and infer the meaning but he or she might not know how to use it. a) Just III b) I, II and III c) II, III and IV d) All of the above.

7) A linguistic system can be used for the following purposes: a) Learning, phonology, morphology and syntax b) Comprehension, speech-production, learning and social interaction. c) Social interaction, comprehension, grammar and communication d) Comprehension, speech production and learning. 8) The language system is comprised by three fundamental components: a) a lexical network, an abstract syntactic system and competences related to language use b) a parsing mechanism, an input device, and a network of sociopragmatic forms. c) Parameter in language variation, formal relationships and a network of semantic relationships. d) Pragmatic competence, semantic relationships and properties of syntax. 9) Target language words are connected based on a) Language variations and abstract properties of syntax b) Knowledge of the linguistic system. c) Lexical, semantic, and formal relationships. d) None of the above. 10) Which of the following statements is true about the accommodation process? I. The developing system is constantly being asked to make room for a new form into the network II. The developing system checks to see if the new information is relevant to a particular subsystem or rule within the linguistic competence III. Information is stored in developmental stages IV. The connection is strengthened every time that a learner hears the word in context. a) I, IV b) I, II, III c) I, III, IV d) II and IV

11) Which of the following characteristics are associated to output? I. The focus is on meaningful language II. Message is not important, only form. III. There is no communicative intent IV. Decontextualized language production a) II, III and IV b) Just I c) I and IV d) None.

Match the following statements 1. Making form-meaning connections means ____ 2. Intake can be defined as _____ 3. Learners process content words before grammatical forms when _____ 4. In order to help to process Nonmeaningful grammatical forms ____ 5. Acoustic saliency refers to _____ 6. Parsing is ______ 7. One of the consequences of the First noun strategy is ___________ 8. Interlanguage can be defined as ______ 9) Creative construction can be defined as _____ 10) Reestructuring of a form or structure ______ 11)The Processability theory hypothesizes that ____ 12) During negotiation of meaning in interaction, learners may be _______ 13) Explicit knowledge can play _______ A. The meaning of the utterance had to be understood easily, to release pressure on the working memorys capacity. B. The projection of some kind of syntactic structure onto an utterance as we hear it. C. Connecting particular meaning to particular forms (grammatical or lexical) D. Both carry the same semantic information (meaning). E. The degree to which L2 sounds sticks out of the crowd in an utterance F. Delayed acquisition of structures that dont follow the expected word order. G. A process in which the learner discovers the rules of the target language. H. Information that is actually held and process in the working memory. I. Integrated system of knowledge about the target language the learners are constructing in their minds. J. Speech production rules exist in an implicational hierarchy. K. in a position to notice something in the input they had not notice before L. Implicates changes that take place in other parts of the linguistic system M. Only a supporting or ancillary role