Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient

times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions [1] to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favourable conditions. More generally, air conditioning can refer to any form of [1] technological cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection that modifies the condition of air.

Air-conditioning is one of the major consumers of electrical energy in many parts of the world today. For example about 40 % of the summer electricity used by commercial buildings in the United States is used for air-conditioning (Syed 2002a), and in Egypt at least 32 % of the electrical energy used by the domestic sector is for airconditioning The demand can be expected to increase because of changing working times, increased comfort expectations and global warming. Air-conditioning systems in use are most often built around a vapor compression systems driven by grid-electricity. However, most ways of generating the electricity today, as well as the refrigerants being used in traditional vapor compression systems, have negative impact on the environment. Solar air-conditioning might be a way to reduce the demand for electricity. In addition many solar air-conditioning systems are constructed in ways that eliminate the need for CFC, HCFC or HFC refrigerants. Solar collection is done by pv cells, solar collectors,high temperature, hot water or air collectors.
Energy and air processing Cooling and dehumidification is done by heat pumps. Distribution is by centralized or hydronic system.. Pv effect The photovoltaic effect is the creation of voltage or electric current in a material upon exposure to light. Though the photovoltaic effect is directly related to the photoelectric effect, they are different processes. In the photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from a material's surface upon exposure to radiation. The photovoltaic effect differs in that electrons are transferred between different bands (i.e., from the valence [1] to conduction bands) within the material, resulting in the buildup of voltage between two electrodes. In most photovoltaic applications the radiation is sunlight, which is why the devices are known as solar cells. In the case of a p-n junction solar cell, illuminating the material creates an electric current as excited electrons and the remaining holes are swept in different directions by the built-in electric field of the [2] depletion region.

A DC-to-AC or AC-to-DC converter might be needed, either to convert DC current from the PV.-cells to AC for driving the heat pump, or if a DC-powered heat pump is

used, to convert AC grid electricity to DC. Some advantages of this architecture are that off the shelf products can be used, even for very small systems. COPsol can be rather high (0.25-0.56) and since they often use high COP vapor compression heat pumps their COPaux is equal to the COP of a conventional vapor compression system. Excess power can easily be used in the internal grid or sold to the public grid. Decentralized systems can be used. An already existing conventional system, even if decentralized, can easily be converted to a solar-assisted system by simply adding PV.-cells to the internal grid. Another advantage, if a vapor compression system is used, is that service for these is easily obtainable worldwide. The PV.-cell does not seem to require much service. If a thermoelectric module is used the system will be completely without moving parts. However, to date the system will have a very poor efficiency. The great disadvantage of PV.-air-conditioning is the high cost of the PV.-cells. At current prices this system cannot economically compete with heat driven systems other than for small-scale systems. For small systems they are almost equally expensive (Lindholm 2003b). This seem to be because small hot water or steam driven systems are not commercially available and therefore have to be custom made, while all components of a PV.-cell system are of the shell products. (For example the smallest commercial hot water fired absorption chiller has a capacity of 30 kW.) The most attractive, where a public grid exists, seems to be to build the system as a solar-assisted system, especially since it would be very expensive to cover the whole load with PV.-cells because of their high cost. If the system would be built as a solar autonomous system some kind of storage, either batteries or cold storage, might be needed. Because a vapor compression system can produce temperatures below 0 C with rather good efficiency an ice-storage (see section 2.5.2) could be considered. Henning (2003) writes: In industrialized countries, which have a well-developed grid, the maximum use of photovoltaic is achieved by feeding the produced electricity into the public grid (rather than using it for air-conditioning). This is worth considering, especially if one plans to install PV.-cell, and at the same time to continue to use electrically driven vapor compression systems for airconditioning. Then one will in fact use some of the PV.-cell produced electricity that otherwise could have been feed to the grid to drive the air-conditioning. . An inverter converts regular alternating current (AC) from your electric utility or electric generator to direct current (DC) that
can be stored in batteries. During power outage, the inverter/charger converts DC power from the battery bank to clean AC power for use in your house or office. Inverters have an efficiency rating as high as 96%, are noise free, and function as brains of your fully automatic backup electric system.

n the refrigeration cycle, a heat pump transfers heat from a lower-temperature heat source into a highertemperature heat sink. Heat would naturally flow in the opposite direction. This is the most common type of air conditioning. A refrigerator works in much the same way, as it pumps the heat out of the interior and into the room in which it stands. This cycle takes advantage of the way phase changes work, where latent heat is released at a constant temperature during a liquid/gas phase change, and where varying the pressure of a pure substance also varies its condensation/boiling point.

The most common refrigeration cycle uses an electric motor to drive a compressor. In an automobile, the compressor is driven by a belt over a pulley, the belt being driven by the engine's crankshaft (similar to the driving of the pulleys for the alternator, power steering, etc.). Whether in a car or building, both use electric fan motors for air circulation. Since evaporation occurs when heat is absorbed, and condensation occurs when heat is released, air conditioners use a compressor to cause pressure changes between two compartments, and actively condense and pump a refrigerant around. A refrigerant is pumped into the evaporator coil, located in the compartment to be cooled, where the low pressure causes the refrigerant to evaporate into a vapor, taking heat with it. At the opposite side of the cycle is the condenser, which is located outside of the cooled compartment, where the refrigerant vapor is compressed and forced through another heat exchange coil, condensing the refrigerant into a liquid, thus rejecting the heat previously absorbed from the cooled space. By placing the condenser (where the heat is rejected) inside a compartment, and the evaporator (which absorbs heat) in the ambient environment (such as outside), or merely running a normal air conditioner's refrigerant in the opposite direction, the overall effect is the opposite, and the compartment is heated. This is usually called a heat pump, and is capable of heating a home to comfortable temperatures (25 C; 70 F), even when the outside air is below the freezing point of water (0 C; 32 F). Cylinder unloaders are a method of load control used mainly in commercial air conditioning systems. On a semi-hermetic (or open) compressor, the heads can be fitted with unloaders which remove a portion of the load from the compressor so that it can run better when full cooling is not needed. Unloaders can be electrical or mechanical.