Islamic Terror vs. Norway Massacre: Chicken or Egg?

by Raymond Ibrahim Jihad Watch

Ever since last year's Norway massacre, when Anders Breivik killed some 70 people, the relativists and Muslim apologists of the world felt exonerated: for here at last, thought they, was proof positive that terrorism had nothing to do with Islamic teachings per se. If Christianity cannot be blamed for Breivik, why blame Islam for al-Qaeda? This question was restated in a recent email to me from Gehan D. Sabry, editor of Cross Cultures, a website dedicated to "Promoting Harmony Through Knowledge and Better Understanding." Regarding my recent article, "A Tale of Two American Martyrs," where I discussed the slayings of two American Christians in the Muslim world due to allegations of proselytizing, she wrote: [] I know enough fellow Christians who agree with me that the majority of Muslims and Christians, in fact the moderates of ALL religions ... get along just fine, and only the radicals of each are the ones who make the news, and cause turmoil and tragedy in this world ... when I read this article of yours, I immediately remembered the psycho from Norway who killed over 70 youth recently ... why don't you try to explain that away for me? My explanation, which may be of general interestthis question of moral equivalency plagues the many who think on superficial termsfollows: First, the two murdered American teachers were killed by Muslims under accusations of proselytism. As it happens, according to mainstream Islamic interpretations of Sharia, proselytizing Muslims is a capital offence. In fact, it is mentioned as far back as the socalledPact of Omar, which Muslim doctrinaires still quote from, and which delineates what non-Muslims (it was first made with Christians in Syria) mustand must notdo to safeguard their blood. One of the stipulations they had to agree to was, "We shall not manifest our religion publicly nor convert anyone to it." At the very end of the pact, they had to agree that "If we in any way violate these undertakings for which we ourselves stand surety, we forfeit our covenant, and we become liable to the penalties for contumacy and sedition," which is death. Thus the Muslims who killed the American teachers accused of Christian proselytism had doctrinal backing from Islamone that, by the way, has manifested itself regularly throughout the course of Muslim history. On the other hand, Anders Breivik had absolutely no Christian supportdoctrinal or scripturalfor his shooting spree. Nor did he articulate his terror in the name of religion, the way Koran-waving Islamic terrorists do daily. The importance of this contrast should be clear to objective thinkers. Also, as earlier explained, the terror campaign of Breivikwho openly confessed that alQaeda was his "inspiration" to the point that he tried to emulate its tactics by beheading and videotaping his victimswas influenced, consciously or subconsciously, by Islamic-style jihad and terror. Finally, let us not overlook the fact that the American teachers who were killed by Muslims, and the 70 Norwegians who were killed by Breivik, were all killed in response to Islamthe former directly, the latter indirectly.

Along with the countless non-Muslims daily persecuted under Islam, the Americans were slain in direct accordance with Islam's anti-infidel laws. Conversely, though only Breivik is directly responsible for his murderous spree, it was, nonetheless, indirectly prompted by his conviction (shared among many Europeans) that Islamfrom mass and illegal immigration, to calls for Sharia and death for cartoon publishersis making cataclysmic inroads in Europe. Without removing the sole responsibility from Breivik, the question is: Would there have been a Norway massacre if there was no Islam in Europewith all the troubles associated with it? Raymond Ibrahim is a Shillman Fellow at the David Horowitz Freedom Center and an Associate Fellow at the Middle East Forum.

Prof. Dr. Torla Hassan

PROF DR TORLA HASSAN Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Science International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Current Post at IIUM Email : : Professor torla@iiu.edu.my

PROEFESSIONAL CAREER SUMMARY

Prof Dr Torla Hassan received his PhD (Physics) from the University of Stirling, Scotland, UK, in March 1988. Before that, he was an Academic Assistant at the University of Kuwait, where he obtained his MSc and BSc (Nuclear and Molecular Physics). He was also a student at the Religious Institute of the State of Kuwait, Al-Ma'had Al-Dini.

He is proficient in four languages and published in Malay, Arabic and English. He has published about 50 articles of international standards. He has managed to get his important fundamental research work published in Physical Review Letters, one of the worlds most prestigious journal in physics. He has also published works on issues of Islamic interest in the form of university Arabic text-books, multi-author books and articles in reputable journals. He has represented Malaysia in various international conferences, such as the USIslamic world Forum in Doha. He also obtained many awards in international competitions.

Although his basic training was in physics, his main interest and passion cut across the traditional Islamic disciplines, such asusul al din, shariah, ethics, civilization, and others. He has taught many different courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, ranging from mathematics and advanced quantum mechanics to ethics, usul al din and usul al fiqh.

He has served IIUM since 1984 in various capacities at all of its campuses. IIUM was established in 1983. In 1990, He was seconded to Universiti Brunei Darussalam for 5 years, where he was appointed Deputy Dean of students.

He has served as dean of various and diverse faculties for 10 consecutive years from 1997. He was the founding dean of the Faculty of Science and also of the two faculties of Law and Islamic Revealed Knowledge at the Terengganu branch campus. He also served as the Dean of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC). He has contributed significantly to IIUM in the areas of strategic planning, quality assurance and the general development of the university.

He was the Dean-designate of the Faculty of Science in 1999. His primary job was to plan for the establishment of the faculty. In 2001 the faculty took in its first batch of students for undergraduate, masters and doctoral programmes. In 2003, the faculty decided to establish a research station in Langkawi for its Institute of Oceanography. He has also managed to invite internationally renowned scholars from various parts of the world, particularly Norway, Poland, Germany, Portugal, Uzbekistan, Australia and Egypt, to visit the faculty regularly. These professors have engaged in serious research collaborations with scientists of the university.

1) ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
PhD, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK, March 1988. PhD Thesis: Tests of Quantum Mechanics versus Local Realism Using an Atomic Deuterium Source. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PhDT.......192H MSc (Nuclear and Molecular Physics), University of Kuwait, State of Kuwait, June 1984. MSc Thesis: Photoassociation of 9, 10-dicynoanthracene with Naphthalene, Phenanthrene and Pyrene. BSc (Major in Physics, and minor in Computer Science and Mathematical Statistics), University of Kuwait, State of Kuwait, June 1981. Religious Institute, Al-Ma'had Al-Dini, State of Kuwait, 1977.

2) POSTS HELD

As dean of various faculties of IIUM for 10 consecutive years from 1997 to 2007. Prior to that, as deputy dean for 3 years - one year at Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD) and 2 years at IIUM.

i) Academic posts held at IIUM

Professor (VK 6), 2006 - current. Professor of Physics, 2001 - 2006. Associate Professor (Pre-Medical programme, Kuantan), 1996 - 2001. Assistant Professor (Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences), 1989 - 1996. Assistant Professor (Centre for Fundamental Knowledge), 1988 - 1989. Assistant Lecturer, (Centre for Fundamental Knowledge), 1984 - 1988.

ii) Administrative posts held at science-based faculties

Founding Dean, Faculty of Science, IIUM, 1999 - 2006. Founding Deputy Dean, Pre-Medical Matriculation Programme (IIUM-IKIP Pre-Medical Programme), Kuantan, 1995 - 1997. Deputy Dean, Student Affairs Division, the Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD), 1 January 31 December 1991. Acting Head, Physics Department, UBD, 1990. Seconded to UBD for 5 years, 1990 1995.

iii) Administrative posts held at other faculties

Dean, International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), 2006 - 2007. ISTAC was ranked the best Institution of Malaysia according to Parliament report (www.parlimen.gov.my/hindex/pdf/DR-12042007.pdf).

Founding Dean of Laws and Islamic Revealed Knowledge (IIUM-KUSZA Programme, a branch campus of IIUM in Terengganu), offering LLB and B.IRK degree programmes as well as matriculation programmes in Laws and Islamic Revealed Knowledge, 1997 1999.

3) OTHER REPONSIBILITIES
1. Chairman, Interview Panel for Promotion of language teachers, 2007. 2. Member, Financial Loan Committee, 2007. 3. Member, Student Disciplinary Board, 2006 - 2007. 4. Member, Interview Panel for Promotion of Academic Staff, 2003 - 2007.

5. Member, Election Tribunal of the General Election of Students Representative Council, 2003. 6. Chairman, Souvenirs Committee, Official Opening Ceremony of Kuantan Campus, 2003. 7. Member, Course Curriculum Development Panel, the Malaysian Remuneration System (MRS), 2003 - 2007. 8. Chairman, Ad-hoc Advisory Committee of Student Affairs, 2003 2005. 9. Member, Representing the Senate, at the Academic Staff Selection Board (ASSB), 2002 2007. 10. Member, Steering Committee for the Establishment of the New Campus for the Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Research, Langkawi, Kedah, 2002. 11. Appointed by the Senate to develop a new curriculum of Tilawah Courses, 2002. 12. Appointed by the Senate to develop a new curriculum and prepare a text book of Arabic for IIUM students, 2002. 13. Member, Academic Promotion Board, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge

(KIRKHS), 2002- 2004. 14. Member, Board of Research, 2001 - 2007. 15. Member, Steering Committee for the Establishment of a New Campus for the

Matriculation Centre, 2001 - 2006. 16. Member, Steering Committee for the Official Opening Ceremony of IIUM, 2001. 17. Member, Subcommittee on Criteria for Academic Promotion, 2001 - 2007. 18. Chairman, Subcommittee for University Promotion, 2000 - 2007. 19. Member, Campus Development Council, 2000 - 2007. 20. Member, Board of Matriculation Centre, IIUM, 1997 - 2006. 21. Member, Student Admissions Committee, 2000 - 2007. 22. Member, Board of Student Affairs, 2000 - 2007. 23. Member, Board of Quality Culture, 2000 - 2007. 24. Appointed as User in the development of the building (RM130 Million) for the Faculty of Science, 1999 - 2004. 25. Member of the Senate, 1997 - 2007. 26. Member of Deans Council, 1997 - 2007.

4) OTHER RELEVANT EXPERIENCE

Strategic planning and quality assurance

Actively involved in the following activities at IIUM: Developing Strategic planning, Balanced Score Cards, Key Performance Indicators (KPI), ISO Certification, Quality Assurance (represent IIUM to the Ministry of Higher Education to formulate Criteria and Standard for Degree programmes). http://apps.emoe.gov.my/qad/standards_files/Sainsdanscience.doc.

PUBLICATIONS: The list below is meant to highlight my activities from 2003 onwards, although selected publications prior to 2003 are also included.

5) GENERAL PUBLICATIONS

Although my basic training was in physics, my main interest and passion cut across the traditional Islamic disciplines (e.g.Usuluddin, Shariah, ethics, civilization, etc). My exposure to formal and informal religious education has been continuous. I have published works on issues of Islamic interest in the form of books, multi-author books and articles in reputable journals.

i) Arabic book

Min Dhiya al Lughah al Arabiyyah, Maktabah al Shurouk al Dawliyyah, Egypt (2005). [Arabic Textbook for students of IIUM, Vol. I 209 pages and Vol. II 203 pages].

ii) General Articles

A Rapid and Efficient Novel Molecular Based Method for Detection of Haram Food Ingredients in the Malaysian Market.First International Halal Science Symposium 2006. Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, 1-2 Sept 2006.

Al-Ilm wa al-Iman fi Sunan al Lah al Kawniyyah, At-Tajdid, 17, 11 38, 2005, [IIUM]. (AtTajdid is the flagship journal of IIUM, in ARABIC). Akidah Kepercayaan Orang Melayu dari Perspektif Saintifik (Beliefs of the Malays from a Scientific Perspective), Ancangan Pembingkas Berdaya Cipta dalam Pengajian

Melayu/Indonesia, pp 192 - 217, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand and Kesatuan GuruGuru Melayu, Singapore, 1999. Modern Physics versus Islam, Jurnal Kesturi, Jurnal Akademi Sains Islam, Malaysia (ASASI), 7(1) 54 (1997). Kepimpinan Intelek Kebendaan dan Islam (Islamic Intellectual Leadership vs Materialistic Intellectual Leadership), Jurnal Beriga, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, pp73-77, OktDis 1995. Alam, Sains dan Al-Quran (Nature, Science and the Quran), Jurnal Beriga, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei, pp3-14, April-Jun 1995.

iii) Conferences

Islam in Malaysia, Institute for Studies of the Civil Society (ISCS) Uzbekistan, International Conference on Role and Significance of Islamic Factor, Traditions and Customs in the Formation of the from Principles Islamic of Civil Society 15 in the 16 Countries May of Central Kuala Asia, Bukhara, Uzbekistan, 20 - 24 Sep 2007.

Management

Perspectives,

2007,

Lumpur, Malaysia. http:enm.iiu.edu.my/icmip2007. Represented Malaysia in the US-Islamic World Forum, Doha, Qatar, 17 - 19 Feb 2007. www.us-islamicworldforum.org/pdf/Brookings_Doha%20bios.pdf Konvensyen Islam Hadhari Peringkat Kebangsaan (National Convention on Islam Hadhari), Malaysia, 2006. www.islam.gov.my/portal/pdf/peserta.pdf The International Conference on Ibn Khalduns Legacy and Its Contemporary Significance, 20 - 22 Nov 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. http://www.iiu.edu.my/istac/khaldun/index_khaldun.php Islam in Malaysia, Institute for Studies of the Civil Society (ISCS) Uzbekistan, International Conference on Role and Significance of Islamic Factor, Traditions and Customs in the Formation of the Principles of Civil Society in the Countries of Central Asia, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 26 - 27 Oct 2006. International Conference on Maqasid al-Shari'ah and its Realization in Contemporary Societies, 8 - 10 Aug 2006, IIUM. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. http://www.mail-archive.com/ alternatif-net@yahoogroups.com /msg01087.html

iv) Editor of journals

A member of the Editorial Board of an Arabic refereed journal, At-Tajdid, 2005 2007. A member of the Editorial Board of a refereed journal, International Journal of Muslim Unity (IJMU), 2003 - 2007.

6) SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS (author or co-author)

i) Major publications (1987 2001) include

Experimental Investigation of the Possibility of Enhanced Photon Detection in Einstein Podolsky Rosen (EPR) type Experiments, Physics Letters A, 123 110 (1987), [Elsevier Science Publisher, the Netherlands].

Polarization Correlation Analysis of the Radiation from a Two-Photon Deuterium Source Using Three Polarizers: A Test of Quantum Mechanics versus Local Realism, Physical Review Letters, 62 237 (1989), [American Physical Society, USA]. (This article was reviewed by A Rae, Physics Department, Birmingham University, UK, in Physics World 2, page 17 April 1989).

Circular Polarization Correlation of the Two-Photons Emitted in the Decay of Metastable Atomic Deuterium, Journal of Physics B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys, 24 5035 (1991), [Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing Limited, UK].

Experimental Study of the Effect of an Achromatic Half-Wave Plate on the Polarization State Vector of Correlated of Wave Two-Photon Packets in Radiations an Infinite from Square Metastable Well: a Atomic Fourier Deuterium, Modern Physics Letters B, 9 113 (1995), [World Scientific Publishing Co, USA].

Fractional

Revival

Perspective, European Journal of Physics, 22395-402 (2001).

ii) Recent articles (author or co-author):

Transient

Radiative

Heat

Transfer

through

Thin

Films

Using

Laguerre-Galerkin

Method, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 36 3014 - 3026 (2003). [Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing Limited, UK]. Determination of Lard in a Mixture of Body Fats of Mutton and Cow by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Journal of Ole Science, 52 633 638 (2003), [Japan]. Quantum-Trajectory Simulations of a Two-Level Atom Cascaded to a Cavity QED Laser, Physical Review A, 68 063804 (2003), [American Physical Society, USA]. Expeditious Implementation of Two New Methods for Analyzing the Pigment Composition of Photosynthetic Specimens,Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 60 2783 - 2791 (2004), [Elsevier SciencePublisher, the Netherlands]. o o Efficacy of Malaysian Plant Extracts in Preventing Peroxidation Reactions in Model and Food Oil Systems, Journal of Ole Science, 53 No. 11, 525 - 529 (2004), [Japan]. Antioxidative Behaviour of Malaysian Plant Extracts in Model and Food Oil Systems, Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 13 Supplement (2004), [Japan]. Synergistic Effect of Rosemary, Sage and Citric Acid on Fatty Acid Retention of Heated Flaxseed Oil, Journal of Ole Science, 53 No 12, 581 591 (2004), [Japan]. Physico-Chemical Stability of Flaxseed Oil with Natural Antioxidant Mixtures during Heating, Journal of Ole Science,54 No 2, 71 79 (2005), [Japan]. Performance of Phytochemical Antioxidant Systems in Refined-Bleached-Deodorized Palm Olein during Frying, Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 14, No 4, December 2005, [Australia].

Effect of Feed Additive on the Development of Proteolytic Enzymes of the Tropical Sport Fish Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides Bleeker) Fry, American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1, No 3, 133 135, 2005.

Time-dependent Radiative Transfer through Thin Films: Chapman-Enskog-Maximum Entropy Method, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 38 3469 - 3479 (2005), [Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing Limited, UK].

o o

Fluorescence Detection of Human Premalignant and Malignant Lesions, Trends in Photochemistry & Photobiology, 11, 63 76 (2006). Extraction and characterization of gelatin from different marine fish species in Malaysia, International Food Research Journal, 16, 381 - 389, 2009.

iii) Scientific conferences, seminar proceedings and summer schools (author or coauthor)

Ultrafast Decay of Optical Anisotropy due to Electronic Decoherence in a Threefold Degeneracy, European Science Foundation, Algrave, Portugal, 12 - 15 Jun 2003. Anisotropy of Light Scattering, Stimulated Spontaneous Emission and Photon-Induced Changes in Absorbance, European Science Foundation, Torun, Poland, 25 30 Aug 2003. Detection of Lard in a Mixture of Animal Fats by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Proceeding of International Conference on Advancement in Science and Technology (iCAST), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5 7 Aug 2003.

Fizik Atomic Molecular Optics (FAMO) Conference, Jurata, Poland, 15 - 26 Sep 2004. Photolysis of tocopherol (EH) in acetonitrile: photoionisation and electron transfer reactions of EH+ and an ultra-mobile solvent radical anion with carotenoids, Free Radical Research Facility Conference, Daresbury Laboratory, UK, 28 30 Oct 2004.

On

some

distribution

of

light

rays,

the

12th

Mathematical

Sciences

National

Symposium, IIUM, Malaysia, 23 - 24 Dec 2004. On some distribution in a scattering of lights, the Fifth International Fergana Conference Limit Theorems of the Theory of Probability and its Applications in Commemoration of Academician Sagdi Khasanovich Sirajdinov, the V.I. Romanovskii Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Science of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Mirzo Ulugbek National University of Uzbekistan, Fergana, Uzbekistan, 10 - 13 May 2005. Coincidence study of excitation of cadmium atoms by 60 eV electron impact, European Group of Atomic spectroscopy (EGAS), Dublin City University, Ireland, 3 - 6 Aug 2005. The Definition of Solution of BBGKYs Chain of Kenitic Equations Through Solution of the Wigner Equation, School and Conference on Complex Systems and Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICPT), Italy, 31 Jul 8 Aug 2006. (http://users.ictp.it/~smr1763/Rasulova.pdf). Fluorescence Detection of Human Premalignant and Malignant Lesions, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 1 - 3 Dec 2006. The National industrial experience in Nanotechnology in Malaysia, Seminar and Workshop on MEMS and NEMS Applications,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2009.

7) SCIENTIFIC AWARDS

Special Award, Seoul International Invention Fair (SIIF), Korea 2006. Gold Medal, Seoul International Invention Fair (SIIF), Korea 2006. Gold Medal, International Exhibition of Invention, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. Silver Medal, International Exhibition of Invention, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. Quality Research Award, IIUM, 2004. Silver Medal, 16th International Invention, Innovation, Industrial Design & Technology Exhibition 2005 KL, Malaysia.

8) AWARD OF HONOURS FROM HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE SULTAN

Ahli Yang Ketiga (Paduka) Bagi Darjah Kebesaran Setia Mahkota Kelantan Yang Amat Terbilang (PSK) 2003.

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Review Article
It is commonly held that democracy is unquestionably a worthwhile goal, warranting extensive study. Social scientists find much common ground with respect to the basic concepts surrounding democratic consolidation and easily recognize that many transitioning countries lack the characteristics to effectively consolidate democracy. However, beyond these shared assumptions, imprecision and confusion are the rules rather than the exception when it comes to serious discussion of democratic consolidation. This overview highlights some of the major obstacles to democratic consolidation in three developing countries: Guatemala, Colombia, and Algeria. These case studies demonstrate significant theoretical and empirical problems that challenge a successful transition to a consolidated democracy, providing an overview of the complex problems faced by democratizing countries worldwide. Defining Democratic Consolidation At the very minimum, democracy requires the existence of free, fair, and recurring elections allowing the citizenry of a country to choose representative leaders. While elections are a fundamental prerequisite of democratic consolidation, the presence of a functioning electoral system does not automatically ensure the existence of true democracy or rule out the possibility of authoritarian structures and practices. To clarify the minimal requirements of democratic consolidation, leading political scientist Guillermo

O'Donnell uses Robert Dahl's concept of "polyarchy," which outlines a useful set of guidelines for democratic consolidation. Polyarchy has six requirements in addition to free and fair elections: universal suffrage, the right to run for office, freedom of expression, alternative sources of information, and freedom of association (O'Donnell 1996). These prerequisites should ensure that democracy functions at a minimal level: that is, competition occurs for public office, political participation is useful and inclusive, and civil rights and liberties are protected. These requirements should prevent a reversion to authoritarian rule, and ensure that the structures that allow for majoritarian rule also protect minority rights, thereby consolidating democracy (Diamond, 1998; cited in Albrecht and Schlumberger). While Dahl's minimal prerequisites for democracy are generally agreed upon, it is the unique political and social phenomena inherent to every fledgling democracy that muddies terms and definitions, making generalization nearly impossible. The combination of variables affecting most transitioning democracies are varied and can include, but are not limited to, massive poverty, military guardianship, geographical problems, antidemocratic cultural and religious norms, absence of the rule of law, weak institutions, and civil war. In addition, fledgling democracies have different cultural, political, historical, and economic antecedents. Further complicating the discussion, even when phenomena are roughly the same, competing terms sometimes exist to describe them. For example, "guided democracy," "protected democracy," "tutelary democracy," "democradura" and "dictablanda" ("hard democracy" and "soft dictatorship," respectively) all describe a situation in which the military continues to exercise power in areas normally reserved for civilian branches of government, such as public policy formation and administration of criminal justice. This lack of precision led political scientists David Collier and Steven Levitsky to describe the study of democratic consolidation as "Democracy with Adjectives" (Collier and Levitsky, 1997). In light of this imprecision, it is necessary for academics and policymakers alike to approach the study and promotion of democracy with nuance and sensitivity rather than attempting to use a "one size fits all" model of democratic consolidation. A generalized approach simply equating democracy with elections does not take into account the varied experiences of different countries and the other vital elements contributing to consolidated democracy. In order to be useful or meaningful, consolidated democracy must reflect the realities of the countries to which it applies. Guatemala: Legal Failure And Military Autonomy Fair and consistent application of the rule of law is vital for democracy to flourish. Essential to the rule of law is the idea of horizontal accountability, or the concept that the powers and branches within a democracy are kept in check by their counterparts. These legal checks and balances ensure that the interests of any government branches, with varying responsibilities toward the body politic, will not take precedence over any other branch and impose an unaccountable form of political leadership upon the citizenry or engage in corrupt practices. While government agencies and branches should be accountable to citizens in the form of elections, they must also be held accountable to each other (O'Donnell, 2004). In Guatemala, by contrast, the military has historically exercised authority that other branches of government have been unable or unwilling to keep in check, severely compromising the government's ability to remain legitimately accountable to the citizens. A brief historical background is necessary to acquaint readers with a sense of the problems Guatemalans face in their transition to democracy. Guatemala spent almost all of the Cold War engulfed in civil war and under an authoritarian military dictatorship following the coup of 1954 to overthrow the democratically elected regime of Juan Jacobo Arbenz. Systematic repression of citizens' rights, arbitrary arrest and detention, torture, disappearance, and murder under the name of fighting communism were the de facto policies of Guatemala's military dictatorship until the peace accords that began in 1991 were concluded in 1996 (Glebbeek, 2001).

Guatemala shares many of the features of other Central and South American countries that democratized in the wake of the Cold War. One of the most notable features of Guatemala's attempted democratic reform is continued military autonomy relative to the executive, legislative, and, particularly, the judicial branches of government. While Guatemala has achieved meaningful democratic reform in the area of free and fair elections, serious problems exist in subordinating the military to civilian authority (Ruhl, 2005). One of the most problematic manifestations of military autonomy is continued impunity for past and present human rights abusers in the Guatemalan military (Sieder 2003). A key element in reconciling Guatemala's long-running civil war is punishing military officers responsible for committing human rights abuses during that period, as well as those continuing to exercise extra-legal authority over Guatemala's civilian population. This impunity is caused by a corrupt and weakened judiciary under the threat of retaliation from military and criminal networks who avoid punishment by bribing, threatening, or committing acts of violence against judges, other members of the legal community, and human rights workers (Amnesty International, 2003). The Guatemalan peace accords of 1996 and the institution of elections were not in themselves sufficient to bring the military under civilian control and wipe out Guatemala's authoritarian legacy. Human rights abusing military officers continue to fill the ranks of the military, and the Guatemalan legal apparatus has been unable to successfully establish a system based upon rule of law. Additionally, a climate of chaos and instability has led to continued use of the military, widely seen as the most effective means to bring stability to the Guatemalan countryside, to prosecute common criminals (Garst, 1998). Ineffective application of the rule of law and continued military autonomy pose great threats to the realization of consolidated democracy in Guatemala for the near future. The military retains inertia from its Cold War period of control over many aspects of Guatemalan political and social life, and its capabilities for violence seriously undermine any attempts to end military authoritarianism and bring the rule of law to Guatemala (Ruhl, 2005). The effect of this military autonomy is the use of violence and coercion to silence any challenges to the Guatemalan political and social order. This state-sponsored military violence negates the progress made by elections in that it curtails universal suffrage, freedom of expression and association, and equality before the eyes of the law all necessary requirements for democracy to exist (O'Donnell 1996). Colombia: A Failed State? Unlike Guatemala and much of Latin America, Colombia did not experience formal military dictatorship during its entire Cold War experience. In fact, throughout most of its history, Colombia has enjoyed a democratic government in the institutional and electoral respects. However, beyond its smoothly running elections, Colombia is in fact a divided and often violent society plagued by civil war. One of the principal reasons for Colombian violence is a mountainous geography that has resulted in a dispersed, fragmented society where large sectors of the citizenry have little contact with the Colombian state apparatus. This geographical contingency is part of what spawned Colombia's largest insurgent organization, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarios de Colombia Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), which was originally formed as a rural self-defense organization but grew into a communist insurgency in 1966 with the goal of overthrowing the Colombian state. Geography also aided the formation of the Ejercito de Liberacin Nacionl or National Liberation Army (ELN), which was inspired by the Cuban revolution (Molano, 2000). Additionally, Colombia's current violence has its roots in a period from 1946 to 1957 known simply as La Violencia, when the assassination of a popular Liberal Party candidate sparked chaos throughout the countryside between members of the rival Conservative and Liberal parties, resulting in an estimated 200,000 deaths. To end the violence, the parties constructed the "National Front" power sharing arrangement, which shared political power

and alternated presidential terms between the parties. While this helped to quell partisan violence, it was exclusionary and did not address many of the needs of the rural population, giving the FARC and ELN a sense of legitimacy (Mason, 2003). The result of this lack of state power throughout Colombia has been a civil war lasting over three decades that, while having its roots in the Cold War, has continued despite the end of bipolar competition between the United States and the former Soviet Union. This continuation has been fueled by the manufacture and sale of illegal drugs, particularly cocaine. As a response to the FARC's expanding influence, illegal paramilitary self-defense organizations, sometimes in collaboration with the Colombian military and often fueled by drug profits, have shot up throughout Colombia to protect the interests of wealthy landowners and ranchers. Unfortunately, Colombian citizens often suffer at the hands of these illegal organizations as they vie for power, land, and political influence (Ortiz, 2002;Romero, 2002). The interplay between Colombia's long-standing democratic institutions and its historic inability to gain control over isolated regions dominated by guerrillas and paramilitary groups leads to either cynical or optimistic assessments of Colombia's chances for democratic consolidation. President lvaro Uribe, elected in 2002, enjoys a popular mandate based upon a platform of militarily defeating Colombia's guerrilla groups after the failed attempts at peace negotiations by his predecessor, Andres Pastrana. Uribe's promise to strengthen the security apparatus while promoting democracy rang true to a majority of Colombians and ensured the backing of the United States through massive military funding (Mason, 2003). Additionally, some analysts have speculated that Colombia's geographic dislocation could in fact be advantageous should security be restored, since it ensures an absence of centralized authoritya key tenet of liberal democracy for some theorists (Mason, 2005; Posada-Carbo, 2004). Unfortunately, however, a quick peace and the establishment of truly democratic rule in Colombia seems quite unlikely. Unlike the conflict in Guatemala, where the end of the Cold War provided an impetus for ideological foes to negotiate for peace, the end of the Cold War has seen a sharp rise in the Colombian conflict due to rising profits associated with drug revenues. The FARC has seen membership rise dramatically, as have rival paramilitary groups. This rise in violence and size of the civil conflict led to what political scientist Nazih Richani describes as a "Political Economy of Violence" in which the principal actors benefit from protracted conflict and continued drug profits more than they would from peaceful negotiation (Richani, 1997). Peace and democracy, seen from this light, are lofty goals for Colombia. The obstacles to democratic consolidation in Colombia are more numerous and complex than those in Guatemala. While in Guatemala the main problem lies in subordinating the military to civilian authority, in Colombia armed groups that have repeatedly disregarded the law and settled disputes through violence rather than deliberation are more numerous than in Guatemala. These violent actors are either opposed to the state, as in the case of the FARC and the ELN, or they are connected to it, as in the case of military-paramilitary collaboration. A key antecedent to democratic consolidation in Colombia is a commitment to nonviolence on the part of all these groups. Algeria: The Relationship Between Islam and Democracy In addition to a legacy of military and authoritarian rule religious fundamentalism can threaten democratic consolidation, as in the case of Algeria where Islamic fundamentalism is known as Islamism. Islamists see Islam as more than a religion and wish to establish a political system based upon fundamentalist interpretations of Islamic law. Traditionally, Islamist political groups have been willing to use violence to achieve their goals, and in the case of Algeria this has been manifested in the form of terrorism against the Algerian state and its citizens. (Takeyh, 2001). The rise of Islamism in Algeria correlates with the decline of the authoritarian socialist system set up after Algeria successfully decolonized from France in 1962 following a war of

national liberation. Algeria initially achieved some economic success as a socialist country, buoyed by its large oil reserves and despite corruption in the revolutionary government party, the National Liberation Front (FLN). When oil reserves began to decline in the 1980s, however, the wealth and generous social services that made the corruption tolerable also declined. The end of oil wealth stalled the Algerian socialist developmental program and called attention to the FLN's nepotistic, undemocratic structures (Abdelaziz, 2004). In October of 1988 a series of strikes and walkouts by students and workers culminated in widespread rioting. Although Islamism as a political ideology had challenged the revolutionary government since decolonization, the economic difficulties of the mid to late 1980s coincided with the large scale rise of Islamism, as many middle-class educated youth found themselves jobless and without prospects. Islamism offered a governmental alternative that was more authentic culturally than imported, Western ideologies such as socialism, which had failed. The riots of October 1988 marked the end of Algeria's one party rule, as the government formally liberalized in 1989, allowing for competition between political parties. This political opening was exploited by Islamists, who quickly formed the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS). When the FIS dominated the parliamentary elections of 1991, the government suspended the elections. Violence quickly gave way to a civil war that lasted throughout the 1990s, leaving an estimated 100,000 Algerians dead. Unfortunately, Algeria was effectively caught between two antidemocratic forces; on one hand was an authoritarian revolutionary government unwilling to submit to democratic rule, and on the other hand a religious fundamentalist movement, with neither side hesitant about using violence to achieve its aims. Although Islam in itself is not a fundamentally antidemocratic religion, the Islamist movement in Algeria appears to have had varied levels of tolerance for democratic pluralism. The participation of the FIS in the 1991 election showed at the very least a tacit acceptance of electoral democracy. On the other hand, Islamists claimed to rule from divine authority and were at times totally intolerant of those who did not recognize this authority, and intolerant of any secular form of education, entertainment or political representation (Berman, 2003). Interpretations of Islamism vary, however. The separation of the socio-political and religious spheres"separation of church and state"is largely a western creation, and not necessarily compatible in countries with a large Islamic population. Islam includes legal, social and political codes that Islamists are trying to reinstate, often against corrupt, authoritarian regimesparticularly in Algeria, where the military government is viewed as a continuation of French colonialism (Slisli, 2000). As Algeria moves away from civil war following a 2000 cease-fire and amnesty, oil revenues once again are up and there appears to be space for a legitimate political opening. The cease-fire had the desired effect of dramatically lessening the violence in Algeria. Only the future can tell if Algeria is truly on the way to democratic consolidation (Sandhu, 2001). Conclusion Although limited in its scope this essay has demonstrated some of the varied and difficult challenges face by countries as they endeavor to consolidate their young democratic governments. The many challenges faced by countries in the midst of a transition to legitimate democratic governments are numerous and specific to each individual case and to cast out generalization is to ignore the inherent characteristics and unique challenges of every individual country. The common thread between Guatemala, Colombia, and Algeria is either the breakdown or the nonexistence of peaceful modes of political contestation. This has led to the use of violence rather than compromise and deliberation in settling disputes and forming policy. Violence is the surest way to disrupt democratization, and to refute it is the first step

toward democratic consolidation, which should include widespread acceptance of the democratic process and the rule of law.
Copyright 2005, All Rights Reserved, CSA 1. 2. Abdelaziz, Testas. "Economic and Political Explanations of Algeria's Human Rights Violations," International Journal of Human Rights, 2004, 8, 4, winter, 399-411. Albrecht, Holger and Oliver Schlumberger. 'Waiting for Godot:' Regime Change Without Democratization in the Middle East, International Political Science Review, 2004, 25, 4, Oct., 371392. Amnesty International. "Guatemala: Deep Cause for Concern: Amnesty International's Assessment of the Current human Rights Situation in Guatemala," 2003, April. Available online at http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/countries/indx234.htm Berman, Sheri. "Islamism, Revolution and Civil Society," Perspectives on Politics, 2003, 1, 2, June, 257-272. Collier, David and Steven Levitsky. "Democracy With Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research," World Politics, 1997, 49, 3, Apr., 430. back to article 6. Garst, R. "Continuing Military Power In Guatemala," NACLA Report on the Americas, 1998, 32, 3, Nov.-Dec., 20-21. 7. Glebbeek, Marie-Louise. "Police Reform and the Peace Process in Guatemala: The Fifth Promotion of the National Police," Bulletin of Latin American Research, 2001, 20, 4, Oct., 431-453. 8. Mason, Ann. "Colombia's Democratic Security Agenda: Public Order in the Security Tripod," Security Dialogue, 2003, 34, 4, December, 391-409. 9. Mason, Ann. "Constructing Authority Alternatives on the Periphery: Vignettes from Colombia," International Political Science Review, 2005, 26, 1, 37-54. 10. Molano, Alfredo. "The Evolution of the FARC: A Guerrilla Group's Long History," NACLA Report on the Americas, 2000, 34,2, September/October, 22-31. back to article 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Mortimer, Robert A. "Algeria: The Clash between Islam, Democracy, and the Military," Current History, 1993, 92, 570, Jan., p.37. O'Donnell, Guillermo. "Illusions About Consolidation," Journal of Democracy, 1996, 7,2, Apr, 34-51. O'Donnell, Guillermo. "Why the Rule of Law Matters," Journal of Democracy, 2004, 15, 4, Oct., 3246. Ortiz, Roman D. "The Case of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 2002, 25, 2, Mar-Apr, 127-143. Posada-Carbo, Eduardo. "Colombia's Resilient Democracy," Current History, 2004, 103, 670, Feb, 68-73. back to article 16. Richani, Nazih. "The Political Economy of Violence: The war System in Colombia, " Journal of InterAmerican Studies and World Affairs. 1997, 39, 2 , Summer, 97. 17. Romero, Mauricio. "Political Democratization and Paramilitary Counter reform in Colombia," Politica y Sociedad, 2002, 39, 1, Jan-Apr, 273-292. 18. Ruhl, J Mark. "The Guatemalan Military since the Peace Accords: The Fate of Reform," Latin American Politics and Society, 2005, 47, 1, spring, 55-86. 19. Sandhu, Amandeep. "Algerian Conflict: An Exercise in State Terrorism," Journal for the Study of Peace and Conflict, 2001-2002, 1-15. 20. Sieder, Rachel. "Renegotiating 'Law and Order': Judicial Reform and Citizen Responses in Post-War Guatemala," Democratization, 2003, 10, 4, winter, 137-160. back to article 21. Slisli, Fouzi. "The Western Media and the Algerian Crisis," Race & Class, 2000, 41, 3, 43-57.

3.

4. 5.

22. Takeyh, Ray. "Islamism in Algeria: A Struggle Between Hope and Agony," Middle East Policy, 2003, 10, 2, summer, 63-75. 23. Takeyh, Ray. "Islamism: R.I.P," National Interest, 2001, 63, spring, 97-102.

Torla Hassan
Professor at IIUM Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Higher Education
Professor di IIUM Terdahulu Lecturer di Universiti Brunei Darussalam UBD Pendidikan The University of Stirling Kuwait University

Al Ma"had Al Dini, KuwaitHassan, TH (Torla H)

Latest papers:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005 ;14 (4):402-13 16326648 Cit:1

Performance of phytochemical antioxidant deodorized palm olein during frying.

Irwandi Jaswir, Yaacob B Che Man, Torla H Hassan

systems

in

refined-bleached-

Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur. irwandi@iiu.edu.my.

Antioxidants are important inhibitory compounds against the oxidative deterioration of food. This study investigated the effects of various phytochemical antioxidant systems [oleoresin rosemary (OR), oleoresin sage (OS) and citric acid (CA)] on the physico-chemical characteristics of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein during the frying of potato chips. The effects of various mixtures of the antioxidants on the oil was also studied in repeated deep frying. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the composition of mixed antioxidants used. A comparative study was carried out with synthetic antioxidants. Samples of the oil after frying were analyzed for different physical and chemical properties. OR and OS were found to be effective phytochemical antioxidants protecting RBD palm olein against oxidative deterioration during frying. Most cited papers:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005 ;14 (4):402-13 16326648 Cit:1

IIUM's Detection Technique Can Help Malaysia Become World Halal Hub
By Bernama published 5 years ago
A detection technique for halal-labelled food developed by a team of researchers from the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) is expected to contribute to the establishment of a halal centre at the university and help Malaysia become the leading world halal hub. The sixman team headed by Assoc Prof Dr Abd-el Aziem Farouk Gad, 41, has invented a molecular kit

which can detect pork in halal-labelled food and food products. The use of the molecular kit based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the detection of pork and its by-products and differentiation of meat species could save companies substantial sums of money compared with using the current available techniques, Prof Farouk told Bernama here today. "The detection kit is 10 times cheaper and it will cost about RM2.50 to determine one food sample under the DNA technique compared with RM25 per sample under the current available techniques," he said. He said the cost effectiveness of the invention would enable large industries to use it on a few hundred samples in a day. "There is a lot of halal-labelled food in Malaysia that contains DNA contamination forms, and by using biomarkers, we can detect pork contents and differentiate the animal species in the food." He said the unique, innovative DNA-based new biomarker could be applied for fast and sensitive detection of porcine ingredients in food isolated by microwave irradiation. "The basis of the system is to detect certain unique, harmful substances present and the quantity through the PCR method that will allow the identification of the meat, whether it had been slaughtered properly or killed. "When an animal is slaughtered in the proper way, most of its blood is drained away, thus preventing a build-up of any substance that is harmful for human consumption," he explained. The research, which took more than 10 years, was conducted on a RM37,000 grant provided by IIUM. "The molecular systems for halal and haram food detection enable us to differentiate between slaughtered and non-slaughtered meat. The slaughtered meat does not have the harmful substances. We are able to detect that and it's really a big breakthrough," Prof Farouk said. The breakthrough earned him and his team a gold medal award at the Seoul International Invention Fair 2006 last December. The team also received a special prize from the Korean International Promotion Association for the halal detection system at the invention fair. "We cannot compete with Japan, Korea or Germany by making good cars, but we can compete with other countries by utilising minor resources with a bigger solution, and this is what we have done. We believe this research can be beneficial by developing the technology itself and providing Malaysia with intellectual property," Prof Farouk said. The researchers in the team are Mohamed Faizal Noor Batcha of Malaysia, Ralf Greiner of Germany, and Malaysians Torla Hassan, Hamzah Mohamed Salleh and Ahmad Faris Ismail.

ABSTRAC

Irwandi Jaswir

Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur. irwandi@iiu.edu.my
PUBLICATIONS OF IRWANDI JASWIR

Fatty acid profiles of fin fish in Langkawi Island, Malaysia.

Authors: Farida Osman, Irwandi Jaswir, Huzwah Khaza'ai, Ridzwan Hashim

Journal of oleo science. 02/2007; 56(3):107-13.

Total lipid contents and fatty acid composition of 13 marine fish species namely, "jenahak" (Lutianus agentimaculatus), "kebasi" (Anadontostoma chacunda), "duri" (Arius cumatranus), "tenggiri batang"

Performance of phytochemical antioxidant systems in refined-bleacheddeodorized palm olein during frying.

Irwandi Jaswir
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur. irwandi@iiu.edu.my
Ahmad Faris added themselves to the department Mechanical Engineering.2 years ago

Papers (20) Comparative Performance Analysis of Mobile IPv6 Protocols: Special Reference to Simultaneous Bindings Combustion Processes of Rice Husks for Energy Hardware Design, Development and Evaluation of a Pressure-Based Typing Biometrics Authentication System Design and Evaluation of a Pressure-Based Typing Biometric Authentication System

Ahmad Faris added a website.

about a year ago

Website http://eng.iiu.edu.my/v3/main.php?th=1&id=73&showstaff=faris
about a year ago

Ahmad Faris added 20 papers

Conference Proceedings: ICAMT 2004: Third International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 11-13 May 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Effect of Cooling Rate on Strength and Fracture Surfaces of Alpha Brass Casting Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Processes From Qur'Anic Perspective A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL OF PEROXYFORMIC ACID AS A DESULPHURISING AGENT FOR SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL REACTIVITY STUDIES OF MALAYSIAN COALS FOR CLEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS Effect of Silicon on Strength and Fracture Surfaces of AluminiumSilicon Casting and Heat Treated Alloys Glosari Teknologi Pembakaran Duststorm Measurements for the Prediction of Attenuation on Microwave Signals In Sudan Mixed-Convection Heat Transfer From Simulated Air-Cooled Electronic Devices: Experimental and Numerical Study Hardware Design, Development and Evaluation of a Pressure-Based Typing Biometrics Authentication System

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Intelligent Pressure-Based Typing Biometrics System Combustion Processes of Rice Husks for Energy Comparative Performance Analysis of Mobile IPv6 Protocols: Special Reference to Simultaneous Bindings

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Quick view |

Design Modification of High Speed Diesel Engine to Accommodate Compressed Natural Gas COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC (CFD) STUDY OF CONTINUOUS SOLIDIFICATION The Effect of Process Conditions on Coal Pyrolysis and Char Reactivity Development of Hybrid Electrical Air-Cushion Tracked Vehicle for Swamp Peat Design and Evaluation of a Pressure-Based Typing Biometric Authentication System Phytate-Degrading Enzyme Production by Bacteria Isolated From Malaysian Soil Handoff Latency Analysis of Mobile IPv6 Protocol Variations

Quick view |

PUBLICATIONS OF IRWANDI JASWIR

Fatty acid profiles of fin fish in Langkawi Island, Malaysia.

Authors: Farida Osman, Irwandi Jaswir, Huzwah Khaza'ai, Ridzwan Hashim Journal of oleo science. 02/2007; 56(3):107-13.

Total lipid contents and fatty acid composition of 13 marine fish species namely, "jenahak" (Lutianus agentimaculatus), "kebasi" (Anadontostoma chacunda), "duri" (Arius cumatranus), "tenggiri batang"

Performance of phytochemical antioxidant systems in refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein during frying.

Authors: Irwandi Jaswir, Yaacob B Che Man, Torla H Hassan Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 02/2005; 14(4):402-13.

Antioxidants are important inhibitory compounds against the oxidative deterioration of food. This study investigated the effects of various phytochemical antioxidant systems [oleoresin rosemary (OR),

Authors: Irwandi Jaswir, Yaacob B Che Man, Torla H Hassan Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 02/2005; 14(4):402-13.

Antioxidants are important inhibitory compounds against the oxidative deterioration of food. This study investigated the effects of various phytochemical antioxidant systems [oleoresin rosemary (OR),

T
Fluorescence detection of human premalignant and Barbara W. Chwirot, Stanisaw Chwirot, Pages: 63 Number of pages: 14 malignant Torla lesions Hassan 76

Trends in Photochemistry Volume Copyright 2006 Research Trends. All rights reserved

&

Photobiology 11

ABSTRACT
Diagnostic potential of autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for early detection of precancerous and malignant lesions has been actively investigated for almost twenty years. Fluorescence diagnosis based on excitation of the fluorescence of endogenous fluorophores can detect human neoplasia with high sensitivity and specificity. The autofluorescence methods may provide an important auxiliary tool assisting and facilitating the correct diagnosis but their diagnostic merit still has to be proven in properly performed randomized studies.

Performance of phytochemical antioxidant deodorized palm olein during frying.

Irwandi Jaswir, Yaacob B Che Man, Torla H Hassan

systems

in

refined-bleached-

Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur. irwandi@iiu.edu.my.

Antioxidants are important inhibitory compounds against the oxidative deterioration of food. This study investigated the effects of various phytochemical antioxidant systems [oleoresin rosemary (OR), oleoresin sage (OS) and citric acid (CA)] on the physico-chemical characteristics of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein during the frying of potato chips. The effects of various mixtures of the antioxidants on the oil was also studied in repeated deep frying. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the composition of mixed antioxidants used. A comparative study was carried out with synthetic antioxidants. Samples of the oil after frying were analyzed for different physical and chemical properties. OR and OS were found to be effective phytochemical antioxidants protecting RBD palm olein against oxidative deterioration during frying.

Pengalaman Torla Hassan

Title Author Contributor Publisher ISBN Length Subjects Min dhi al-lughah al-Arabyah: madkhal il al-lughah al-Arabyah Torla Hassan International Islamic University Malaysia. Language Centre Language Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia, 2005 9770912824, 9789770912829 209 pages Arabic language

Professor
IIUM
Educational Institution; 1001-5000 employees; Higher Education industry

September 1984 Present (27 years 10 months) Malaysia

Lecturer
Universiti Brunei Darussalam UBD
Public Company; 51-200 employees; Higher Education industry

January 1990 April 1995 (5 years 4 months) Brunei Darussalam

Pendidikan Torla Hassan

The University of Stirling
PhD, Physics
1984 1988

Kuwait University
BSc, MSc, Physics
1977 1984

Al Ma"had Al Dini, Kuwait

Religion
1975 1976

Prof. Dr. Torla Hj. Hassan

Personal Details Post: Professor Department: Computational and Theoretical Sciences Address: Department of Computational and Theorectical Sciences Kulliyyah of Science International Islamic University Malaysia Kuantan, 25200, Pahang, Malaysia. E-mail: torla@iiu.edu.my Telefon (O):09-5716400 ext. (Fax):09-5716789

Title:

Tests of Quantum Mechanics Versus Local Realism Using AN Atomic Deuterium Source. Authors: Haji-Hassan, Torla Bin Affiliation: AA(UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING (UNITED KINGDOM).) Publication: Thesis (PH.D.)--UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING (UNITED KINGDOM), 1987.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 49-10, Section: B, page: 4371. Publication Date: 00/1987 Category: Physics: Atomic Origin: UMI Bibliographic Code: 1987PhDT.......192H Abstract

Available from UMI in association with The British Library. Requires signed TDF. Measurements of the polarization correlation of the twophotons emitted simultaneously by metastable atomic deuterium in a true second order radiative process, are described. Two experiments, one involving the use of a half-wave plate and two linear polarizers, and the other three linear polarizers, have been carried out to investigate the validity of quantum mechanics in hitherto unexplored situations and to test local realistic theories of the type recently proposed by Garuccio and Selleri. The results of the experiments provide clear evidence against local realistic theories in which the probability of detection is postulated to be dependent on the angle between a polarization vector | l, and a detection vector | lambda. The quantum

mechanical predictions for such experiments, in which non -ideal analysers were employed, have also been established and have been shown to be in agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the results of circular polarization measurements confirm the conservation of angular momentum along the common axis of detection and give further verification of the correctness of the form of the state vector describing the state of polarization of the two-photons. In another experiment, the effect of an electric field on the polarization properties of the two-photons has been measured for the first time. The Stoke's parameters characterizing the two-photon beam have been determined and the results suggest that the two-photon radiation is partially polarized at 22.5^circ with respect to the electric field vector. It is suggested that the effect is due to the removal of the degeneracy of the virtual intermediate P states of the