MarijuanainColorado

Arrests,Usage,andRelatedData
JonGettman,Ph.D. TheBulletinofCannabisReform www.drugscience.org November5,2009

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Introduction Thisstatereportispartofacomprehensivepresentationofnational,state,county,andlocalleveldata onmarijuanaarrestsintheUnitedStates.TheprimaryreportinthiscollectionisMarijuanaArrestsin theUnitedStates(2007).1AdditionaldetailsonmarijuanaarrestsandrelatedtopicsinColoradoare availableintheMarijuanaPolicyAlmanac2,fromwhichthedatapresentedbelowhasbeenexcerpted. ArresttotalsarebasedonUniformCrimeReporting(UCR)programdata;localdatamaydifferdueto variousreasons,includingreportingproceduresanddataavailability.Acitationformarijuana possessioniscountedasanarrestforthepurposesofreportingdatatotheUniformCrimeReporting (UCR)Program,whichisthesourceofdatainthisreport. Therewere12,358arrestsformarijuanaoffensesinColoradoin2007,representinganarrestrateof254 per100,000,whichranksColoradoatnumber27inthenation.Therewereanestimated512,000past yearmarijuanausersinColoradoduring2007.Reconcilingthisestimatewiththenumberofarrestsfor marijuanaoffensesprovidesanarrestrateof2,414per100,000users,whichranksColoradoatnumber 35inthenation. Intermsofoverallseverityofmaximumsentencesformarijuanapossession,Coloradoranksnumber41 inthenation(basedonpenaltiesforafirstoffense).Whenitcomestopenaltiesforjustunder1ounce ofmarijuana,Coloradoisrankedatnumber12alongwith10otherstates(becauseofsimilarities betweenstatesthereareonly12rankingsinthiscategory).Herearethepenaltiesforpossessionof variousamountsofmarijuanainColorado: Amount Max.Sentence Max.Fine 1Ounce* fineonly $100 2Ounces 1.5years $5,000 3Ounces 1.5years $5,000 4Ounces 1.5years $5,000 (*Tosimplifycomparisons,forsomestatesthiscategorycoversamountsjustunder1ounce) Marijuanapossessionarrestsaccountedfor95%ofallmarijuanaarrestsinColoradoduring2007. (Nationally,marijuanapossessionarrestsaccountfor89%ofallmarijuanaarrests.)Therewere11,687 arrestsformarijuanapossessioninColoradoin2007,and671arrestsformarijuanasales.Thearrest rateformarijuanapossessioninColoradowas240per100,000for2007,whilethearrestratefor marijuanasaleswas14.Marijuanaarrestsalsoaccountedfor62%ofalldrugarrestsinColoradoduring 2007.

1 2

http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr7/bcr7_index.html http://www.drugscience.org/States/US/US_home.htm

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HereisanoverallscorecardforhowColoradoranksnationallyintermsofmarijuanaarrests,penalties, andmarijuanause.
Category MaximumSentencesforPossession MaximumSentenceforPossessionof1ounce ArrestRateper100,000population ArrestRateper100,000users PastMonthUsers(Pct.) PastYearUsers(Pct.) PastMonthUsersAge12 17(Pct.) PastYearUsersAge12 17(Pct.) Ranking 41 12 27 35 6 8 8 5

ThisreportprovidesasummaryofthefollowingtopicsrelatedtomarijuanaarrestsinColorado:(1) relatednationaltrends,(2)trendsinColoradomarijuanaarrestsandmarijuanause,(3)thecostsof marijuanaarrestsinColorado,(4)statisticsonpastmonthandpastyearmarijuanauseinColoradoby agegroup,(5)countylevelrankingsinmarijuanaarrestsandrates,and(6)drugtreatmentadmissions foralcohol,marijuana,andotherdrugs.Extensivedetailontheseandrelatedsubjects,includinglocal agencymarijuanaarrestdataandhistoricaldata,isavailableintableformatintheonlineMarijuana PolicyAlmanac3forColoradoandotherstates,aswellassimilarnationaldata. 1)BackgroundNationalTrendsinArrestsandMarijuanaUsefrom2003to2007 Whilemarijuanaarrestshaveincreasedsignificantlysincethe1980s,theprevalenceofmarijuanausein theUnitedStateshasremainedessentiallyunchanged. MarijuanaarrestsintheUnitedStatesincreasedfrom755,200in2003to872,720in2007.This representsanaverageannualizedchangeof+2.93%peryear. Historically,marijuanaarrestsintheUnitedStatesincreasedby150%inthe1990s,risingdramatically from287,850in1991to723,627 in2001,anaverageannualizedchangeof8.74%peryear.Duringthis timethenumberofindividualswhoreportedmarijuanauseinnationalsurveysincreasedmodestlyfrom 19.2millionin1991to21millionin2001. Thearrestrateformarijuanaoffenses(possessionandsalescombined)intheUnitedStateshas increasedfrom260per100,000in2003to290in2007.Thisrepresentsanaverageannualizedchange of+2.19%peryear. ThenumberofpastyearmarijuanausersintheUnitedStateshasremainedrelativelystableduringthis period,changingfrom25.5millionannualusersin2003to25.2millionannualusersin2007.The numberofpastmonthusershasalsoremainedthesame,14.6millioninboth2003and2007. Onapercentagebasis,annualmarijuanausewasreportedby10.78%ofthepopulationin2003and 10.22%in2007,whilemonthlyusewasreportedby6.18%in2003and5.92%in2007.

http://www.drugscience.org/States/US/US_home.htm

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Consequently,atthenationalleveloverthelastfiveyears,anincreaseinmarijuanaarrestsof2.93%per yearhasresultedinanaverageannualizeddecreaseinthenumberofannualmarijuanausersof0.21% peryearandasimilardecreaseintheprevalenceofannualmarijuanauseof0.03%peryear. 2)MarijuanaArrestandUseTrendsinColorado(20032007) MarijuanaarrestsinColoradoincreasedfrom11,163in2003to12,358in2007.Thearrestratein2003 was245per100,000whilein2007itwas254. Comparedtoa2.93%averageannualincreaseinmarijuanaarrestsnationally,marijuanaarrestsin Coloradoincreasedby2.05%peryear.(Whilethearrestratenationallyincreased2.19%annuallyinthis period,inColoradothearrestratechangedby1.22%peryear.) Duringthissameperiod,thenumberofannualmarijuanausersinColoradodecreasedfrom556,000in 2003to512,000in2007.Thiswasanaverageannualizedchangeof1.64%peryear.Thenumberof monthlymarijuanausersincreasedfrom313,000in2003to324,000in2007,whichproducedan averageannualizedchangeof0.69%. 3)TheCostsofMarijuanaLaws Theabovecomparisonofmarijuanaarrestsandmarijuanauseprovideabasisforevaluatingthe benefitsofmarijuanalaws.Herearethreeperspectivesthathelpframetheissueofevaluatingthecosts ofmarijuanalawsinColorado. a)FiscalCosts. AccordingtotheNationalConferenceofStateLegislators(NCSL)inJanuary2009Coloradowasfacinga budgetgapof$604million(8%ofthegeneralfundbudget)forFY2009and$343million(4.6%ofthe generalfundbudget)forFY2010.LikemanystatesColoradohaslookedforwaystoreduce expendituresfortheircriminaljusticesystem.Correctionscostshavebeenreducedbyclosingaprison anddelayingtheopeningofanewprison;feestoprivateprisonoperatorshavealsobeencut.Thestate isalsotakingstepstoreducethecurrentprisonpopulation.AccordingtotheNCSL: Postenactmentofthebudget,thegovernorhascalledforreducingthestatesprison populationby1,000overthenextyear,savingthestateanestimated$19million.Under theplan,asmanyas3,100inmateswouldbereleased6monthsearlierthantheir mandatoryreleasedates.Thegovernorintendstotrimparolesupervisionforsome inmatesalreadyoutofprison,andtoreleasesomenonsexoffenderinmatesearlyand placingthemonparole....[The]governorhasproposedcutting34jobswhichprovide academicandvocationaltrainingforabout2,000newinmates,andalsoprovidemental healthandsubstanceabuseprograms.

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ThecriminaljusticesysteminColoradocost$2.68billionfor2006.Thisincludesstate,county,andlocal costs.Hereisthebreakdownforthosecosts: PoliceProtection $1.20billion JudicialandLegalServices $473.59million Corrections $1.00billion Total $2.68billion ThefederalOfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy(ONDCP)providesasimplewayofmakingageneral estimateofthecriminaljusticecostsofdrugrelatedarrests.Actually,estimatingthecostsofdifferent typesofarrestsisaverycomplicatedchallengebecauseofthedifferencesbetweenindividualoffenses and,forexample,theinvestigativeandfollowupworktheyrequire.Howevertheuseofapercentage basismethodprovidesageneralestimateofthecostsassociatedwithmarijuanaoffenses.Themethod utilizedbyONDCPisto(a)calculatethepercentageoftotalarrestsaccountedforbydrugarrestsand then(b)applythatpercentagetototalcriminaljusticesystemcosts. Therewere262,367arrestsinColoradoin2006.Therewere11,576marijuanaarreststhatyear, accountingfor4.41%ofallarrestsinColoradofor2006.Consequently,accordingtothispercentage basismethodofestimation,ifnotformarijuanadecriminalization marijuanaarrestswouldhavecost $118.07millioninColoradofor2006.Howeverthisobservationisbasedonthepremisethatall citationsformarijuanapossessionareincludedinthereporteddataonarresttotals.Whilethisisthe requiredprocedureforUCRreporting,thisisnotalwaysfollowedbylocaljurisdictions.Forexample,as reportedbelowinsection5,municipalcitationsinDenverarenotincludedinthesefigures. Nonetheless,marijuanadecriminalizationinColoradoresultsinsignificantsavingsforthestates criminaljusticesystem.Furtherreformofmarijuanalawsinthestate,especiallyinregardtopossession of2to4ouncesofmarijuana,wouldincreasethemagnitudeofthesesavings. b)OpportunityCosts Budgetsare,outofnecessity,aboutmakingchoices.Thisisespeciallytruewhenresourcesarescarce, suchaswhenstateandlocalgovernmentsaregrapplingwithbudgetgapsbetweenrevenueand programcommitments.Economistsrecognizeopportunitycostsastheconsequencesofmakingspecific budgetarydecisions.Providingfundsforoneprogramoftenmeansacceptinglessornofundsforsome othergovernmentactivity.Forexample,providinglawenforcementwiththeobligation,or opportunity,tomakearrestsformarijuanaoffensesdepriveslawenforcementoffundstoapplyto otherinvestigationsandactivities. Lawenforcementagenciespublishstatisticsontheirabilitytoresolveknownoffensesthroughthearrest ofcriminalsuspects.Afteranoffenseisreportedtothepolice,theobjectiveisclearedbyanarrest. Crimeratesarebasedonthenumberofreportedoffenses.Arrestratesarebasedonthenumberof arrests.Clearancerates,usuallyprovidedforthemostseriouscrimes,arebasedonthepercentageof knownoffensesclearedbyarrest.

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Herearethe2007clearanceratesforseriouscrimesinColorado: Murder 60.70% Rape 37.00% Robbery 21.90% Assault 64.10% Larceny 18.40% MotorVehicleTheft 10.80% Alltheabovecrimes 26.00% Anothersignificantaspectofevaluatinglawenforcementprioritiesconcernsthegrowingeconomic impactofwhatisreferredtoaswhitecollarcrime.Thisisabroadtermforwhatareessentiallynon violenttheft,includingsuchcrimesasfraud,identitytheft,embezzlement,andsecuritiesfraud.Whilea greatdealofmediaattentionisdevotedtolawenforcementresponsestostreetcrimes,theeconomic impactofthesecrimesisdwarfedbythemagnitudeofwhitecollarcrime,whichisconservatively estimatedtohaveanimpactof10timesthevalueofstreetcrimes. Marijuanaarrestsalsodivertlawenforcementandcriminaljusticesystemresourcesfrompossession andsalesoffensesinvolvingotherillicitdrugs.In2007,marijuanaarrestswere62%ofalldrugarrestsin Colorado.Otherdrugssuchascocaine,heroin,methamphetamine,andsyntheticnarcoticssuchas Oxycontinpresentfarmoreseriousthreatstobothindividualsandthepublic.Theseotherillegaldrugs alsohavefarmoreseveredependenceliabilitiesthanmarijuana.Hereisasummaryofdrugarrestsin Coloradofor2007: Drug Arrests Pct. Opiates/Cocaine 3,619 18% Marijuana 12,358 62% SyntheticNarcotics 489 2% OtherDangerousDrugs 3,425 17% AllIllicitDrugs 20,024 100% Theneedtoimproveclearanceratesforseriouscrime,todevotegreaterresourcestowhitecollar crime,andtoaddresstheproblemspresentedbymoredangerousdrugsallprovidecompellingreasons forsocietytoreconsiderwhethertheopportunitycostsofmarijuanalawenforcementareacceptable. c)SocialCosts Marijuanaarrestshaveadisproportionateimpactontwodemographicgroupsyoungpeopleand minorities.Inmanycasesanarrestformarijuanapossessionmakesacriminaloutofanotherwiselaw abidingindividual.Itisnotsurprisingthatthemajorityofmarijuanaarrestsinvolveteenagersand youngadultsgiventhepopularityofmarijuanausewithyoungeragegroups.Howeverdifferencesin thearrestratesbetweenwhitesandblackscannotbeexplainedbydifferencesinmarijuanause.In 2007,forexample,10.5%ofwhitesusedmarijuanainthelastyearwhile12.2%ofblacksreportedsuch use.Formarijuanauseinthelastmonth,thecomparablefigureswere6%ofwhitesand7.2%ofblacks. Thesefiguresindicatethatmarijuanausebyblacksisabout20%moreprevalentthanusebywhites. Whilethisisastatisticallysignificantdifference,itdoesnotexplainwhyarrestratesformarijuana possessionforblacksarethreetimeshighernationallythanforwhites.Forexample,thearrestrateper 100,000forblacksin2007was598,whileforwhitesthearrestratewas195. 5

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Hereareselected2007marijuanapossessionarrestratesforColorado: Group PctofArrests ArrestRate per100,000 Allindividuals 100% 240 Malesage15to19 33% 2,268 Femalesage15to19 7% 512 Malesage20to24 20% 1,310 Femalesage20to24 4% 269 Whites 90% 218 Blacks 9% 463 4)MarijuanaUse Therewere512,000annualmarijuanausersinColoradoduring2007,ofwhich324,000reported marijuanauseinthepastmonth.Asnotedabove,thenumberofannualmarijuanausersinColorado decreasedfrom556,000in2003to512,000in2007.Thiswasanaverageannualizedchangeof1.64% peryear.Thenumberofmonthlymarijuanausersincreasedfrom313,000in2003to324,000in2007, whichproducedanaverageannualizedchangeof0.69%. Thereisgeneralconsensusthatminorsshouldnotusealcohol,marijuana,ortobacco.Accordingtothe mostrecent(2007)data16.30%or63,000youthsaged12to17inColoradousedmarijuanainthepast year.Ofthese,8.20%(ofthetotalpopulationofthisagegroup)or32,000youthsusedmarijuanainthe pastmonth.Marijuanasillegalstatusdidnotpreventtheseyouthsfromhavingaccesstomarijuana. Indeed,mostteenagersreportthatmarijuanaisfairlyeasytoobtain.Oneofthereasonsmarijuana remainseasyforyouthstoobtainistheprofitincentivecreatedbytheillegalmarket.Simplyput, teenagersmakemoneybysellingmarijuanatootheryouths,whichincreasestheavailabilityof marijuanaamongteens.Inthisway,marijuanasillegalitymakesitmorewidelyandreadilyavailableto teenagers.Herearedataontheprevalenceandpopulationestimatesformarijuanausebyvariousage groupsinColorado: PastMonthMarijuanaUse(2007) Age Pct. Pop. Age12to17 8.20% 32,000 Age18to25 22.20% 115,000 Age26+ 5.90% 178,000 Total 8.20% 324,000 PastYearMarijuanaUse(2007) Age Pct. Pop. Age12to17 16.30% 63,000 Age18to25 35.40% 183,000 Age26+ 8.80% 266,000 Total 13.00% 512,000 6

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TheNationalSurveyonDrugUseandHealthprovidesestimatesontheprevalenceofmarijuanausein substateregionsusingdatafromseveralannualsurveys.Intheseestimates(basedon2004to2006 data)thenationalprevalenceofannualmarijuanausewas10.47%andmonthlymarijuanausewas 6.05%.ThecombinedareaofRegions2&7(whichincludeDenverandBoulder)havethegreatestlevel ofmarijuanauseinColorado,with13%reportingannualuseandcloseto7.9%reportingmonthlyuse. Theseareasarerankinthetop20%nationally.Region1inNEColoradoandRegions5&6inthewest alsoreportrelativelyhighlevelsofmarijuanausecomparedtotherestofthecountry,rankinginthetop thirdofregionalnationally. ColoradoMarijuanaUsebyRegion(20042006) (SeeAppendix1forListofCountiesineachRegion) National National Rank Rank Annual (350 (350 Monthly Use regions) regions) Use Colorado 12.49% 11* 7.29% 13* Region1 12.47% 78 7.06% 97 Regions2and7 13.09% 57 7.88% 54 Region3 11.22% 121 6.33% 132 Region4 9.99% 172 5.01% 256 Regions5and6 12.41% 82 7.08% 93 *Statelevelranking,separatefromregionallevelranking 5)CountyLevelRankings Mostmarijuanaarrestsaremadebylocalpoliceagencies.Individualagenciesandofficersexercise considerablediscretionregardinglawenforcement,notjustformarijuanaoffenses,butforanumberof offenses.Thenumberofmarijuanaarrestsalsovariesbecauseofdifferencesinlocalpopulationsand thelocalprevalenceofmarijuanause.Furthermore,someareashaveexceptionallyhigharrestratesfor marijuanabecausetheyattractlargevisitorpopulations.Becausearrestratesarecalculatedbydividing thenumberofarrestsbythelocalresidentpopulation,numerousarrestsofvisitorstothearea artificiallyinflatethelocalarrestrate.Foratownwitharelativelysmallpopulation,thearrestofseveral peopledrivingthroughthetownoronanearbyhighway(suchasaninterstate)canproducea comparativelyhigharrestrateformarijuanapossession. Collegetownsmayhavelargearrestratesformarijuanaoffensesbecausetheyhavelargerresident populationsofyoungadults,amongwhommarijuanauseismoreprevalentthaninolderpopulations. Ontheotherhand,collegetownsmayhavelowerarrestratesformarijuanapossession,forexample, becauseofthediscretionarypoliciesoflocalpoliceagencies.Areassuchasbeachtowns,skiresorts,and naturalresourceareasalsoexhibitrelativelyhighmarijuanaarrestratesbecausetheyattractnumerous visitors,includinglargenumbersofyoungadults. Similarly,areaswithlargeconcentrationsofAfricanAmericansmayhavehigherarrestratesfor marijuanapossessionthanotherareasbecauselawenforcementagenciesthroughouttheUnitedStates consistentlyarrestmoreblacksformarijuanapossessionthanwhites. 7

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Finally,someareashavelargerarrestratesformarijuanapossessionsimplybecausemarijuanauseis popularamongthelocalresidents;localpoliceagencieshaveaggressiveenforcementpolicies,orboth. Asnotedabove,citationsformarijuanapossessionareusuallycountedasarrestsforthepurposesof reportingdatatotheUCRprogram.LocaldatasuggeststheUCRarresttotalsdetailedinthemarijuana PolicyAlmanacdonotincludelocalmunicipalcitationsformarijuanapossessioninDenver.OnFebruary 4,2009,theDenverCityAttorney'sOfficeprovidedtheDenverMarijuanaPolicyReviewPanelwithdata regardingthenumberofindividuals21andolderchargedwithpossessionofuptooneounce,showing that1,658suchindividualschargedin2008;2,105in2007;1,841in2006;and1,485in2005.4 Countylevelmarijuanapossessionarrestratesshouldbecomparedagainstthebenchmarkprovidedby thestatewidearrestrateof240inColoradofor2007.Thefollowingtablesprovidetheleadingcounties inColoradoformarijuanapossessionarrests,marijuanapossessionarrestrates,thepossessionarrest ratesformalesaged15to19,andthepossessionarrestratesforblacks: ColoradoCountyLeaders inMarijuanaPossessionArrests(2007) Jefferson 1,807 Adams 1,618 ElPaso 1,444 Arapahoe 1,372 Boulder 862 ColoradoCountyLeaders inMarijuanaPossessionArrestRates(2007) Gilpin 684 Broomfield 649 Gunnison 510 Grand 461 Moffat 454 ColoradoCountyLeaders inMarijuanaPossessionArrestRates,MalesAged15to19(2007) Gunnison 6,206 Mesa 3,929 Adams 3,820 Eagle 3,671 Jefferson 3,424

MasonTvert.PersonalCommunication.October30,2009.

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ColoradoCountyLeaders inMarijuanaPossessionArrestRatesofBlacks(2007) Gunnison Moffat Mesa Pitkin Grand 3,712 2,181 1,094 1,090 868

6)DrugTreatmentAdmissionTrends Dataondrugtreatmentadmissionsisoftenusedtojustifydevotinglawenforcementresourcesto makingmarijuanaarrests.Theargumentistwofold.First,thenumberofmarijuanarelatedadmissions todrugtreatmentfacilitiesisofferedasevidencethatmarijuanaisadangerousdrug.Second, marijuanaarrestsarejustifiedbecausetheyforcepeopletogettreatment. Thereareanumberofflawstothisargument.Alcoholisalsoresponsibleforalargeproportionofdrug treatmentadmissions,howeverregulationiswidelyrecognizedasthemosteffectivepolicyfor restrictingaccessandreducingprohibitionrelatedcrime.Furthermore,despitewelldeservedpublic concernoverdrugabuseandageneralconsensusthatitshouldbereduced,drugabuseisnotacrime. Thelegalbasisfordruglawsisthatthemanufacture,distribution,sale,andpossessionofdrugsare illegal.Itisunconstitutionaltocriminalizeillness,mentalhealthproblems,ordrugdependencyinthe UnitedStates.Alcoholism,forexample,isnotillegal.Insteadweholdalcoholicslegallyaccountablefor theirconduct,suchasbeingdrunkinpublicordrivingwhileintoxicated.Forcingindividualsintodrug treatmentprogramsisadubiousjustificationformakingarrestsofindividualsformarijuanapossession. Lawenforcementofficers,prosecutors,andothercriminaljusticeprofessionalsarenotmedicallytrained orcertifiedtodiagnosedrugdependencyandmakediscretionarydecisionsaboutindividualtreatment requirements. Howeverthemostsignificantcharacteristicofmarijuanarelateddrugtreatmentadmissionsisthata majorityoftheminColoradoaretheresultofreferralsfromthecriminaljusticesystem,oftenasan alternativetojailtimeasasentenceforamarijuanapossessionorsalesoffense. During2007,therewere6,324marijuanarelatedadmissionsfordrugtreatmentservicesinColorado. Ofthese,57.50%weretheresultofreferralsfromtheColoradocriminaljusticesystem. Hereisabreakdownofthemajorityof2007drugtreatmentadmissionsinColorado: PrimaryDrug Admissions Pct. Alcohol 58,335 74% Marijuana 6,324 8% Cocaine 4,595 6% SyntheticNarcotics 1,159 1% Methamphetamine 5,696 7% AllAdmissions 78,536 100%

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Sources: SentencesforMarijuanaPossessionwereobtainedfrom:ImpacTeenIllicitDrugTeam.Illicitdrug policies:Selectedlawsfromthe50states.BerrienSprings,MI:AndrewsUniversity,2002. http://www.impacteen.org/generalarea_PDFs/IDTchartbook032103.pdfandupdatedfromother sources.Rankingsofsentenceswerecalculatedindependentlyandarebasedonthemaximumnumber ofdaysallowedbystatelawforthelistedquantitiesofmarijuana.Theoverallrankingisbasedona weightedindexforthefourquantitylevels.Theweightingusedinthisindexwas:70%forpenaltiesfor 1ounceand10%eachforthepenaltiesfor2,3,and4ounces. AllarrestandclearancedatawereobtainedfromtheFBIsUniformCrimeReporting(UCR)Program. DataondrugusewereobtainedfromtheNationalSurveyonDrugUseandHealth(NSDUH);dataon drugtreatmentadmissionswereobtainedfromtheTreatmentEpisodesDataSet(TEDS).NSDUHand TEDSarecompiledandpublishedbytheSubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration (SAMHSA)oftheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.DataonCriminalJusticeServicecosts wereobtainedfromtheCriminalJusticeExpenditureandEmploymentExtractsProgram(CJEE)ofthe BureauofJusticeStatisticsoftheU.S.DepartmentofJustice.Moreinformationonsourcedataforthis reportcanbeobtainedathttp://www.drugscience.org/States/Notes.htm. StatebudgetdataobtainedfromtheNationalConferenceofStateLegislators: NationalConferenceofStateLegislators.(2009)UpdateonStateBudgetGaps:FY2009&FY 2010.http://www.ncsl.org/?tabid=12580 NationalConferenceofStateLegislators.(2009)Actions&ProposalstoBalancetheFY2010 Budget:CriminalJustice.http://www.ncsl.org/?tabid=17240

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Appendix1. ColoradoSubStateRegions,DefinedbyCounties

Region1:Cheyenne,Elbert,KitCarson,Larimer,Lincoln,Logan,Morgan,Phillips,Sedgwick,Washington, Weld,Yuma, Region2:Adams,Arapahoe,ClearCreek,Denver,Douglas,Gilpin,Jefferson,, Region3:Chaffee,Custer,ElPaso,Fremont,Lake,Park,Teller Region4:Alamosa,Baca,Bent,Conejos,Costilla,Crowley,Huerfano,Kiowa,LasAnimas,Mineral,Otero, Prowers,Pueblo,RioGrande,Saguache Region5:Archuleta,Delta,Dolores,Gunnison,Hinsdale,LaPlata,Montezuma,Montrose,Ouray,San Juan,SanMiguel Region6:Eagle,Garfield,Grand,Jackson,Mesa,Moffat,Pitkin,RioBlanco,Routt,Summit Region7:Boulder, Source:SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration,OfficeofAppliedStudies, DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.SectionD.SubstateRegionDefinitions. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/substate2k8/SecD.htm#TabD5 2