Chng I .

Gii thiu chung v h iu hnh

I. Lch s pht trin
1. Th h th nht (t nm 1945 - 1955) Vo nhng nm 1950 my tnh dng ng chn khng ra i. th h ny mi my tnh c mt nhm ngi thc hin, bao gm vic thit k v xy dng chng trnh, thao tc, qun l th h ny ngi lp trnh phi dng ngn ng my tuyt i lp trnh. Khi nim v ngn lp trnh v h iu hnh cha c bit n trong khong thi gian ny. 2. Th h th hai (t nm 1955 - 1965) th h ny my tnh dng bn dn ra i, v c sn xut cung cp cho khch hng. B phn s dng my tnh c phn chia r rng: ngi thit k, ngi xy dng, ngi vn hnh, ngi lp trnh, ngi bo tr Ngn ng lp trnh lc l Assembly v Fortran ra i trong thi k ny. Vi cc my tnh thc hin mt thao tc lp trnh vin Assembly v Fortran vit chng trnh trn phiu c l sau a phiu ny vo my, my thc hin v cho kt qu ra my in H thng x l theo l cng c ra i trong thi k ny. Theo cc thao tc cn thc hin trn my tnh c ghi trc trn bng t, h thng s c bng t, thc hin ln lt v cho kt qu bng t xut. H thng x l theo l hot ng di s iu khin ca mt chng trnh c bit, chng trnh ny l h iu hnh sau ny. 3. Th h th ba 3 (1965 - 1980) My tnh IBM 360 c sn xut hng lot tung ra trn th trng. Cc thit b ngoi vi xut hin ngy cng nhiu hn, do cc thao tc iu khin my tnh v thit b ngoi vi ngy cng phc tp hn. Trc tnh hnh ny nhu cu c mt h iu hnh s dng chung trn tt c cc my tnh ca nh sn xut v ngi s dng tr nn bc thit hn. V h iu hnh ra i trong thi k ny. H iu hnh ra i nhm iu phi, kim sot hot ng ca h thng v gii quyt cc yu cu tranh chp thit b. H iu hnh u tin c vit bng ngn ng Assembly. H iu hnh xut hin khi nim a chng, khi nim chia s thi gian v k thut Spool. Trong giai on ny cng xut hin cc h iu hnh Multics v Unix. 4. Th h th t( t 1980) My tnh c nhn ra i. H iu hnh MS_DOS ra i gn lin vi my tnh IBM_PC. H iu hnh mng v h iu hnh phn tn ra i trong thi k ny. Ngi son: V nh Lm 1 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

- Cc ngn ng lp trnh, c bit l cc ngn ng lp trnh cp thp, ra i trc cc h iu hnh. a s cc h iu hnh u c xy dng t ngn ng lp trnh cp thp tr h iu hnh Unix, c xy dng t ngn ng C, mt ngn ng lp trnh cp cao - Nu khng c h iu hnh th vic khai thc v s dng my tnh s kh khn v phc tp rt nhiu v khng phi bt k ai cng c th s dng c my tnh - S ra i v pht trin ca h iu hnh gn vi s pht trin ca my tnh, v ngc li s pht trin ca my tnh ko theo s pht trin ca h iu hnh. H iu hnh thc s pht trin khi my tnh PC pht trin trn th trng.

II. Khi qut v h iu hnh

1. Ti nguyn h thng Mt h thng my tnh bao gm thnh phn: thit b phn cng v chng trnh phn mm. Trong cc ti liu gii thiu v mt h thng my tnh bt k th cc s liu thng k v phn cng lun l nhng yu t quan tm u tin v l thnh t nhn bit sc mnh ca h thng my tnh . Ti nguyn v phn mm cng c ch thng qua mi quan tm v hh, v cc chng trnh ng dng, cc c s d liu ci t trong h thng. Trong giai on hin nay, gi tr thc s ca ti nguyn phn mm lun cao hn rt nhiu so vi gi tr ti nguyn phn cng. ng trn phng din h iu hnh, mi cng vic ca h iu hnh u c bt u t mt h thng phn cng sn c v cn h iu hnh nh th no pht huy c hiu qu cao nht ca h thng phn cng . pht huy c hiu qu ca cc ti nguyn phn cng, cn xem xt mt s c trng c bn v nh gi tr ca mi thnh phn trong h thng phn cng nhm mc ch a ra cc chin lc u tin thch ng i vi tng thnh phn khi xy dng hh v cc chng trnh iu khin hot ng h thng. Theo cch tip cn ca h iu hnh cc ti nguyn phn cng in hnh bao gm: B x l trung tm (CPU) B nh (trong v ngoi) H thng vo ra (cc thit b vo ra v cc chng trnh iu khin thit b) Trong cc thit b ni trn, CPU l ti nguyn quan trng nht v n lin quan trc tip n kh nng x l, tnh ton ca h thng, CPU c c trng bi hai yu t l tc x l v di t my. + Tc x l ca CPU c tnh theo tn s xung nhp ng h hoc s lng php tnh c bn c thc hin trong 1 giy. n v o tc c Ngi son: V nh Lm 2 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

tnh theo MHZ (tn s xung nhp ca ng h trong 1 s) hoc MIPS (Milion ) + di t my: S lng bit nh phn ca ton hng trong php tnh c bn ca CPU, trn thc t c cc loi CPU: 8, 16, 32, 64 bits y chnh l di t my ca cc chng loi CPU ny. di t my c quan h mt thit n kh nng s l thng tin ca CPU, chng hn nh mt CPU c di t my l 4 bytes (32 bits) mc d c tc x l thp hn mt CPU c di t my 2 bytes (16bits) nhng kh nng nng x l thng tin ca n s cao hn rt nhiu. Nh vy tng kh nng x l ca CPU chng ta cn c gii php tng c tc x l v di t my. + B nh cng l mt ti nguyn quan trng ca h thng, cc c trng c bn ca b nh l thi gian truy nhp d liu v dung lng b nh B nh thng c phn cp da vo tc truy nhp. B nh c gi l thc hin nu CPU c th thc hin mt cu lnh bt k ghi trong . B nh trong l mt loi b nh thc hin v n thuc quyn qun l ca h thng. Ngoi b nh trong cc h thng my tnh cn tn ti b nh ngoi (b nh ph b nh th hai), thi gian truy nhp b nh ngoi thng lu hn b nh trong. Loi b nh ngoi c s dng ph bin hin nay l: a t, bng t, CDRom. i vi b nh ngoi hh khng quan tm ti vic n l loi lp c nh hay c th thay i m ch quan tm ti hai yu t: loi b nh v phng php truy nhp. Loi b nh ch thit b vt l lu tr d liu, phng php truy nhp lin quan n qu trnh tm kim d liu. Cc thit b m nhn vic chuyn giao th t gia h thng v ngi s dng c gi l cc thit b ngoi vi hoc cc thit b vo ra. Cc thit b ny c gn vo my tnh thng qua cc thit b iu khin to thnh mt knh vo ra. Knh ny c chc nng thay CPU iu khin s trao i thng tin gia b nh trong v cc thit b ngoi. Tt c cc ti nguyn phn cng ni trn c th c khai thc theo nhiu phng php khc nhau nh: Khai thc ng thi, khai thc tun t hoc c th cung cp cho ngi s dng di dng bin i (ti nguyn o ti nguyn logic) Tm li tt c cc thit b v cc chng trnh phn mm u c th coi l ti nguyn ca my tnh. Cc ti nguyn ny c phn loi da trn mc quan trong v cch thc khai thc. V d : Loi ti nguyn c th khai thc mt cch ng thi, loi ti nguyn ch c th khai thc mt cch tun t, loi ti nguyn c cung cp di dng bin i i cht so vi ban u (gi l ti nguyn o) 2. Khi nim h iu hnh H iu hnh l g?

Ngi son: V nh Lm

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Kh c mt khi nim hay nh ngha chnh xc v h iu hnh, v h iu hnh l mt b phn c nhiu i tng khai thc nht, h c th l ngi s dng thng thng, c th l lp trnh vin, c th l ngi qun l h thng v ty theo mc khai thc h iu hnh m h c th a ra nhng khi nim khc nhau v n. y ta xem xt 3 khi nim v h iu hnh da trn quan im ca ngi khai thc h thng my tnh: Khi nim th nht: H iu hnh l mt h thng, m hnh ha, m phng hot ng ca my tnh, ca ngi s dng v lp trnh vin, hot ng trong ch i thoi nhm to mi trng khai thc thun li h thng my tnh v qun l ti u ti nguyn ca h thng. Khi nim th hai: h iu hnh l h thng chng trnh ng vai tr nh giao din gia ngi s dng v phn cng my tnh, n iu khin vic thc hin tt c cc loi chng trnh. Khi nim ny rt gn vi cc h iu hnh ang c s dng.

III. Phn loi h iu hnh A. Cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh

1. Thnh phn qun l tin trnh H iu hnh phi c nhim v to lp tin trnh v a n vo danh sch qun l tin trnh ca h thng. Khi tin trnh kt thc h iu hnh phi loi b tin trnh khi danh sch qun l tin trnh ca h thng. H iu hnh phi cung cp y ti nguyn tin trnh i vo hot ng v phi m bo ti nguyn duy tr s hot ng ca tin trnh cho n khi tin trnh kt thc. Khi tin trnh kt thc h iu hnh phi thu hi nhng ti nguyn m h iu hnh cp pht cho tin trnh. Trong qu trnh hot ng nu v mt l do no tin trnh khng th tip tc hot ng c th h iu hnh phi tm dng tin trnh, thu hi ti nguyn m tin trnh ang chim gi, sau nu iu kin thun li th h iu hnh phi phi ti kch hot tin trnh tin trnh tip tc hot ng cho n khi kt thc. Trong cc h thng c nhiu tin trnh hot ng song song h iu hnh phi gii quyt vn tranh chp ti nguyn gia cc tin trnh, iu phi processor cho cc tin trnh, gip cc tin trnh trao i thng tin v hot ng ng b vi nhau, m bo nguyn tc tt c cc tin trnh c khi to phi c thc hin v kt thc c. 2. Thnh phn qun l b nh chnh B nh chnh l mt trong nhng ti nguyn quan trng ca h thng, y l thit b lu tr duy nht m CPU c th truy xut trc tip c. Cc chng trnh ca ngi s dng mun thc hin c bi CPU th trc ht n phi c h iu hnh np vo b nh chnh, chuyn i cc a ch s dng trong chng trnh thnh nhng a ch m CPU c th truy xut c. Ngi son: V nh Lm 4 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Khi chng trnh, tin trnh c yu cu c np vo b nh th hh phi cp pht khng gian nh cho n. Khi chng trnh, tin trnh kt thc th h iu hnh phi thu hi li khng gian nh cp pht cho chng trnh tin trnh trc . Trong cc h thng a chng hay a tin trnh, trong b nh tng ti nhiu chng trnh, nhiu tin trnh, h iu hnh phi thc hin nhim v bo v cc vng nh cp pht cho cc chng trnh, tin trnh, trnh s vi phm trn cc vng nh ca nhau. 3. Thnh phn qun l b nh ph Khng gian lu tr ca a c chia thnh cc thnh phn c kch thc bng nhau c gi l cc block, khi cn lu tr mt tp tin trn a h iu hnh s cp cho tp tin mt lng va cc block cha ht ni dung ca tp tin. Block cp cho tp tin phi l cc block t do, cha cp cho cc tp tin trc , do o sau khi thc hin mt thao tc cp pht block h iu hnh phi ghi nhn trng thi ca cc block trn a, c bit l cc block cn t do chun b cho qu trnh cp pht block sau ny. Trong qu trnh s dng tp tin ni dung ca tp tin c th thay i (tng hoc gim), do h iu hnh phi t chc cp pht ng cc block cho cc tp tin. ghi/c ni dung ca mt block th trc ht phi nh v u c/ghi n block . Khi chng trnh ca ngi s dng cn c ni dung ca mt dy cc block khng lin tip nhau, th h iu hnh phi chn la nn c block no trc, nn c theo th t no , da vo m h iu hnh di chuyn u c n cc block thch hp, nhm nng cao tc c d liu trn a. Thao tc trn c gi l lp trnh cho a. 4. Thnh phn qun l xut/nhp Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca h iu hnh l gip ngi s dng khai thc h thng my tnh d dng v hiu qu, do cc thao tc trao i thng tin trn thit b xut/ nhp phi trong sut i vi ngi s dng. thc hin c iu ny h iu hnh phi tn ti mt b phn iu khin thit b, b phn ny phi hp cng CPU qun l s hot ng v trao i thng tin gia h thng, chng trnh ngi s dng v ngi s dng vi cc thit b xut/nhp B phn iu khin thit b thc hin nhng nhim v sau: + Gi m iu khin n thit b: H iu hnh phi iu khin cc thit b bng cc m iu khin, do trc khi bt u mt qu trnh trao i d liu vi thit b th h iu hnh phi gi m iu khin n thit b. + Tip nhn yu cu ngt t cc thit b: Cc thit b khi cn trao i vi h thng th n pht ra mt tn hiu yu cu ngt, h iu hnh tip nhn yu cu ngt t thit b, xem xt v thc hin mt th tc p ng yu cu t cc thit b. Ngi son: V nh Lm 5 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

+ Pht hin v x l li: Qu trnh trao i d liu thng xy ra cc li nh: thit b vo/ ra cha sn sng, ng truyn hng do h iu hnh phi to ra cc c ch thch hp pht hin li sm nht v khc phc nhng li va xy ra nu c th. 5. Thnh phn qun l tp tin My tnh c th lu tr thng tin trn nhiu loi thit b lu tr khc nhau, mi thit b li c tnh cht v c ch t chc lu tr thng tin khc nhau, iu ny gy kh khn cho ngi s dng. khc phc iu ny h iu hnh a ra khi nim ng nht cho tt c cc thit b lu tr vt l, l tp tin. Tp tin l n v lu tr c bn nht, mi tp tin c mt tn ring. H iu hnh phi thit lp mi quan h tng ng gia tp tin v thit b lu tr tp tin. Theo khi cn truy xut n thng tin ang lu tr trn bt k thit b lu tr no ngi s dng ch cn truy xut n tp tin tng ng thng qua tn ca n tt c cc vic cn li do h iu hnh thc hin. Trong h thng c nhiu tin trnh ng thi truy xut tp tin th h iu hnh phi to ra nhng c ch thch hp bo v tp tin trch vic ghi c bt hp l trn tp tin . 6. Thnh phn thng dch lnh y l b phn quan trng ca h iu hnh n ng vai tr giao tip gia h iu hnh v ngi s dng. Thnh phn ny chnh l shell m chng ta bit trn. Mt s h iu hnh cha shell trong nhn (kernel) ca n, mt s h iu hnh khc th cha shell c thit k di dng mt chng trnh c bit. 7. Thnh phn bo v h thng Trong mi trng h iu hnh a nhim c th c nhiu tin trnh hot ng ng thi, th mi tin trnh phi c bo v khng b tc ng, c ch hay khng ch ca cc tin trnh khc. Trong mi trng ny h iu hnh cn phi c cc c ch lun m bo rng cc File, Memory, CPU v cc ti nguyn khc m h iu hnh cung cp cho mt chng trnh, tin trnh th ch c chng trnh tin trnh c quyn tc ng n cc thnh phn ny. Nhim v trn thuc thnh phn bo v ca h iu hnh. Thnh phn ny iu khin vic s dng ti nguyn, c bit l ti nguyn dng chung ca cc tin trnh, c bit l cc tin trnh hot ng ng thi vi nhau sao cho khng xy ra s tranh chp ti nguyn gia cc tin trnh hot ng ng thi v khng cho php cc tin trnh truy xut bt hp l ln cc vng nh ca nhau. Ngoi ra cc h iu hnh mng, cc h iu hnh phn tan hin nay cn c thm thnh phn kt ni mng v truyn thng.

Ngi son: V nh Lm

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 p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng v chng trnh ngi s dng cc nhim v ca hh c thit k di dng cc dch v. Thi hnh chng trnh: h iu hnh phi c nhim v np chng trnh ca ngi s dng vo b nh, chun b y cc iu kin v ti nguyn chng trnh c th chy c v kt thc c, c th kt thc bnh thng hoc kt thc do b li. Khi chng trnh kt thc h iu hnh phi thu hi ti nguyn cp cho chng trnh v ghi li cc thng tin m chng trnh thay i trong qu trnh chay (nu c) Thc hin cc thao tc xut nhp d liu: Khi chng trnh chy n c th yu cu xut nhp d liu t mt tp tin hoc t mt thit b xut nhp no , trong trng hp ny h iu hnh phi h tr vic xut nhp d liu cho chng trnh, np d liu m chng trnh cn vo b nh. Thc thi tao tc trn h thng tp tin: H iu hnh cn cung cp cc cng c chng trnh d dng thc hin cc thao tc c ghi trn cc tp tin, cc thao tc ny phi thc s an ton, c bit l trong mi trng a nhim. Trao i thng tin gia cc tin trinh: Trong mi trng h iu hnh a nhim vi nhiu tin trnh hot ng ng thi vi nhau, mi tin trnh c th trao i thng tin vi nhiu tin trnh khc, h iu hnh phi cung cp cc dch v cn thit cc tin trnh c th trao i thng tin vi nhau v phi hp cng nhau hon thnh mt tc v no . Pht hin v xa l li: h iu hnh phi c cc cng c chnh h iu hnh v h iu hnh gip chng trnh ca ngi s dng pht hin cc li do h thng(CPU, Memory, I/O driver, Program) pht sinh. H iu hnh cng phi a ra cc dch v x l cc li sao cho hiu qu nht. B. Phn loi h iu hnh Da trn phng thc hot ng iu khin, qun l ti nguyn chng ta c th phn loi h iu hnh nh sau: - H iu hnh n nhim v h iu hnh a nhim: H iu hnh n nhim l h iu hnh m ti mi thi im ch c th iu hnh hot ng ca mt chng trnh. Khi mt chng trnh c np vo b nh th n s chim dng ton b ti nguyn ca h thng dn n khng th thc hin c mt chng trnh no khc khi chng trnh ny cha kt thc. H iu hnh a nhim: l h iu hnh cho php thc hin nhiu chng trnh cng mt thi im. Ti nguyn trong ch hot ng ny c chia s cho cc chng trnh dn n cn phi m bo tt tnh bnh ng trong vn phn phi ti nguyn. - H iu hnh n chng trnh v h iu hnh a chng trnh: H iu hnh n chng trnh l: ti mi thi im ch cho php mt ngi s dng lm vic

Ngi son: V nh Lm

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H iu hnh a chng trnh l: ti mi thi im cho php nhiu ngi s dng cng lm vic. - H iu hnh chia s thi gian v h iu hnh thi gian thc Trong h iu hnh chia s thi gian mt cng vic lun lun thc hin cc tin trnh v mt tin trnh c th ri vo trng thi ch i khi cha c phn b CPU. Cn trong h iu hnh thi gian thc tin trnh c np vo h thng bt k thi im no u c phn b gi CPU. - H iu hnh tp trung v h iu hnh phn tn H iu hnh tp trung c ci t trn h thng my ch ca mng n u hnh thnh mi thao tc, x l, tnh ton ti cc my tram. H iu hnh phn tn gm hai thnh phn c ci t trn my ch v my trm ca mng. H iu hnh my ch chi trch nhim cung ng dch v, qun l h thng v thc hin cc thao tc x l chung, h iu hnh my trm c th thc hin cc thao tc x l ring. Cu hi n tp chng I : Cu 1. Nu lch s pht trin v khi nim nguyn l h iu hnh ? Cu II. C my loi h iu hnh? Nu ni dung ca tng loi. Cu III. Th no l ti nguyn h thng? Cu IV. Nu cc thnh phn ca h iu hnh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chng II. Qun l tin trnh

I. Cc khi nim c bn
1. Khi nim tin trnh
h tr hot ng a nhim, h thng my tnh cn phi c kh nng thc hin nhiu tc v x l ng thi nhng vic iu khin hot ng song hnh cp phn cng l rt kh khn. V vy cc nh thit k h iu hnh sut mt m hnh song hnh gi lp bng cch chuyn i b x l qua li gia cc chng trnh duy tr hot ng ca nhiu chng trnh ti cng mt thi im. Trong m hnh ny, cc chng trnh trong h thng c t chc thnh cc tin trnh (process) Nh vy c th coi tin trnh l mt chng trnh ang x l, n s hu mt con tr lnh, tp cc thanh ghi v cc bin. hon thnh nhim v ca mnh, cc tin trnh c th cn yu cu mt ti nguyn h thng nh: CPU, b nh v cc thit b. Chng ta cn phn bit r hai khi nim chng trnh v tin trnh. Chng trnh l mt thc th th ng cha ng cc ch th iu khin my tnh thi hnh mt tc v c th no . Khi cho thc hin cc ch th ny, Ngi son: V nh Lm 8 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

chng trnh c chuyn thnh tin trnh l mt thc th hot ng, vi con tr lnh xc nh ch th k tip s thi hnh km theo cc tp ti nguyn phc v cho hot ng ca tin trnh

2. Cc trng thi ca mt tin trnh

Trng thi tin trnh ti mi thi im c xc nh bi hot ng hin thi ca tin trnh ti thi im . Trong sut khong thi gian tn ti trong h thng, mt tin trnh c th thay i trng thi do rt nhiu nguyn nhn nh: ch i s kin no xy ra, i mt thao tc vao/ra hon tt, ht thi gian x l Ti mi thi im tin trnh c th nhn mt trong cc trng thi sau: - Khi to (new): Tin trnh ang c to lp - Sn sng (Ready): Tin trnh ch c cp pht CPU x l - Thc hin (Running): Tin trnh c x l - i (Waiting): Tin trnh phi dng v thiu ti nguyn hoc ch mt s kin no - Kt thc () : Tin trnh hon tt cng vic x l Cc trng thi ca tin trnh c biu din qua s sau:

New

Ready

Running

Halt

Waitting (Hnh 2.1. Cc trng thi ca mt tin trnh) H iu hnh qun l hot ng ca cc tin trnh trong h thng thng qua khi m t tin trnh PCB. Khi m t tin trnh bao gm cc thnh phn: - S th t ca tin trnh - Con tr trng thi ca tin trnh - Vng nh lu tr gi tr cc thanh ghi m tin trnh ang s dng - Thng tin v ti nguyn tin trnh ang s dng hoc c php s dng

3. Quan h gia cc tin trnh

Cc tin trnh hot ng trong h thng tn ti hai mi quan h: c lp, hp tc (song hnh) Ngi son: V nh Lm 9 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

 Quan h c lp : Tin trnh c gi l c lp nu hot ng ca n khng gy nh hng hoc khng b nh hng bi cc tin trnh khc cng ang hot ng ca h thng. Tin trnh c lp c nhng c trng sau: - trng thi ca n khng b chia s vi bt k tin trnh no khc - Vic thc hin tin trnh l n nh (kt qu ch ph thuc vo u vo) - Tin trnh c th ti hin (lp li) - Tin trnh c th dng hoc bt u li m khng gy nh hng ti cc tin trnh khc trong h thng. Quan h hp tc Tin trnh c gi l hp tc (song hnh) nu hot ng ca n gy nh hng hoc b nh hng bi cc tin trnh khc cng ang hot ng trong h thng. Tin trnh hp tc c nhng c trng sau: - Trng thi ca n b chia s cho cc tin trnh khc - Vic thc hin tin trnh khng n nh (kt qu ph thuc dy thc hin tng ng v khng d bo trc) - Tin trnh khng th ti hin 4. Khi nim v ti nguyn gng 4.1. Khi nim v ti nguyn gng Trong mi trng h iu hnh a nhim - a chng trnh - a ngi s dng vic chia s ti nguyn cho cc tin trnh ca ngi s dng dng chung l cn thit, nhng nu h iu hnh khng t chc tt vic s dng ti nguyn dng chung ca cc tin trnh hot ng ng thi, th khng nhng khng mang li hiu qu khai thc ti nguyn ca h thng m cn lm hng d liu ca cc ng dng. V nguy him hn l vic hng d liu ny c th h iu hnh v cc ng dng khng th pht hin c. Vic hng d liu ca cc ng dng c th lm sai lch ngha thit k ca n. y l iu m c h iu hnh v ngi lp trnh u khng mong mun. Cc tin trnh hot ng ng thi thng cnh tranh vi nhau trong vic s dng ti nguyn dng chung. Hai tin trnh hot ng ng thi cng ghi vo mt khng gian nh chung (mt bin chung) trn b nh hay hai tin trnh ng thi cng ghi d liu vo mt file chia s, l nhng biu hin ca s cnh tranh ca vic s dng ti nguyn dng chung ca cc tin trnh. cc tin trnh hot ng ng thi khng cnh tranh hay xung t vi nhau khi s dng ti nguyn dng chung h iu hnh phi t chc cho cc tin trnh ny c c quyn truy xut/ s dng trn cc ti nguyn dng chung ny. Nhng ti nguyn c h iu hnh chia s cho nhiu tin trnh hot ng ng thi dng chung m c nguy c dn n s tranh chp gia cc tin trnh ny khi s dng chng c gi l ti nguyn gng. Ti nguyn Ngi son: V nh Lm 10 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

gng c th l ti nguyn phn cng hoc ti nguyn phn mn, c th l ti nguyn phn chia c hoc khng phn chia c, nhng a s thng l ti nguyn phn chia c nh l: cc bin chung, cc file chia s. 4.2. Khi nim v on gng: Trong cc tin trnh ng thi, c tc ng n cc ti nguyn c th tr thnh ti nguyn gng c gi l on gng hay min gng.

II. Hin tng b tc

1. Cc khi nim c bn
1.1.Khi nim v b tc Gi s c hai tin trnh P1 v P2 song hnh s dng cc ti nguyn r1 v r2 c iu khin bi hai n tn hiu s1 v s2. Ti mi thi im ti nguyn ch phc v cho hot ng ca mt tin trnh. Xt trng thi sau: P1 Wait (S1) Wait (S2) Thi im t1 t2 t3 t4 P2 Wait(S2) Wait(S1)

Nhn xt: Ti v d trn, sau thi im t3, tin trnh P1 ri vo trng thi ch ti nguyn r2 ang c p2 s dng. Sau thi im t4 tin trnh p2 ri vo trng thi ch ti nguyn r1 ang c tin trnh p1 s dng v bt u t y c hai tin trnh ri vo trng thi ch i v hn v h thng gp b tc. Nh vy b tc l trng thi khi hai hoc nhiu tin trnh cng ch i mt s s kin no v nu khng c tc ng c bit t bn ngoi th s ch i l v hn. 1.2. iu kin xy ra b tc trong h thng Hin tng b tc xy ra khi v ch khi trong h thng tn ti 4 iu kin sau: - C ti nguyn gng - C hin tng gi v i : C mt tin trnh ang gi mt s ti nguyn v i ti nguyn b xung ang c gi bi tin trnh khc. - Khng c h thng phn phi li ti nguyn: Vic s dng ti nguyn khng b ngt. - C hin tng ch i vng trn 2. Cc bin php phng trnh b tc 2.1.Ngn nga b tc

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 phng nga b tc, cn m bo sao cho 4 iu kin gy b tc khng xy ra ng thi: 2.1.1. Loi b ti nguyn gng M phng ti nguyn gng bng cc ti nguyn c th dng chung c. 2.1.2. Loi b yu t gi v i Thc hin phn b trc ti nguyn: Tin trnh ch c th thc hin khi mi ti nguyn m n yu cu c phn b . Tin trnh ch c php i ti nguyn khi n khng gi ti nguyn no c. Nu tin trnh phi i th mi ti nguyn m n ang gi phi tm thi gii phng 2.1.3. Xy dng h thng ngt ti nguyn H thng ngt ti nguyn c th c xy dng theo hai phng php - Phng php th nht: Nu tin trnh ang gi mt s ti nguyn v yu cu ti nguyn b xung, nhng h thng khng th phn b ngay th mi ti nguyn m tin trnh ang gi s b ngt v c b xung vo danh sch cc ti nguyn t do. Tin trnh s c bt u li khi n c phn b cc ti nguyn cn thit. - Phng php th hai: Nu tin trnh ang gi mt s ti nguyn v yu cu ti nguyn b xung nhng h thng khng th phn b ngay, khi h thng s kim tra ti nguyn m tin trnh yu cu c b gi bi cc tin trnh khc cng ang i hay khng. Nu c th ngt cc tin trnh ny, thu hi li ti nguyn phn b cho tin trnh yu cu, ngc li tin trnh yu cu phi i v trong khi i ti nguyn hin c ca n cng c th b ngt khi c tin trnh khc yu cu. Tin trnh s c bt u li khi n c phn b ti nguyn yu cu v ti to li cc ti nguyn b ngt. 2.1.4. Loi b yu t ch i vng trn Yu t ch i vng trn c th c loi b bng cch sp xp th t cc ti nguyn, mi ti nguyn r c gn mt s th t f(r). - Phng php th nht: Tin trnh gi ti nguyn ri ch c php i ti nguyn rj khi f(ri) < f(rj) - Phng php th hai: Tin trnh ang gi ti nguyn ri, mun i ti nguyn rj th phi gii phng cc ti nguyn ri tha mn iu kin f(ri) > f(rj) 2.2. D bo v trnh b tc Nguyn tc chung ca d bo v trnh b tc l mi ln phn b ti nguyn cho cc tin trnh th h thng s kim tra xem vic phn b c y h thng vo tnh trng b tc hay khng. Nu c th tm cch gii quyt trc khi b tc xy ra.

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Cu hi n tp chng II Cu I. Trnh by khi nim v tin trnh v mi quan h gia cc tin trnh? Cu II. Trnh by khi nim v ti nguyn gng, on gng? Cu III. Nu khi nim v b tc, v cc iu khin xy ra b tc trong h?

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Chng III. Qun l b nh

A. Qun l b nh trong
I. Cc khi nim c bn
1.Yu cu ca qun l b nh trong B nh l thit b lu tr duy nht m qua CPU c th trao i thng tin vi mi trng bn ngoi. Do vy nhu cu t chc qun l b nh l mt trong nhng nhim v c bn hng u ca h iu hnh. B nh c t chc nh mng mt chiu cc t nh, mi t nh c mt a ch. Vic trao i thng tin vi mi trng bn ngoi c thc hin thng qua cc thao tc c/ghi d liu vo mt a ch c th no trong b nh. H iu hnh chi trch nhim cp pht khng gian nh cho cc tin trnh khi c yu cu. thc hin tt nhim v ny h iu hnh cn phi xem xt mt s kha cnh sau: - S tng tc gia a ch logic v a ch vt l: Lm th no chuyn mt a ch logic thnh mt a ch vt l. - Qun l b nh vt l bao gm: Phn b khng gian nh cho cc tin trnh hot ng, thu hi khng gian nh khi tin trnh kt thc, qun l c khng gian nh t do - Chia s thng tin: Cho php cc tin trnh ang hot ng trong b nh c th chia s thng tin vi nhau. - Bo v b nh: Ngn chn cc tin trnh xm phm n vng nh c cp pht cho tin trnh khc 2. Qu trnh sinh a ch (gn a ch) Thng thng mt chng trnh c lu tr trn cc thit b nh ngoi nh mt tp tin nh phn c th x l. thc hin chng trnh chng ta cn np n vo b nh to lp cc tin trnh tng ng v x l. Cc a ch trong chng trnh ngun l a ch tng i, v th mt chng trnh khi thc hin s phi tri qua nhiu giai on x l chuyn i cc a ch tng i thnh cc a ch tuyt i trong b nh. Lm r hn v vn ny chng ta xt quy trnh thc hin mt chng trnh trn my tnh qua s sau: Ngi son: V nh Lm 13 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Chng trnh ngn ng bc cao Chng trnh ngn ng my Cc Modul chng trnh Lin kt cc Modul Thc hin

Hnh 3.1. Qu trnh sinh a ch Trong qu trnh dch cc bin ngoi c chuyn i thnh cc bin trong. H thng s phn phi khng gian nh v gn a ch cho cc bin (a ch xc nh mi quan h gia khng gian nh v cc bin) cc a ch y c gi l a ch tng i - a ch logic (v n cha c gn vi mt a ch c th no) Chng trinh link s mc ni cc modul thnh mt chng trnh hon chnh, c th thc hin c theo mt nguyn tc chung. Khi thc hin chng trnh c np vo mt b nh c th. Cc a ch tng i s c nh x ti mt a ch tuyt i - a ch vt l xc nh sao cho ph hp vi mi trng. Thao tc ny c gi l nh v chng trnh. T y chng ta c cc khi nim: - a ch logic - a ch tng i: l a ch do h thng to ra v c cp pht cho cc bin khi dch chng trnh. - a ch vt l - a ch tuyt i: L a ch c th trong b nh c cp pht cho cc bin khi thc hin chng trnh.

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- B nh logic: L tp hp tt c cc a ch logic pht sinh khi dch chng trnh. - B nh vt l: L tp hp tt c cc a ch vt l tng ng vi cc a ch logic khi thc hin chng trnh. - Ch lp trnh trong b nh thc: Cn phi xc nh trc kch thc b nh logic khng vt qu kch thc b nh vt l. - Ch lp trnh trong b nh o: Kch thc b nh logic khng ph thuc kch thc b nh vt l. Ch : - thc hin vic chuyn i a ch logic thnh a ch vt l vo thi im x l, cc h iu hnh s dng mt c ch phn cng l MMU - Chng trnh ca ngi s dng ch thao tc trn cc a ch logic ch khng thao tc vi cc a ch vt l. a ch vt l ch c xc nh khi thc hin truy xut d liu. II. Cc cu trc c bn ca chng trnh C nhiu phng php t chc chng trnh b nh trong thc hin. Cc phng php ny khc nhau kiu nh v chng trnh trong b nh v thi im thc hin php nh x a ch tng i thnh a ch tuyt i V d: - Nu ti thi im bin dch c th bit v tr m chng trnh s c nh v vo b nh th trnh bin dch c th pht sinh ngay m vi cc a ch tuyt i. Tuy nhin nu sau ny c s thay i v tr nh v th s phi bin dch li chng trnh. - Nu ti thi im bin dch m cha bit v tr nh v, trnh bin dch s pht sinh m tng i. Khi np chng trnh cc a ch tng i mi c nh x ti cc a ch tuyt i. Nh vy, nu thay i v tr nh v, h thng ch cn np li chng trnh v tnh ton li cc a ch tuyt i m khng cn phi bin dch li. - Nu c nhu cu di chuyn chng trnh t vng nh ny sang vng nh khc trong qu trnh x l th thi im nh x a ch tng i thnh a ch tuyt i b tr hon n tn thi im x l v cn phi s dng c ch phn cng c bit. Cu trc mt chng trnh th hin cch qun l b nh logic va cho ta thy hnh nh ca chng trnh b nh vt l khi thc hin. Mi chng trnh c th c cc dng cu trc sau: cu trc tuyn tnh, cu trc ng, cu trc Overlay, cu trc phn on, cu trc phn trang. Ch : Mi chng trnh c th chia thnh nhiu modul. Cc modul c th ging v khc nhau v cu trc.

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1. Cu trc tuyn tnh L cu trc m sau khi bin dch, cc modul c tp hp thnh mt chng trnh hon thin, cha y mi thng tin c th thc hin (tr d liu vo); Mi bin ngoi u c gn a ch c th. Khi thc hin ch cn nh v chng trnh mt ln vo b nh. M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

Hnh 3.2 Cu trc tuyn tnh - u im: n gin, d t chc bin dch v nh v, thi gian thc hin nhanh v mi cng vic chun b u c thc hin trc, h thng khng cn phi bin tp thm, khng mt thi gian tm kim v np modul chng trnh (tr d liu vo). Ngi ta thng ly thi gian thc hin chng trnh trong cu trc n y lm chun nh gi, so snh cc phng php t chc khc nhau. Ngoi ra, chng trnh cu trc tuyn tnh c tnh lu ng cao, d dng sao chp chng trnh ti h thng khc c cng tp lnh m vn duy tr kh nng thc hin. - Nhc im: Cu trc tuyn tnh lng ph b nh, mc lng ph t l vi kch thc chng trnh. iu ny gy kh khn trong thc t l chng trnh cng ln, ngi s dng cng phi tit kim b nh. 2. Cu trc ng Trong cu trc ng, cc modul chng trnh c bin tp mt cch ring bit. Khi thc hin chng trnh, h thng ch cn nh v modul gc. Trong qu trnh thc hin, cn ti modul no ( ng k vi h thng thc hin) th h thng cp pht khng gian nh v np tip modul . Khi hot ng xong th gii phng modul khi b nh, thu hi khng gian nh. M0 M0 M0 M0 M1 M3 M5 Hnh 3.3 Cu trc ng Ngi son: V nh Lm 16 http://www.ebook.edu.vn M2 M4

- u im Nu qun l b nh v t chc tt chng trnh s tit kim b nh, kch thc b nh khng ph thuc vo kch thc chng trnh. - Nhc im Trong cu trc ny, trch nhim np v xa cc modul do ngi s dng m nhim, do cc cu lnh np, xa phi c nu ngay trong chng trnh ngun. Dn n kch thc chng trnh ngun ln v ngi s dng cn phi nm vng cu trc chng trnh v cc cng c iu khin b nh ca h thng. Ngoi ra do phi n nh trnh t nh v modul ngay trong chng trnh ngun nn chng trnh ngun c cu trc ng s ph thuc vo version ca h thng. 3. Cu trc Overlay Trong cu trc Overlay cc modul chng trnh sau khi bin dch c chia thnh cc mc sau: Mc 0: Mc cha modul gc np chng trnh Mc 1: Cha cc modul c gi bi 0 Mc 2: Cha cc modul c gi bi 1 . Mc i: Cha cc modul c gi b i-1 B nh dnh cho chng trnh cng c chia thnh cc modul tng ng vi cc mc chng trnh. Kch thc mi mc trong b nh bng kch thc modul ln nht ca mc chng trnh tng ng. M0 (80 KB) M1 (50 KB) M3 (50 KB) M2 (90 KB) M4 (100 KB) M5 (70 KB) Mc 0: 80 KB

Mc 1: 90 KB Mc 2: 100 KB

Hnh 3.4 Cu trc Overlay Chng trnh ngun c vit v bin dch nh cc cu trc khc to thnh cc modul chng trnh (cc modul ny khng cha cc lnh giao tip vi h iu hnh). to chng trnh cu trc Overlay, ngi s dng cn cung cp thng tin v cc mc cho trnh bin dch thng qua s Overlay (Trong h iu hnh Dos cc file ny c phn m rng l OVL). Modul gc c lu tr trong mt file chng trnh ring.

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Khi thc hin chng trnh, modul gc c nh v vo b nh nh chng trnh c cu trc tuyn tnh. Cn ti modul no h thng s tm kim trong s n Overlay v np vo b nh mc tng ng. Thnh phn h thng duy tr hot ng ca Overlay l Supervision Overlay. Khi np modul mi vo mt mc b nh c s dng, cc modul ang tn ti trong s b xa. c th s dng li cc modul c sau ny, h thng phi ghi tm n vo mt file tm thi b nh ngoi. Khi cn np vo modul no, trc ht Supervision Overlay s tm kim trong file tm thi. Vic to file tm thi l khng cn thit vi cc modul vao/ra nhiu ln hoc cc modul khng thay i. V khng th d bo trc khi cn th gi modul no nn Supervision Overlay phi nm thng tr trong b nh. iu ny ng nhim s lm gim hiu qu ca cc bin php ti u b nh. Trong cu trc Overlay, thng thng ngi ta khng xt ti cc li gi ng mc (tc la mt modul c li gi mt modul khc cng mc). Vic gi ng mc gy kh khn v modul gi c th b ph trc khi modul c gi nh v xong trong b nh. Mt s Overlay hp l ni chung khng th xut hin cc li gi ng mc, x l cc li gi ng mc, chng trnh bin dch phi to ra thm mt bng thng tin iu khin v da vo Supervison Overlay mi bit c cc modul gi v c gi. u im: Cu trc Overlay c tnh cht nh v ng cho nn cho php s dng b nh nhiu hn phn b nh m h thng dnh cho chng trnh. Mc d qu trnh nh v c tin hnh trong thi im thc hin chng trnh nhng nhn chung cu trc chng trnh vn mang tnh cht tnh, n khng thay i trong tt c cc ln thc hin chng trnh. + So vi cu trc ng th cu trc Overlay i hi ngi s dng cung cp nhng thng tin n gin v quan trng nht l khng gn c nh cu trc vo chng trnh ngun. + Nu ngi s dng xy dng c s Overlay tt v cc modul c di khng qu ln th hiu qu ca cu trc ny khng km g so vi cu trc ng. Chnh v vy, cc chng trnh ng dng phn ln u c cu trc Overlay. Nhc im: Cu trc Overlay vn yu cu ngi s dng cung cp thng tin ph (Mc d ch l thng tin n gin). Hiu qu tit kim b nh vn ph thuc cch t chc, b tr cc modul ca chng trnh. Ch cn mt vi modul c kch thc ln cc mc Overlay khc nhau th hiu qu s dng b nh s gim hn. + Do cu trc chng trnh l tnh nn c b xung thm b nh t do th hiu qu s dng chng trnh ca h thng cng khng thay i.

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4. Cu trc phn on Chng trnh ca ngi s dng c bin dch thnh tng modul c lp. Thng tin v cc modul c cha trong mt bng iu khin gi l bng qun l on (SCB). Trong bng qun l on cn cha cc thng tin tr gip vic nh v cc modul vo b nh. Khi thc hin chng trnh, h thng s da vo bng qun l on np cc modul cn thit vo trong b nh cho ti khi ht kh nng. Nu cn np cc modul mi nhng thiu b nh th h thng s a bt ra ngoi nhng modul c kh nng khng s dng na. u im: Cu trc ny khng yu cu ngi s dng phi khai bo thm thng tin, mi cng vic u do h iu hnh m nhim v khi dung lng b nh tng th tc thc hin chng trnh cng tng. Nhc im: Hiu qu s dng b nh ph thuc vo cch phn chia chng trnh thnh cc modul c lp. Cng nh cu trc Overlay , cu trc phn on ch cn tn ti mt vi modul c di ln th hiu qu s dng b nh s b gim mt cch nh k. Mt khc, chng trnh c cu trc phn on ch p dng c khi b nh qun l theo kiu phn on. 5. Cu trc phn trang Chng trnh c bin dch nh cu trc tuyn tnh, sau c phn chia thnh cc phn bng nhau gi l trang. Thng tin v cc trang c cha trong mt bng iu khin gi l bng qun l trang (PCB). Mi phn t trong bng qun l trang tng ng vi mt trang trong chng trnh ca ngi s dng. Khi thc hin, h thng s da vo bng qun l trang np cc trang cn thit vo b nh. u im: Cu trc phn trang pht huy c hiu qu s dng ca b nh. Nhc im: chng trnh ch p dng i vi b nh c qun l theo kiu phn trang. III. Cc s qun l b nh 1. S phn hoch c nh B nh c chia thnh n phn, khng nht thit bng nhau v mi phn c s dng nh mt b nh c lp gi l mt phn hoch. Mi phn hoch c th np c mt chng trnh v t chc thc hin mt cch ng thi. Nh vy, trn l thuyt nu c n phn hoch th c th np c n chng trnh v thc hin mt cch ng thi (n c gi l h s song song ca h thng). Vi mi phn hoch c coi nh mt b nh c lp, nn mi chng trnh s c mt khng gian nh t do ring. Chng trnh c np vo phn hoch no th s cho n khi kt thc. Ngi son: V nh Lm 19 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Mi phn hoch s c gn vi mt s lp phc v, chng trnh khi nh v vo b nh cng c phn lp theo khai bo ca ngi s dng. Mi phn hoch ch phc v cc chng trnh thuc lp mnh qun l. Nh vy, chng ta c th trnh c trng hp nh v chng trnh nh vo vng nh ln, trnh lng ph b nh. sa i cu trc ca phn hoch cn phi np li h iu hnh nhng trnh mt thng tin chng ta phi ch cho ti khi cc chng trnh kt thc. Cng c mt s cng c cho php kt hp mt s phn hoch lin k thnh mt phn hoch c cu trc ln hn m thng tin cc phn hoch khc vn c bo ton. H iu hnh 150 KB Phn hoch 1 (250 Kb) Chng trnh 1 (200 Kb)

Khng s dng 50 Kb Phn hoch 2 (100 Kb) Khng s dng Phn hoch 3 (200 Kb) Chng trnh 2 (130 Kb) Khng s dng 70Kb Hnh 3.5 B nh phn hoch c nh u im: S phn hoch c nh n gin, d t chc, gim thi gian tm kim Nhc im: + Nu kch thc chng trnh nh hn kch thc phn hoch cha n th phn b nh cn tha s khng s dng c. Hin tng ny gi l phn hoch ni v, n dn ti trng hp tng b nh t do cng ln nhng khng s dng c, do khng tn dng ht kh nng b nh, gy lng ph b nh Ngi son: V nh Lm 20 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

+ Chng trnh s khng thc hin c nu kch thc ca n ln hn kch thc ca phn hoch c nh 2.S phn hoch ng u im: Tn dng c khng gian nh t do (nu kch thc chng trnh nh th h s song song cao, kch thc chng trnh ln, th h s song song gim). Mt khc cc modul iu khin b nh khng phi sao chp nhiu ni ging nh s phn hoch c nh Nhc im: Khng gy ra hin tng phn on ni vi nhng li xut hin hin tng phn on ngoi vi v sau mt khong thi gian hot ng, cc chng trnh c b tr ri rc khp ni trong b nh v b nh t do c xu hng b chia thnh nhiu phn, chng trnh c kch thc nh li c np vo phn hoch c kch thc ln hn va c gii phng. Do , h thng vn qun l y nhng khng s dng c. khc phc hin tng ny cn phi b tr li b nh. + Tm thi im thch hp dng chng trnh ang hot ng + a mt s, hoc ton b chng trnh ang hot ng cng trng thi ca n ra b nh ngoi, tr li khng gian nh cho h thng. + Ti nh v cc chng trnh v khi phc trng thi hot ng Ch : Thi im thch hp dng chng trnh l thi im m cc gi tr c tnh ton xong v lu vo b nh hoc thanh ghi. Ch c thi im ny chng ta mi c th thc hin cng vic lu v phc hi trng thi chng trnh c. Do vic a chng trnh ra, nh v li v phc hi trng thi phc tp nn c th khng cn a tt c cc chng trnh ra b nh ngoi. Khi mt chng trnh c a ra , b nh cp pht cho n c gii phng v c kh nng mc phn on b nh gim. Qua trnh ny s dng khi h s phn on b nh t mc an ton. Vic ti nh v chng trnh phc tp hn nhiu so vi nh v ban u v trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh c th to ra cc cu lnh mi v d liu. H thng cn phi phn bit u l d liu tnh (Khng ph thuc vo v tr b nh) u l d liu ng (Ph thuc vo v tr b nh) 3. S hon i (Swapping) S hon i da trn nguyn tc mt chng trnh trng thi ch i trong mt khong thi gian tng i di s c tm thi chuyn ra b nh ngoi (swap out) gii phng vng nh cp pht cho chng trnh khc hot ng. Khi chng trnh kt thc trng thi ch, n s c np li b nh trong (swap in) tip tc thc hin.

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H iu hnh

Vng nh dnh cho ngi s dng

Chng trnh 1 Chng trnh 1

Hnh 3.6 S Swapping Ch : Khi chng trnh c np tr li b nh c th xy ra hai trng hp: Nu qu trnh nh x a ch logic thanh a ch vt l c thc hin vo thi im np chng trnh th chng trnh cn c cp pht li ng vng nh m n chim gi trc . Nu qu trnh nh x c thc hin vo thi im x l th c th np li chng trnh vo mt vng nh bt k. S Swapping cn s dng mt b nh ngoi (Thng l a t), b nh ny phi ln lu tr cc chng trnh hon i v phi cho php h thng truy nhp trc tip n cc chng trnh ny. Trong cc h Swapping, cn phi quan tm ti thi gian chuyn i gia cc tc v. Mi chng trnh cn c cp pht gi CPU ln khng thy r s chm tr do cc thao tc Swap gy ra. Nu khng, h thng s dng phn ln thi gian chuyn i cc chng trnh vo/ra b nh trong, nh vy gi CPU c s dng khng hiu qu. Trong s t chc ny cng gy hin tng phn on b nh, do phi s dng k thut dn b nh loi b hin tng phn mnh ngoi vi. 4. S phn on Cc s phn hoch c nh v phn hoch ng khng p ng c khi kch thc chng trnh ln hn kch thc b nh vt l. Ngoi ra, h s tch cc ca cc byte trong b nh cng khng c ng u (Cc byte c gi l tch cc nu ni dung ca n c s dng thc hin cc cu lnh trong thi im quan st). S qun l b nh tt l s c cc byte tch cc ln. V ngi s dng khng cn quan tm ti chng trnh ca h c b tr trong b nh nh th no (lin tc hay khng lin tc) nn trong s phn on, cc modul chng trnh c bin dch mt cch ring bit. Thng tin v cc modul chng trnh c cha trong bng qun l on SCB Ngi son: V nh Lm 22 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

(Segment Control Block). Mi phn t trong SCB tng ng vi mt Modul ca chng trnh v c c trng bi 3 trng tin: - Du hiu D: Cho bit modul c np vo b nh hay cha (D=0 nu modul cha c np, D=1 ngc li). - a ch A: a ch ca vng nh s c nh v modul. - di L: Cho bit kch thc ca modul. Ban u ch c L v D c gi tr. SCB c xy dng ngay t khi bin dch chng trnh. Khi thc hin, SCB c np vo b nh, a ch u c a vo thanh ghi Rs. a ch truy nhp d liu c biu din bi cp (s,d) trong s l s hiu modul cn truy nhp, d l a ch tng i tnh t u Segment. truy nhp ti mt d liu cn phi thc hin qua hai bc: Bc 1: H thng ly thanh ghi Rs cng vi s tm c phn t th s trong SCB. Nu trng hp du hiu D = 0 (modul cha c np vo b nh) th h thng lm th tc np modul vo b nh, xin cp pht khng gian nh theo kch thc L, tm modul b nh ngoi v nh v vo vng nh c cp pht, sa li ni dung trng a ch A n ch ti modul th s. Nu khng tm c modul, h thng s bo li v ngng thc hin. Nu trng du hiu D = 1 (modul np vo b nh), h thng s thc hin bc tip theo. Bc 2: H thng ly ni dung trng a ch A cng vi d v truy nhp ti b nh theo a ch va tnh c c/ghi d liu. 5. S phn trang: Trong s phn trang th b nh chng trnh v b nh vt l c chia thnh cc phn bng nhau gi l trang. b nh vt l cc trang c nh s th t l 0,1,2, gi l a ch trang, nh vy trang l n v dng phn phi b nh. S trang ca b nh vt l ph thuc vo kch thc trang v kch thc ca b nh(thng l xc inh) cn s trang ca b nh chng trnh ph thuc vo kch thc ca chng trnh(c th ty ). Thng thng to iu kin thun li cho x l, ngi ta thng t kch thc trang l luy tha ca 2. Page 0 Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4

Hnh 3.7- Cc trng thi chng trnh

Page 0 Page 1 Page 2

Hnh 3.8- B nh vt l v nh x cc trang chng trnh

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Mi trang c biu din bi mt cp (p,d) trong : p l s hiu trang v d l a ch tng i tnh t u trang. Khi thc hin chng trnh h thng xy dng mt bng qun l trang (page control block - PCB) xc lp mi quan h gia trang vt l v trang logic. Mi phn t trong bng qun l trang tng ng vi mt trang logic v c c trng bi hai trng tin: Du hiu D: Cho bit trang c np vo b nh hay cha (D=1 np, D=0 cha np). - a ch Ap: L a ch vt l cha trang logic p ang xt. Nu D = 0 th Ap c th cha thng tin cn thit tm trang b nh ngoi. a ch ca bng qun l trang c cha trong thanh ghi qun l trang Rp. truy nhp ti d liu cn qua hai bc: - Bc 1: H thng ly ni dung thanh ghi Rp cng vi p truy nhp ti phn t th p trong bng qun l trang (tng ng vi trang p). Nu D = 0 (trang cha c np vo b nh) th h thng s np trang vo b nh. Khi D = 1 v trng a ch Ap s cha a ch trang trong b nh vt l. - Bc 2: H thng ly a ch trang Ap ghp vi d to ra a ch vt l ca d liu a vo v truy nhp ti a ch va tnh c c/ghi d liu. u im: S phn trang lm tng tc truy cp b nh (so vi s phn on th bc 2, php cng c thay th bng php ghp). Mt khc s khng b hin tng phn on b nh (V kch thc trang logic v vt l khc nhau). Nu cn b nh t do th kch thc phi chn trang, do bao gi cng ch a trang mi vo. Tnh trng b nh ch thc s xy ra khi tt c cc trng thi vt l c s dng ht. Nhc im: S phn trang cn c thit b vt l h tr vic nh v trang v mi trang chng trnh khng phi l mt modul hon chnh nn khng th bin i a ch v t nh v theo a ch u. Do , vic nh v trang phi c s h tr ca cc cng c ngoi. Ch : S phn trang m bo h s song song cao cho h thng, kch thc chng trnh v d liu ni chung khng b hn ch nhng khi b nh logic qu ln th kch thc bng qun l trang cng tng theo v h thng s phi tn nhiu khng gian nh lu tr n. Trn thc t, cng nh chng trnh, ch mt phn bng qun l trang l c tc dng tch cc trong qu trnh thc hin, do nng cao hiu qu ca s phn trang, cn phi ci tin bng qun l trang. Mt s vn khc cng cn lu l phi chn bng qun l trang th h thng cn cn b nh cha cc trang d liu v chng trnh. S trang dnh cho chng trnh cng nhiu th h s song song cng gim, ngc li s trang ginh cho chng trnh t th h s song song tng nhng tc thc hin chng trnh gim v chng trnh lun ri vo tnh trng thiu trang vt

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l thc hin. T hiu qu chung ca phng php ny ph thuc vo cch np trang v thay th trang tch cc. *. Cc gii php np trang: - Bin php n gin nht l np tt c cc trang ca chng trnh vo b nh ngay t u, nh vy khng th xy ra tnh trng thiu trang tch cc khi ang thc hin. Trong gii php ny, b nh khng c s dng m rng b nh trong. u im ca phng php l n gin nhng khng pht huy c hiu qu im c th ca s phn trang. - Mt gii php khc cng cho php gim kh nng thiu trang tch cc m khng cn dng ti khng gian b nh vt l qu ln l gii php np trc (np trc cc trang sp s dng). Gii php cho php ngi s dng to chng trnh b nh vt l vi kch thc ty , ng thi h thng c th duy tr h s song song cn thit cho hot ng c hiu qu ca ton h thng. im mu cht ca gii php np trang l phi d bo c cc trang tch cc chun b s dng trong qu trnh thc hin. Nu xc nh c, ta c th np trc cc trang ny vo b nh nhng vic d bo trang no sp c s dng l rt kh khn. Do , chi ph np trc cc trang khng dng n c th s ln hn rt nhiu chi ph np cc trang thc s c s dng. - Thng thng cc h thng thng p dng gii php np trang theo yu cu. Theo gii php ny th trang ch c np khi xut hin cc yu cu truy nhp d liu ca trang, nh vy mi ln np trang u thc s l cn thit. Gii php ny m bo hiu qu cao khi chng ta c cch phn b cc trang b nh ngoi hp l v c c ch tm kim tt. *. Cc gii php thay th trang. - Nu cn nhiu khng gian nh t do th khng cn thit phi thay th trang nhng khi thiu khng gian nh th cn a mt trang ra ngoi v np vo cc trang khc cn thit cho vic thc hin chng trnh. Nguyn tc chung l phi thay th cc trang c ln s dng k tip, cch thi im i trang cng xa cng tt. Trong trng hp l tng l cc trang khng cn cn s dng na nhng trn thc t, khng th d on trc c cc din bin ca chng trnh. Do tn ti mt s gii php i trang c th nh sau: - Gii php i vng trn hoc i ngu nhin, t chc n gin nhng c th dn n kh nng i cc trang vn cn ang s dng. - Gii php FIFO (Frist In Frirst Out) trang no np trc s b thay th trc, nh vy trang c thi gian tn ti trong b nh lu nht s b thay th. Nu chng trnh c xy dng theo cu trc tuyn tnh th gii php ny rt tt cn vi cc chng trnh xy dng theo nguyn tc cu trc th c th xy ra trng hp a mt trang quan trng, ang s dng ra ngoi. Tuy vy gii php ny cng tng i n gin v ch cn theo di qu trnh np trang xc nh th t u tin ca cc trang c thay th.

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- Gii php LRU (Last Frequently Used) thay th trang c tn sut s dng thp nht. i vi gii php ny cn phi thng k s ln truy nhp trang tnh c tn sut truy nhp. Cc gii php thay th trang ni trn c th p dng chung cho ton b h thng hoc p dng cc b cho tng chng trnh. Trong trng hp p dng cc b cho mt chng trnh ang thc hin, h thng cn phi lu tr kch thc b nh cp pht cho chng trnh v trnh trng hp cp pht b nh khng u gia cc chng trnh. 6. S kt hp phn trang v phn on S phn trang m bo hiu qu s dng b nh khng ph thuc vo cu trc chng trnh ca ngi s dng, iu khin trang thun tin n gin. Tuy nhin, khi chng trnh c kch thc ln th kch thc bng qun l trang cng ln theo, dn n lng ph b nh. Mt khc, nu kch thc trang qu nh th kch thc bng qun l trang s ln va kh nng phi thng xuyn nhp li trang cao. Ngc li, nu kch thc trang ln th s trang c np x l s gim gy tc ng ng k n hiu qu s dng b nh. S phn on linh hot hn v di ca cc on nhng cng chnh v di ca cc on khc nhau nn phc tp trong thc hin v cp pht b nh. pht huy c u im v hn ch c nhc im ca cc s trn, ngi ta s dng s kt hp phn trang v phn on. Trong s ny, chng trnh c bin dch theo s phn on v c mt bng qun l on chung (SCB). Mi on chng trnh li c bin tp theo s phn trang v to ra tng bng qun l trang (PCB) ring cho mi on. Khi chng trnh c np vo h thng, h iu hnh s cp pht cho chng trnh cc trang cn thit cha cc on ca chng trnh.

Hnh 3.9. S kt hp phn trang v phn on h tr k thut phn on cn c mt bng qun l on chung cho ton b chng trnh nhng trong s kt hp ny, mi on cn c mt bng phn trang ring. Nh vy, trng hp a ch A ca phn t th i trong bng qun l on SCB s l ni cha bng qun l trang th i PCBi, trng di L cha di ca PCBi. Khi thc hin, bng qun l trang s c np vo b nh v a ch u ca n c a vo thanh ghi qun l on Rs. a ch truy nhp d liu c biu din bi b 3 phn t (s,p,d) trong : s S hiu on cn truy nhp trong bng qun l on. Ngi son: V nh Lm 26 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

p S hiu trang cn truy nhp trong bng qun l trang. d - a ch tng i tnh t u trang. truy nhp d liu h thng cn thc hin 3 bc: Bc 1: Ly ni dung thanh ghi Rs cng vi s v truy nhp ti phn t th s trong bng qun l on. Bc 2: Nu D=0 th thc hin th tc np PCB tng ng vo b nh v cp nht ni dung trng A. Khi np xong PCB, h thng cng ni dung trng A vi p truy nhp ti phn t th p trong PCB. Bc 3: Khi tm c phn t th p trong PCB, h thng s ghp ni dung ca Ap (tng ng phn t th p) vi d tm ra a ch c/ghi d liu. Ch : s ny b nh thng c chia thnh 3 phn cha SCB, PCB v cc trang. Bn thn b nh dnh cho SCB v PCB cng c qun l theo ch phn trang.

IV. B nh o
1. Khi nim b nh o (virtul memory) Nu t ton b chng trnh vo b nh vt l th kch thc ca chng trnh s b hn ch b kch thc ca b nh vt l. Trn thc t trong nhiu trng hp chng ta khng cn phi np ton b chng trnh vo b nh vt l cng mt lc v ti mi thi im, ch c mt lnh ca chng trnh c thc hin. V d cc chng trnh u c mt on m x l li nhng on m ny rt t khi c s dng v him khi li xy ra, trong trng hp ny khng cn thit phi np on m x l li ngay t u. T nhn xt trn, mt gii php c xut l cho php chng trnh thc hin c np tng phn vo b nh vt l. Nguyn tc ca gii php ny l ti mi thi im, trong b nh vt l ch lu tr cc lnh v d liu phc v cho hot ng ca chng trnh ti thi im . Khi cn ti cc lnh hoc d liu mi, th h thng s np chng vo b nh ti v tr trc b chim gi bi cc lnh khng cn cn ti na. Vi gii php ny, mt chng trnh c th c kch thc ln hn kch thc vng nh cp pht cho n. Mt cch thc hin tng ca gii php trn l s dng k thut Overlay. K thut Overlay khng i hi bt k s tr gip no ca h iu hnh nhng tri li lp trnh vin phi bit cch lp trnh theo cu trc Overlay v iu ny i hi kh nhiu cng sc. gii phng lp trnh vin khi cc t duy gii hn v b nh, ng thi khng lm tng thm mc kh khn trong cng vic lp trnh, ngi ta ngh ti hng pht trin k thut t ng, cho php x l mt chng trnh c kch thc ln trong mt vng nh nh. Mt k thut c p dng kh ph bin l k thut b nh o Ngi son: V nh Lm 27 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

B nh o (virtual memory) l mt k thut cho php x l mt chng trnh khng c np ton b vo b nh vt l. B nh o m hnh ha b nh nh mt bng lu tr rt ln v ng nht, tch bit hn khi nim b nh logic v b nh vt l. Ngi s dng ch nhn thy v lm vic trong khng gian a ch o, vic chuyn i sang a ch vt l do h iu hnh thc hin vi s tr gip ca cc c ch phn cng c th. ch : Cn kt hp k thut Swapping chuyn cc phn t ca chng trnh vo/ra gia b nh chnh v b nh ph khi cn thit. Nh c s tch bit gia b nh o v b nh vt l nn c th t chc mt b nh o c kch thc ln hn rt nhiu ln b nh vt l. B nh o cho php gim nh cng vic lp trnh ca lp trnh vin v h khng cn quan tm n gii hn ca b nh vt l cng nh khng cn t chc chng trnh theo cu trc Overlay. 2. Ci t b nh o B nh o c th c ci t da vo hai k thut: Phn trang theo yu cu (demand paging) hoc phn on theo yu cu (demand segmentation). Tuy nhin vic cp pht v thay th cc on phc tp hn cc trang v cc on c kch thc khng bng nhau, do k thut phn trang theo yu cu c p dng ph bin hn. Mt h thng phn trang theo yu cu l h thng s dng k thut phn trang kt hp vi k thut swapping. Mt chng trnh c xem nh mt tp hp cc trang thng tr trn b nh ngoi (thng l a t). Khi cn s l, chng trnh s c np vo b nh trong nhng thay v np ton b chng trnh, h thng ch np cc trang cn thit trong thi im hin ti. Nh vy, mt trang ch c np vo b nh trong khi c yu cu. Vi m hnh ny, cn phi c mt c ch phn cng c bit cc trang ang b nh trong v cc trang b nh ngoi. C ch phn cng h tr k thut phn trang theo yu cu l s kt hp gia c ch h tr phn trang v k thut swapping. C ch bao gm: - Bng trang: cu trc bng trang phi phn nh c tnh trng ca mt trang ang b nh trong hay b nh ngoi. - B nh ngoi: b nh lu tr cc trang khng c np vo b nh trong. B nh ngoi thng l a t v phn khng gian lu tr tm cc trang, trong k thut swapping c gi l khng gian swapping. 3. Hin tng li trang Khi xy ra li trang, h thng cn phi np trang thiu vo b nh. Nu khng cn trang trng trong b nh trong, h thng cn thc hin vic thay th trang tc l chn mt trang ang tn ti b nh trong (khng c s dng ti thi im hin ti) v a n ra khng gian Swapping trn a t gii phng mt trang vt l, dnh ch np trang cn truy xut vo b nh.

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Cc thut ton thay th trang c p dng nh trong s qun l b nh theo kiu phn trang, bao gm: - Thay th trang c thi gian tn ti trong b nh lu nht (FiFo). - Thay th trang c ln s dng cui cng, cch thi im hin ti lu nht (LRU) - Thay th trang c tn sut s dng thp nht (LFU) - Thay th trang c tn sut s dng nhiu nht (MFU Most Frequently Used). B. Qun l b nh ngoi I. Cc khi nim c bn 1. Yu cu ca qun l b nh ngoi Khi cn lu tr cc chng trnh hoc d liu, cc h thng my tnh bt buc phi s dng b nh ngoi (a t, bng t, compap ) nhim v chnh ca h iu hnh l phi m bo c cc chc nng sau: - Qun l khng gian nh t do trn b nh ngoi (Free space manage) - Cp pht khng gian nh t do (Allocation Methods) - Cung cp cc kh nng nh v b nh ngoi - Lp lch cho b nh ngoi (Disk Scheduling) 2. Cu trc vt l Xt cu trc vt l ca a t: a t bao gm mt h thng nhiu l a t ng trc. Mi mt a c chia thnh cc rnh ng tm gi l track, mi track c chia thnh cc cung gi l sector, tp hp cc track cng th t trn cc mt a gi l cylinder (t tr) Trn mi mt a c mt u t c/ghi d liu (Read/Write Heads), iu khin u t c/ghi d liu cn c mt trnh iu khin a (Disk controler). Thng tin trn a c tham chiu bi cc thnh phn: a, mt a, track. Sector. H iu hnh xem a nh mt mng mt chiu m cc thnh phn l cc khi a (Disk block). Mi khi a ghi cc thng tin v mt a, track, sector m h iu hnh c th nh v trn . 4. Th mc thit b Trn mi a thng thng c mt th mc thit b (Device Directory) cho bit a gm nhng thng tin g, di, kiu, ngi s hu, thi im khi to, v tr, c phn b khng gian nh th no?...Th mc thit b c to ngay trn a ti mt vng nh c bit. II. Cc phng php qun l khng gian nh t do 1. Phng php dng bit vector (bitmap) Khng gian a c chia thnh cc khi (block) v nh s t 0 max.

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v d: a mm 1.44 Mb, 2 mt, 80track/1 mt, 18 sector/ 1 track c nh s nh sau: S Mi khi s dng mt bit nh du trng thi. Khi a no s dng th bit trng thi c gi tr bng 1, cha s dng c gi tr bng 0. Tp hp cc k hiu 0,1 to thnh mt bitvector (bitmap). c thng tin trong bitmap h iu hnh c th xc nh c khng gian t do trn a. V d: Cho khng gian a nh hnh 5.1, cc khi 2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,18,25,26,27 l cc khi a t do. Khi bitmap qun l khng gian nh t do nh sau: .. 2. Phng php lit k Trong phng php ny h thng s dng mt dnh sch mc ni lit k cc khi a t do. Con tr u trong danh sch ch ti khi a u tin, mi khi c mt con tr tr ti khi k tip (hnh 5.1). u im ca phng php ny l tit kim khng gian nh nhng lm tng thi gian truy nhp d liu 3. Phng php lp nhm Trong phng php ny, h thng cho php nhm cc khi a t do lin tip thnh mt nhm. Khi a t do u tin trong nhm lu tr a ch ca cc khi a t do trong nhm. Khi a t do cui cng trong nhm lu tr a ch ca khi a t do u tin ca nhm tip theo V d: Theo hnh 5.1 ta c bng qun l khng gian nh t do nh sau:

4. Phng php m (Counting) Phng php m l s bin i ca phng php lp nhm. Trong phng php ny, h thng lp danh sch qun l a ch ca cc khi a t do u tin v s lng cc khi a t do lin tc k tip cc khi a . V d: Theo hnh 5.1 ta c danh sch qun l khng gian nh t do nh sau:

III. cc phng php cp pht khng gian nh t do Ngi son: V nh Lm 30 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

1. Cp pht lin tc (Contiguous) phn b khng gian nh cho mt file, h thng chn mt on lin tc cc khi a t do cp pht cho file . Vi phng php ny, nh v file h thng ch cn bit a ch ca khi a t do u tin v s lng block dng. S u im ca phng php cp pht lin tc l h tr cho phng php truy nhp tun t v truy nhp trc tip nhng tn ti ba nhc im chnh: - Phi chn c thut ton ti u tm cc vng khng gian nh t do cp pht cho file (First Fit, Best Fit hoc Worst Fit) - C th xy ra trng hp khng khi a t do lin tip cn thit cp pht cho file (kch thc file ln hn vng cc khi a ln nht). - Trong trng hp cc khi a t do nm tn mn s khng s dng c, gy lng ph khng gian nh. 2. Cp pht lin kt (Linked) Trong phng php ny, mi file c nh v trong th mc thit b bng hai con tr, mt ci tr ti khi a u tin, mt ci tr ti khi a cui cng cp pht cho file. Trong mi khi a cp pht cng c mt con tr tr ti khi a k tip. V d: File f1 c cp pht 5 khi a c s hiu 9, 16, 1, 11, 25; khi a u tin l 9, khi cui l 25. S Cp pht lin kt c u im l s dng c cc khi a t do nm tn mn nhng ch h tr truy nhp tun t, khng h tr truy nhp trc tp; tin cy khng m bo nu b mt cc con tr lin kt. Mt khc phng php ny tn khng gian nh lu tr cc con tr (khong 0,38%) 3. Cp pht theo ch s Trong phng php ny, cp pht khng gian nh t do cho 1 file, h thng s dng mt khi a c bit gi l khi a ch s (index block) cho mi file. Trong khi a ch s cha a ch ca cc khi a cp pht cho file, trong th mc thit b a ch ca cc khi a ch s. Khi mt khi a c cp pht cho file th h thng loi b a ch ca khi a ny khi danh sch cc khi a t do v cp nht vo khi ch s ca file. Phng php cp pht theo ch s h tr truy nhp trc tip nhng lng ph khng gian nh dnh cho khi a ch s. Ngi son: V nh Lm 31 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

IV. Lp lch cho a (Disk Scheduling) 1. Khi nim v lp lch cho a Thi gian truy nhp a ph thuc vo 3 yu t: Thi gian di chuyn u t c/ghi n track hoc clyder cn thit (seek time), thi gian nh v u t c/ghi ti khi a cn truy nhp (latency - time) v thi gian truy nhp d liu (transfer - time). Thi gian nh v u t c/ghi v thi gian truy nhp d liu thng thng c nh v ph thuc cu trc k thut a, cc h iu hnh thng quan tm ti thi gian di chuyn u t c/ghi. Nh vy, lp lch cho a l xy dng cc thut ton dch chuyn u t c/ghi sao cho thi gian truy nhp a l ti u nht. 2. Mt s phng php lp lch 2.1. First Come first served (FCFS) truy nhp ti mt file, h thng s t chc mt hng i cc yu cu phc v ca cc track (lu tr d liu ca file cn truy nhp). Track no c yu cu phc v trc th u c/ghi s dch chuyn ti trc. V d: File f1 c phn b cc track c s th t sau y : 98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67. u t c ghi ang nh v ti track c s th t l 53 S dch chuyn u t c ghi theo thut ton FCFS c th hin nh sau: Thut ton lp lich cho a 2.2. Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF) SSTF chn track no c thi gian di chuyn u t c/ghi ngn nht th phc v trc. Theo v d trn th, s dch chuyn u t c/ghi theo thut ton SSTF c th hin nh sau: Thut ton lp lch SSTF 2.3. Scan Trong thut ton ny, u t c ghi qut t track nh nht n track ln nht, sau qut ngc li, track no c nhu cu th s phc v. Theo v d trn th, s dch chuyn u t c/ghi theo thut ton SSTF c th hin nh sau: Thut ton lp lich Scan 2.4. C Scan Thut ton ny tng t nh Scan nhng u c/ghi khng phc v ng v (khng qut ngc li). Theo v d trn, s dch chuyn u t c/ghi c th hin nh sau: Thut ton lp lch C-Scan Ngi son: V nh Lm 32 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

2.5. Lock Tng t nh Scan nhng trong thut ton ny, u t c/ghi ch qut trong phm vi nhng track c nhu cu phc v, khng qut track u tin hoc cui cng (nu cc track ny khng c yu cu phc v). Theo v d trn, s dch chuyn u t c/ghi theo thut ton SSTF c th hin nh sau: Thut ton Lock 2.6. C Lock Tng t nh lock nhng u t c/ghi khng phc v ng v. Theo v d trn, s dch chuyn u t c ghi theo thut ton SSTF c th hin nh sau: Thut ton lp lch cho C-Look Ch : Thut FCFS, SSTF c p dng ph bin, cc thut ton kiu Scan, Look ch c p dng . Chng IV. H iu hnh a x l Tng quan v h iu hnh a x l Hin nay vi s pht trin nhanh ca cng ngh, my tnh ngy cng c s dng ph bin trong i sng x hi. Mc thm nhp ca my tnh vo cuc sng cng cao th yu cu nng cao kh nng x l ca my tnh cng ln. B nh chinh ngy cng c m rng, dung lng lu tr ca a t ngy cng tng, tc truy nhp ngy cng cao v h thng cc thit b ngoi vi phong ph, hnh thc giao tip gia ngi v my cng a dng. CPU l mt ti nguyn rt quan trng th hin kh nng x l v tnh ton ca h thng. V vy mt trong nhng vn quan tm nht l tng kh nng x l ca CPU. Gii php tng cng kh nng tnh ton ca mt CPU ring l ang c ng dng mt cch trit . Tuy nhin gii php ny s phi chi hn ch v mt k thut nh: Tc truyn tin khng th vt qua tc nh sng, khong cch ti thiu gia hai thnh phn khng th bng khng Song song vi gii php trn l gii php lin kt nhiu CPU li to thnh mt h thng tch hp c kh nng x l mnh. Vic a ra m hnh x l song song to nhiu li im: - Cho php chia cng vic thnh cc thnh phn nh v giao cho cc CPU m nhn. Nh vy hiu sut x l ca h thng khng ch tng theo t l thun vi s CPU m cn cao hn do khng mt thi gian phi thc hin cc cng vic trung gian.

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- Mt khc gii php ny cn cho php tch hp cc h thng my tnh c to ra mt h thng mi vi sc mnh tng gp nhiu ln. Nh vy, vi gii php nhiu CPU, chng ta c th c hai xu hng tch hp h thng: - H a x l tp trung h nhiu CPU: tp hp cc x l trong mt siu my tnh (super computer). c trng ca h thng l cc CPU c lin kt vi nhau trong mt my tnh duy nht. - H a x l phn tn H phn tn: Thc cht l cc mng my tnh, bao gm cc my tnh c lin kt vi nhau v t ti cc v tr vi khong cch xa ty . II. H nhiu CPU 1. L do xy dng h Trong giai on hin nay, cc h thng nhiu CPU c s dng rt ph bin v c ngi s dng chp nhn bi 3 l do: - Hiu qu ca h thng tng khi cc CPU c chuyn mn ha, trc tin iu ny c th hin vic trang b cho thit b ngoi vi cc CPU ring (v d nh card ha c GPU Graphic Processor Unit). Cc thit b ny c kh nng hot ng c lp, gim nh gng nng cho CPU chnh. - H nhiu CPU hot ng n nh v c nng sut cao hn h mt CPU khi khi lng cng vic nhiu v a dng. - Khi cn m bo tin cy cho h thng trong cc cng vic quan trng ngi ta cn phi lm nhiu bn sao c th so snh kt qu v nh gi. Nh vy, vic p dng h nhiu CPU l mt gi php ng tin cy. 2. Cu hnh ca h nhiu CPU Trn thc t tn nhiu phng php hai hoc nhiu CPU nhng chng cn m bo cho vic s dng chung b nh, chung chng trnh v trao i d liu vi nhau. Cch xc lp mi quan h gia cc CPU to ra nhng cu hnh khc nhau ca h. C ba cu hnh chnh c xem xt: 2.1. S phn cp Trong s ny mt CPU ng vai tr ch o, cc CPU cn li ng vai tr thc hin v c gi l cc CPU ngoi vi. y l mt s kt ni khng i xng v c coi l s m rng ca h thng mt CPU. Cc CPU ngoi vi c th hot ng c lp trong khi gii quyt cng vic ca mnh. S ny c u im l d v chng trnh iu khin khng phi sao chp nhiu ni trong b nh, khng phi t chc kiu modul v nhiu ln nhng nhc im chnh l s tn hiu ngt s tng ln nhiu v trch nhim s l ngt ch yu do CPU chnh m nhim. Mt khc tin cy ca s thp v nu CPU chnh gp s c v mt l do no th h thng s khng tip

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tc hot ng c v cc CPU ngoi vi khng th thit lp c quan h vi nhau. 2.2. S lin kt mm S ny c tin cy cao hn s trn, gia cc CPU ch c quan h bn ph thuc. Mi CPU x l tin trnh ca mnh t u n cui v hot ng nh h mt CPU. Cc chin lc iu khin tin trnh v qun l ti nguyn khng thay i. Tuy vy cc CPU vn c th lin h, trao i thng tin vi nhau v chuyn giao tin trnh trc khi n bt u thc hin. Cu hnh ny c nhc im l kh xc nh s c ca CPU v thng b khi ng li mt cch t ng. 2.3. S lin kt bnh ng Trong s ny, cc CPU c coi nh tp cc ti nguyn cng loi. Thay v chng trnh iu khin ring bit trn tng CPU, h thng phn chia cng vic iu khin cho tt c cc CPU. Mi CPU u phi tham gia iu khin tin trnh v x l ngt khi c iu khin. Nh vy mt tin trnh c th bt u t processor ny v kt thc processor khc. Thng tin v hng i v cc bng iu khin c lu b nh chung. Chng trnh iu khin phi t chc dng vo li c. Nh vy ti trng hot ng ca cc CPU c phn b . u im ca s l nu c mt vi CPU gp s c th ch c nng xut s dng ca h thng gim, cn ni chung h thng vn hot ng bnh thng. Nhng do chng trnh iu khin v d liu dng chung, do phi c phng php sp xp, t chc hp l. S ny c hiu qu cao khi cc CPU thuc cng mt kiu. Ch : D p dng s no i chng na th ca h thng cng l khng ngi s dng nhn thy tnh bt i xng ca cu hnh c v mt phn cng ln phn mm v s bt i xng l bn cht ca s cu hnh hoc l hiu qu ca s c k thut. S lin kt mm v lin kt bnh ng th hin hai mc phn tn chc nng iu khin. Cc s ny th hin hai im ln l: + Nng xut s dng ca h thng cao v khng phi tp trung vic s l ngt v CPU chnh. + Khi c s c k thut, c th phn hi li cng vic khng nh hng nhiu ti nng xut chung ca ton h thng. Tuy vy nu ch n gin l tch chng trnh qun l thnh cc phn ring bit v cho thc hin nhiu ni khc nhau th cha m bo h thng hot ng bnh thng khi c s c k thut. 3. Qun l ti nguyn trong ch nhiu CPU 3.1. Qun l b nh Vic truy nhp ti b nh ring n gin hn v khng c s cnh tranh gia cc CPU. gim mc cnh tranh, h thng chia b nh thnh nhiu

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phn, mi CPU ch c php truy nhp ti mt s phn no nhng cn m bo iu kin gia hai CPU bao gi cng c t nht mt phn b nh chung trao i d liu. 3.2. Qun l CPU (Lp lch cho CPU) V mt l thuyt c th phn cng cng vic theo thi gian ri ca cc CPU nhng nh vy cng vic khng c phn b u v phc tp ca cc gii thut lp lch s tng. H thng thng p dng gii php chia nhm cc CPU v phn cng nhim v theo nhm. 3.3. Qun l tin trnh Cc s qun l tin trnh khng ph thuc vo h thng c bao nhiu CPU, nhng trong h nhiu CPU s phi tn ti ngt CPU m bo quan h gia cc tin trnh. Cc gii php qun l tin trnh ca h mt CPU vn c p dng nhng cn phi c bin i i cht. V d nh phng php n hiu th bn thn n hiu by gi cng l ti nguyn gng. V vy cc tin trnh cn c xp hng ch x l. 3.4. X l li H thng c nh gi qua tnh sn sng v ton vn nu mi thnh phn ca n u hot ng bnh thng. Sn sng l kh nng p ng mi yu cu xut hin khi h thng ang hot ng. Ni chung m bo tnh ton vn kh hn m bo tnh sn sng. Trong vn m bo tnh ton vn, nhim v kh khn nht l lm sao bit c tnh trng hot ng ca mt CPU (cn tt hay b s c). gii quyt vn ny h thng t chc mt vng nh chung, mi CPU c gn vi mt Byte trong vng nh . H thng quy nh sau mi khong thi gian no , cc CPU phi gi v byte ca mnh gi tr 1. H thng phi da vo bn vng nh xc nh c CPU c s c (khng gi thng tin v). Sau mi ln kim tra, h thng xa vng nh chun b cho php kim tra tip theo. III. H phn tn 1. Khi nim v mc ch ca h phn tn H phn tn (hay cn gi l mng my tnh) l tp hp cc my tnh ghp ni vi nhau bng ng truyn theo mt tiu chun quy nh trc nhm t c mc tiu: - To kh nng lm vic phn tn - Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu ca vic khai thc v x l d liu. - Tng tin cy ca h thng - Chia s ti nguyn (dng chung ti nguyn, chng trnh, d liu) - Phc v cng tc truyn tin Ngi son: V nh Lm 36 http://www.ebook.edu.vn

2. Cu trc ca h phn tn 2.1. Cu trc im - im (point to point) Trong cy trc ny ng truyn ni tng cp nt vi nhau, mi nt u c trch nhim lu v chuyn tip d liu (store anh forward). u im ca cu trc ny l c an ton cao nhng chi ph dnh cho ng truyn ln.

Cy (tree)

Chu trnh (loop)

y (Complete)

Sao (star)

th lin thng (Intergraph) ( S hnh 8.1)

2.2. Cu trc kiu im nhiu im Tt c cc nt mng u s dng chung mt ng truyn d liu gi i t mt nt v c tip nhn tt c cc nt cn li.

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Tuyn tnh (Bus) Vng (Ring)

V tinh (Satellite) (S hnh 8.2) Cu trc ny c u im l tit kim chi ph ng truyn nhng an ton thp v c ch gii quyt tranh chp ti nguyn (ng truyn) phc tp. 3. Thit k h phn tn Theo tiu chun ISO h phn tn c thit k theo kiu nhiu lp. Gia cc lp c giao thc lin h vi nhau. Chc nng c th ca cc lp trong m hnh OSI nh sau: - Lp vt l (Physical layer): Cung cp cc phng tin truyn tin, cc th tc khi ng, duy tr v hy b cc lin kt vt l cho php truyn cc dng d liu dng bits. - Lp lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer): Thit lp, duy tr, hy b cc lin kt d liu, kim xot lung d liu, pht hin v khc phc cc sai st trong qu trnh truyn d liu. - Lp mng (Netword layer): Chc nng chnh ca lp mng l chn ng i v chuyn tip d liu. Ngoi ra, lp mng cn c vai tr kim sot lung d liu, khc phc sai st, ct hp d liu. - Lp giao vn (Transport layer): Kim sot lung d liu t ni gi n ni nhn, thc hin ghp knh, ng gi v t hp d liu.

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- Lp Phin (Sesion layer) : Thit lp, duy tr, ng b ha v hy b cc phin truyn d liu; cung cp cc thng s iu khin, qun l tin trnh truyn d liu. - Lp th hin (Presentation Layer): C nhim v biu din d liu theo c php ca ngi s dng, ng thi cung cp cc phng tin m ha v nn d liu. - Lp ng dng (Application Layer): Cung cp cc phng tin ngi s dng giao tip vi mi trng OSI v cc dch v thng tin phn tn nh: dch v truyn file, qun l file, th in t (Hnh 8.3 m hnh OSI) 4. Cc gii php truyn thng trong h phn tn 4.1. Gi thng bo: - Phng php c nh (fixed): thng bo c gi theo nhng con ng c nh, c t trc v cc trm cn c vo nhn thng bo. Phng php ny n gin v ci t nhng nu thay i c t th s gp kh khn. - Phng php o (virtual): Mi phin lm vic s c khi to mt ng truyn gi v nhn thng bo. Cc phin lm vic khc nhau s c nhng ng truyn khc nhau. - Phng php ng (Dynamic): Khi c thng bo mi khi to ng truyn, sau khi truyn xong thng bo, ng truyn s c hy b ngay. 4.2. To mc ni gia hai trm - Phng php chuyn mch knh (circuit switched): Khi c hai nt cn lin lc vi nhau th mt knh truyn cng c thit lp v duy tr cho ti khi mt trong hai bn ngt lin lc. - Phng php chuyn mch bn tin (Message switched): Bn tin l mt n v thng tin ca ngi s dng c khun dng quy nh trc. Mi bn tin cha mt vng thng tin iu khin, trong ch nh r a ch ch ca bn tin. Cc nt mng cn c vo a ch chuyn bn tin ti ni nhn. - Phng php chuyn mnh gi (Packet Switched): d liu c chia thnh cc gi c di 256 bytes, phn u gi l a ch tp hp cc gi. Cc gi tin c truyn mt cch c lp trn cc ng truyn khc nhau. 5. Gii quyt tranh chp ti nguyn 5.1. a truy nhp s dng sng mang (Carries Sence Multiple Access - CSMA) Phng php CSMA c xy dng da trn nguyn tc LBT (Listen Before Talk) tc l khi mt trm mun truyn d liu th n phi kim tra ng

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truyn. Nu ng truyn ri th th truyn d liu theo khun dng quy nh, ngc li trm phi thc hin mt trang 3 gii thut: - Non Persistent: Trm tm rt lui, ch mt khong thi gian ngu nhin sau tip tc kim tra li ng truyn. - l-Persistent: trm tip tc kim tra ng truyn cho ti khi ri th truyn cho ti khi ri th truyn d liu vi sc xut bng l. - p-persisitent: Trm tip tc kim tra ng truyn cho ti khi ri th truyn d liu vi sc xut bng p (0<p<l). 5.2. Cu hi n tp Cu 1: Trnh by khi nim v mc ch ca h phn tn Cu 2: Trnh by cc bin php gii quyt tranh chp ti nguyn trong h phn tn.

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