NATIONAL INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR

SURFACE ROBOTICS LAB

CLOUD COMPUTING
User 6/8/2012

NAME ANU KUMARI

ABSTRACT:Cloud computing is a new computing paradigm, combining diverse client devices PCs, smartphones, sensors, single-function, and embedded with computation and data storage in the cloud. As with every advance in computing, programming is a fundamental challenge, as the cloud is a concurrent, distributed system running on unreliable hardware and networks. The basic principles of cloud computing is to make the computing be assigned in a great number of distributed computers, rather than local computer or remoter server. The running of the enterprises data center is just like Internet. This makes the enterprise use the resource in the application that is needed, and access computer and storage system according to the requirement. This article introduces the background and principle of cloud computing, the character, style and actuality. This article also introduces the application field the merit of cloud computing, such as, it do not need users high level equipment, so it reduces the users cost. It provides secure and dependable data storage center, so user neednt do the awful things such storing data and killing virus, this kind of task can be done by professionals. It can realize data share through different equipments. It analyses some questions and hidden troubles, and puts forward some solutions, and discusses the future of cloud computing. Cloud computing is a computing style that provide power referenced with IT as a service. Users can enjoy the service even he knows nothing about the technology of cloud computing and the professional knowledge in this field and the power to control it.

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INTRODUTION
Cloud computing is a technology that puts your entire computing infrastructure both hardware and software, applications etc online. It uses internet and remote , central servers to maintain data applications .Gmail, yahoo mail, Facebook , Hotmail , orkut , etc are all the most basic and widely used examples of cloud computing.

In cloud computing system theres a significant workload shift. Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to running application. The network of computers that makeup the cloud handles them instead. Hardware and software demands on the users side decrease. The only thing the users computer needs to be able to run is cloud computing systems interface software. Which can be as simple as a web browser and clouds network takes care of the rest.

We uses cloud computing in different forms. Like an e-mail account on any service like gmail , yahoo , hotmail. Instead of running an e-mail program on our we log in to a web e-mail account remotely. The software and storage for your account doesnt exists in our computer its on the servers computer cloud. Instead of storing information to your computers hard drive or other local storage device , you save it to a remote database . The internet provides the connection between your computer and the database. We called it cloud storage. Although cloud computing is an emerging field of computer science, the idea has been around for a few years. It is called cloud computing because data and applications exists on a cloud of web servers.

Background:Cloud computing is a computing style in which scalable and flexible IT functionalities are delivered as a service to external customers using Internet technologies. Cloud computing is not a revolutionary idea; Instead, it is an evolutionary concept that integrates various existing technologies to offer a useful new IT provisioning tool. Cloud applications extend their accessibility through the Internet by using large data centers and powerful servers that host web applications and services. Anyone with a suitable Internet connection and a standard Internet browser can access a cloud application.

ADVANTAGE:Cloud computing enables users to store files and software remotely , rather than on a hard drive or server at their office. The fact is many people may already be using cloud computing without realizing it, whether through work or personal use. Examples include web-based email like Gmail and Hotmail, communication tools like Skype, video sites like YouTube and Vimeo and music-sharing sites such as SoundCloud. Some examples of cloud computing applications include software as a service (SaaS), Customer Relationship Management, file storage, file synchronization and file back-up. It's now possible for businesses to have their own private cloud, which incorporates specific services and is only accessible to specific peopleThe Benefits of Cloud Computing There are lots of advantages to using cloud computing for international companies. One of the major ones is the flexibility that it offers. Cloud computing means that staff can access the files and data that they need even when they're working remotely and/or outside office hours. As long as they can get on the Internet, staff can access information from home, on the road, from clients' offices or even from a smartphone such as a BlackBerry or iPhone. Staff can also work collaboratively on files and documents, even when they're not physically together. Documents can simultaneously be viewed and edited from multiple locations. Cloud computing can be very quick and easy to get up and running. Consider, for example, how quickly you can set up a Gmail or Hotmail account and start emailing - it takes minutes and all you need is a computer and the Internet. Downloading and installing software, on the other hand, takes much longer. Cloud computing is often cheaper and less labor-intensive for companies too. There is no need to buy and install expensive software because it's already installed online remotely and you run it from there, not to mention the fact that many cloud computing applications are offered free of charge. The need to pay

for extensive disk space is also removed. With cloud computing, you subscribe to the software, rather than buying it outright. This means that you only need to pay for it when you need it, and it also offers flexibility, in that it can be quickly and easily scaled up and down according to demand. This can be particularly advantageous when there are temporary peaks in demand, such as at Christmas or in summer, for example. A major advantage of using cloud computing for many companies is that because it's online, it offers virtually unlimited storage compared to server and hard drive limits. Needing more storage space does not cause issues with server upgrades and equipment - usually all you need to do is increase your monthly fee slightly for more data storage.

DISADVANTAGE:The main disadvantages are Security and Privacy, Dependency (loss of control), Cost ,Decreased flexibility ,Knowledge And Integration. 1.Security & Privacy:-The biggest concerns about cloud computing are security and privacy. Users might not be comfortable handing over their data to a third party. This is an even greater concern when it comes to companies that wish to keep their sensitive information on cloud servers. While most service vendors would ensure that their servers are kept free from viral infection and malware, it Is still a concern considering the fact that a number of users from around the world are accessing the server. Privacy is another issue with cloud servers. Ensuring that a clients data is not accessed by any unauthorized users is of great importance for any cloud service. To make their servers more secure, cloud service vendors have developed password protected accounts, security servers through which all data being transferred must pass and data encryption techniques. After all, the success of a cloud service depends on its reputation, and any sign of a security breach would result in a loss of clients and business. 2.Dependency (loss of control):-Quality problems with CSP(Cloud Service Providers).No influence on maintenance levels and fix frequency when using cloud services from a CSP. No or little insight in CSP contingency procedures. Especially backup, restore and disaster recovery. 3.Cost:-Higher costs. While in the long run, cloud hosting is a lot cheaper than traditional technologies, the fact that its currently new and has to be researched and improved actually makes it more expensive. Data centers have to buy or develop the software thatll run the cloud, rewire the machines and fix unforeseen problems (which are always there). This makes their initial cloud offers more expensive. Like in all other industries, the first customers pay a higher price and have to deal with more issues than those who switch later (although it would be very hard to create and improve new technologies without these initial adopters).

4.Decreased flexibility:-This is only a temporary problem (as the others on this list), but current technologies are still in the testing stages, so they dont really offer the flexibility they promise. Of course, thatll change in the future, but some of the current users might have to deal with the facts that their cloud server is difficult or impossible to upgrade without losing some data, for example. 5.Knowledge And Integration. Knowledge:-More and deeper knowledge is required for implementing and managing SLA contracts with CSPs ,Since all knowledge about the working of the cloud (e.g. hardware, software, virtualization, deployment) is concentrated at the CSP, it is hard to get grip on the CSP. Integration:-Integration with equipment hosted in other data centers is difficult to achieve. Peripherals integration. (Bulk)Printers and local security IT equipment (e.g. access systems) is difficult to integrate. But also (personal) USB devices or smart phones or groupware and email systems are difficult to integrate.

Service Models on Cloud Computing:Three types of service models:1. Software as a service 2. Platform as a service 3. Infrastructure as a service

Software as a Service (SaaS):- SaaS is a software model provided by the vendor through an online service. User doesnt have to install or maintain SaaS application. Software is running on a providers cloud infrastructure and a user can access it via web browser. With SaaS, vendor makes the required software available to a business on subscription basis, and charges are based on the product usage. SaaS model can save companies the expense on buying hardware and software and it removes the maintenance costs. Platform as a Service (PaaS):- PaaS enables companies to develop applications more quickly and efficiently in a cloud environment using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The provider is responsible for maintenance and control of the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, and

operating systems. PaaS services provide a great deal of flexibility allowing companies to build PaaS environments on demand with no capital expenditures. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):- With IaaS, a company can rent fundamental computing resources for deploying and running applications or storing data. It enables companies to deliver applications more efficiently by removing the complexities involved with managing their own infrastructure. IaaS enables fast deployment of applications, and improves the agility of IT services by instantly adding computing processing power and storage capacity when needed.

Pros: Reduced Cost: Cloud technology is paid incrementally (you pay only for what you need), saving organizations money in the short run. Money saved can be used for other important resources. Increased Storage: Organizations can store more data than on private computer systems. Highly Automated: IT personnel not needed to keep software up to date as maintenance is the job of the service provider on the cloud. More Mobility: Employees can access information wherever they are, rather than having to remain at their desks. Allows IT to Shift Focus: No longer having to worry about constant server updates and other computing issues, government organizations will be free to concentrate on innovation.

Cons:GNU founder Richard Stallman says that the interesting thing about cloud computing is that we've redefined cloud computing to include everything that we already do. One reason you should not use web applications to do your computing is that you lose control. It's just as bad as using a proprietary program.

Cloud clients:A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or software that relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or that is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and that, in either case, is essentially useless without it. Examples include some computers, phones and other devices, operating systems and browsers. Basically two types of clients:1. Thick client 2. Rich client With the concept of delivering everything as a service and access to information using standardized interfaces, cloud computing opens the doors for rich, thick client applications to be part of the application landscape. Several cloud computing features support the use of thick clients, including the following: Cloud is consumed by smart devices; standards-based APIs support the creation of thick clients using multiple technologies and rendering devices; and software-as-aservice-based applications allow thick clients to concentrate on a rich user interface while leaving the business rules with cloud for simpler maintenance. Additional support is delivered by users who can access both cloud and conventional computing services; mobility and offline use, including the fact that users can work with locally installed applications even when offline and performance and additional capabilities that rely on local execution.

End Users:The main end users can be divided to the following major groups.

1 .Ordinary People
This group of users is just using services from the cloud. They do not care much about high performance and the main problem they may face is having an internet connection all the time and also information privacy. Cloud computing can help this group providing them hardware resources and accessibility through pervasive handhelds with limited resources.

2 .Academia
Academia is building its own clouds upon the current cyber infrastructure they have. They are building cloud systems upon on their grid resources (like Tera grid) to resolve Grids limitations. The availability of these large, virtualized pools of compute resources raises the possibility of a new compute paradigm for scientific research with many advantages. For research groups, cloud computing provides convenient access to reliable, high performance clusters and storage, without the need to purchase and maintain sophisticated hardware. For developers, virtualization allows scientific codes to be optimized and pre-installed on machine images, facilitating control over the computational environment. [12] It is still difficult and time consuming to develop and deploy a grid application, and complexity issues span over programmatic, technology and management perspectives. This has kept many users from the utilization of grid computing, choosing instead simpler technologies like Web Services and traditional databases. The use of middleware applications and libraries has imposed a level of homogenization on top of the grid fabric, composed of heterogeneous hardware and software. This simplifies resource management inside a particular virtual organization. However, developing cross-grid applications that span across different virtual organizations has remained difficult. Existing grid middleware can be deployed in a cloud environment, as grid services can run inside image instances and multiple agents performing the same functions can be spawned from a single image easily.

3. Enterprises
The emergence of clouds has already caused an impact in the IT industry. Many enterprises are deciding to make use of virtual datacenters to facilitate infrastructure managing and sparing the need of hardware maintenance. This type of cyber infrastructure reduces the complexity involved in deployment of services, at the cost of losing flexibility with a narrower interface, a cost that many users may be willing to pay to deploy applications in a distributed environment. Leader IT companies are already building their own clouds. Starting and small size enterprises are also becoming users of cloud services like Sales force [14] (ERP and accounting systems), Google Apps [15], QuickBooks [16] Online instead of using local softwares. But the question still remains about big and middle size non IT enterprises [17]. Where the information privacy is the most important issue and they have already spent lots of money for their local systems.

CURRENT WORKS:Currently there are various cloud systems Aon both academic and industrial world are being built.

Academia:EUCALYPTUS:Eucalyptus is an open source software framework developed by University of California Santa Barbara for cloud computing that implements what is commonly referred to as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS); systems that give users the ability to run and control entire virtual machine instances deployed across a variety physical resources . The current interface to Eucalyptus is compatible with Amazon's EC2 interface, but the infrastructure is designed to support multiple client-side interfaces. EUCALYPTUS is implemented using commonly available Linux tools and basic Web-service technologies making it easy to install and maintain. The system is being used to experiment with HPC and cloud computing by trying to combine cloud computing systems like Eucalyptus and EC2 with the Teragrid, as a platform to compare cloud computing systems performance. The next generation of eucalyptus software is eucalyptus 3.known world wide as cloud pioneers from Eucalyptus advance research project at UC santa Barbara ,It is coming with a private cloud platform with built in High Availability. The platform runs as before only now it can assure uptime even in times of hardware failure , networking failure software failure. Public cloud proving amazing uptime . In a private cloud, however, its your hardware and you can set the parameters. With eucalyptus 3 supporting high availability in the cloud platform itself.

Nimbus :The University of Chicago Science Cloud, codenamed "Nimbus", provides compute capability in the form of Xen virtual machines (VMs) that are deployed on physical nodes of the University of Chicago TeraPort cluster (currently 16 nodes) using the Nimbus software. The Nimbus cloud is available to all members of scientific community wanting to run in the cloud. Nimbus supports both WSRF and EC2 interfaces and it can be configured to use familiar schedulers like PBS and SGE to manage VMs. To be mentioned, University of Florida has also are deployed virtual workspaces services in collaboration with the Nimbus. Other current scientific world cloud systems that can be named are Kupa by Masaryk University , Wispy by Purdue University , Virtual Computing Laboratory (VCL) by North Carolina State University and CARMEN by 11 UK universities in collaboration . Recently nimbus releases Nimbus Cloud client-021(April 16, 2012) In this users can associate meta data describing a virtual machine image along side of their image in the Cumulus repository. Users can query the cloud for detailed information about the hardware on which their VM is running. Determining the specific location of VMs has enabled FutureGrid researchers to study scientific computation in infrastructure clouds. In order to use this feature the infrastructure cloud administrator must enable it.

Enterprise:These days enterprise Clouds consisting of hundreds of thousands of computing nodes are common (Amazon EC2 , Google App Engine , Microsoft Live Mesh ) and hence federating them together leads to a massive scale environment. It seems that all leading IT companies have understood the importance of cloud computing and its great future needs and they are moving toward it no matter what happens. IBM/Google Academic Cloud Computing Initiative (ACCI):- ACCI is a joint university initiative to help computer science students gain the skills they need to build cloud infrastructure and applications.

IBM:- The current state of mobile cloud computing

To better understand mobile cloud computing, it helps to know about cloud computing in general. (See Resources for links to detailed discussions of cloud computing.) The two key features important here are: Cloud computing enables convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. There are three basic models of cloud service: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Mobile cloud computing was defined in a 5 March 2010 entry in the Open Gardens blog as "the availability of cloud computing services in a mobile ecosystem. This incorporates many elements, including consumer, enterprise, femtocells, transcoding, end-to-end security, home gateways, and mobile broadband-enabled services."

An IBM Certified solution Architect:An IBM Certified Solution Architect - Cloud Computing Infrastructure V1 is a person who can demonstrate the design, plan, architecture and management principles of an IBM cloud computing infrastructure. It Demonstrate the IBM Cloud Computing concepts and design principles.

Cloud computing with Amazon Web Services

In this learn about cloud computing using Amazon Web Services. Explore how the services provide a compelling alternative for architecting and building scalable, reliable applications.

MICROSOFT:Windows Azure for Enterprises Cloud computing has already proven worthy of attention from established enterprises and start-ups alike. Microsoft made a huge bet on cloud computing by releasing the Windows Azure and the necessary supporting services for building and running industrial-strength services in the cloud. In this article discussed the Windows Azure at the architectural level and intersect it with the needs of enterprise-class solutions. computing capability delivered as a utility through Internet standards and protocols. This definition opens up the possibilities for public cloud and private cloud concepts. Public clouds, as the name indicates, are available for anyone who wields a credit card. Private clouds are meant for the exclusive use of a business or a consortium of businesses as identified by the private clouds mission statement. The Windows Azure, Amazon Web Services, Google App Engine and Force.com are a few examples of public clouds.

PUBLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:ACADMIA:NIMBUS: The cloud:- Eliminates cost, Is Elastic, Removes Undifferentiated Heavy Lifting. (from W. Vogels blog)

Nimbus: Cloud Computing Software Allow providers to build clouds - Workspace Service: a service providing EC2-like functionality - WSRF and WS (EC2) interfaces Allow users to use cloud computing - Do whatever it takes to enable scientists to use IaaS - Context Broker: turnkey virtual clusters, - Also: protocol adapters, account managers and scaling tools Allow developers to experiment with Nimbus - For research or usability/performance improvements - Open source, extensible software - Community extensions and contributions: UVIC(monitoring), IU (EBS, research), Technical University ofVienna (privacy, research)

ENTERPRISE: IBM/Google Oracle/Amazon Microsoft

IBM:-

CLOUD SECURITY GUIDENCE

Cloud computing is a flexible, cost-effective, and proven delivery platform for providing business or consumer IT services over the Internet. public models include Software as a Service (SaaS) clouds, such as IBM LotusLive ,Platform as a Service (PaaS) clouds, such as Amazon Web Services, and Security and Data Protection as a Service (SDPaaS) clouds, such as IBM Security Event and Log Management Services. Private clouds are owned and used by a single organization. They offer many of the same benefits as public clouds, and they give the owner organization greater flexibility and control.

Cloud security:Software as a Service (SaaS) model, most of the responsibility for security management lies with the cloud provider. SaaS provides a number of ways to control access to the Web portal, such as the management of user identities, application level configuration, and the ability to restrict access to specific IP address ranges or geographies. Cloud models like Platform as a Service allow clients to assume more responsibilities for managing the configuration and security for the middleware, database software, and application runtime environments. The Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model transfers even more control, and responsibility for security, from the cloud provider to the client. In this model, access is available to the operating system that supports virtual images, networking, and storage.

Organizations are intrigued with these cloud computing models because of their flexibility and cost-effectiveness, but they are also concerned about security. Recent cloud adoption studies by industry analysts and articles in the press have confirmed these concerns, citing the lack of visibility and control, concerns about the protection of sensitive information, and storage of regulated information in a shared, externally managed environment. IBM provides a comprehensive framework for better understanding enterprise security.

ORACLE/AMAZON:-

Cloud computing with Amazon and Oracle:

Cloud computing is using the internet to access someone elses software running on someone elses hardware in someone elses data center. (by lewis cunniraghm). Software as a service: Gmail & Yahoo mail Google Docs Mozy online Backups CRM

Platform as a service: Sales force.com Google App Engine Aptana Provide a development platform and hosting

Infrastructure as a service: Amazon web services(AWS) HP Adoptive Iaas Everybody

Oracle secures backup cloud module , Automatically encrypts.

MICROSOFT:Orleans: cloud computing for everyone

Cloud computing is a new computing paradigm, combining diverse client devices PCs, smartphones, sensors, single-function, and embedded with computation and data storage in the cloud. Orleans is a software framework for building reliable, scalable, and elastic cloud applications. Its programming model encourages the use of simple concurrency patterns that are easy to understand and employ correctly. It is based on distributed actor-like components called grains. Actors within Orleans are called grains and are the basic programming unit. All code that a developer writes for Orleans runs within a grain. A system runs many grains concurrently. Grains, however, do not share memory or other transient state. They are internally single-threaded and process each request fully before handling the next one. In order to provide higher system throughput to handle increased load, Orleans automatically creates multiple instantiations, called activations, of a busy grain to handle its simultaneous requests. The activations process independent requests for the grain. Orleans is a framework for the Microsoft .NET runtime that can be used from any .NET language (C#, F#, etc.). Orleans can run on desktop machines, servers running Windows Server 2008, and the Microsoft Windows Azure cloud platform. Orleans itself does not implement storage with the required capabilities of durability and high availability; rather, it relies on an external persistence provider such as Microsofts Windows Azure Storage.

CONCLUSION
Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm that is increasingly popular. Leaders in the industry, such as Microsoft, Google, and IBM, have provided their initiatives in promoting cloud computing. However, the public literature that discusses the research issues in cloud computing are still inadequate. In a study of the research literature surrounding cloud computing, I found that there is a distinct focus on the needs of the scientific computing community. Big IT companies are also building their own version of cloud. But still there are many question have left without an answer and indeed the most important one is security. One of the other aspects of the cloud which is left is the social aspect of it. The Cloud is going to happen but which services should be offered on the cloud and for whom. What happens if smaller IT companies start to offer their services on the cloud and no one uses them?! I believe that everything eventually can move to the Cloud. The question is if users are ready for that and if its the right move and this need must be addressed.