NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL CEIS Mobile Communications Tutorial: MC1

1 What does digital cellular transmission offers compared to its analogue counterpart? 2 Discuss what is meant by the deep radio shadow in mobile communications. 3 What points should be taken into account when selecting the height, area coverage and the frequency reuse in mobile communications? 4 Prove that for a hexagonal geometry, the co-channel reuse ratio is given by Q = (3N). 5 Using diagram, illustrate the hand-off process and discuss why it is carried out with two thresholds. 6 Discuss the followings: The need for the umbrella cell in mobile systems Hoe fading effect is dealt with in the hand-off operation The main difference between random white noise and an impulse signal 7 In cellular radio systems discuss the followings: (a) Interference minimisation, (b) Channel allocation per cell, (c) Cell splitting, and (d) Space diversity reception. 8 Briefly describe the followings: (a) Hand-off strategies, (b) Interference, and (c) Tracking and grade of services 9 A certain city has an area of 1,300 square miles and is covered by a cellular system using a 7-cell reuse pattern. Each cell has a radius of 4 miles and the city is allocated 40 MHz of spectrum with a full duplex channel bandwidth of 60 kHz. Assume a grade of service (GOS) of 2% for an Erlang B system is specified. If the offered traffic per user is 0.02 Erlangs, compute: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) The number of cells in the service area, The number of channels per cell, and per cluster, Traffic intensity of each cell, The maximum carried traffic, The total number of users that can be served, The number of mobiles per channel, The theoretical maximum number of users that could be served at one time by the system.

10 A hexagonal cell within a 4 cell system has a radius of 1.387 km. A total of 60 channels are used within the entire system. If the load per user is 0.029 Erlangs, and = 1 call/hour, compute the following for Erlang C system with GOS of 5%: (a) How many users per square kilometre will this system support? (b) What is the probability that a delayed call will have to wait for more than 10 s? (c) What is the probability that a call will be delayed for more than 10 seconds? Not covered in the lecture, but solution will be given. 11 Discuss what is meant linear and non-linear amplitude distortion in the context of mobile communications. 12 Complete the table below and from it plot the number of channels per cluster and the SNI versus the cluster size. Assuming that 300 channels per operator out of which 21 channels are used for control etc. Cluster size Reuse ratio Max. no. of channel per cell SNI (dB) no of subs per cell 3 4 7

9 12 21 13 In cellular systems there are performance parameters associated with the traffic capacity and the efficiency measure is one of them. Name three of them and explain what they are. 14 Consider an antenna transmitting a power of 15 W at 1 GHz over a line of sight. Given the distance of 2000 m calculate: (i) the received power in dB and dBm, and (ii) the free space path loss in dB and dBm. 15 Consider a communication system, where the input (baseband) data is a non-return-to zero (NRZ) with an amplitude of 1 V and a duration of 1 ms. The carrier signal is a sinusoidal with a frequency -4 of 1 MHz and a unity amplitude. A noise with a power spectral density of 10 W/Hz is added to the amplitude modulated carrier signal during transmission. Calculate: (i) the energy-to- noise ration (E/No), (ii) the power signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR)

16 In digital transmission systems, what is the optimum receiver that minimise the probability of error? 17 If the SNR of a wireless communications link is 20 dB, and the RF bandwidth is 30 kHz, determine the maximum theoretical data rate that can be achieved. 18 In cellular mobile radio systems discuss the followings: (a) Multipath interference, (b) Blocking probability, (c) The spectrum efficiency. In mobile communication fading effect may be reduced by employing the principle of space diversity reception (SDR). Discuss what is meant by SDR and how it may be implemented. 19 If a transmitter produces 50 W of power, express the transmit power in units of (i) dBm and (ii) dBW. This power is applied to an antenna with a gain of 5 dB with a carrier frequency of 1 GHz. (a) Find the received power in dBm at a free space distance of 200 m from the antenna. The receiver antenna gain is 3 dB (b) Calculate the received power at the receiver antenna located 10 km away from the transmitter. -20 (c) The receiver noise power spectral density is 15 x 10 W/Hz, and the system bandwidth is 2 MHz. Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio in dB at receiver antenna located 10 km away from the transmitter. 20 A mobile transmitter antenna has an effective isotropic radiated power (ERIP = PtGt = 1k W, and a gain of 10 dB in the direction of the receivers. Find the power radiated (power density) and the electric field (V/m) at distance 1 km and 10 km from the transmitter. Note, free space propagation impedance is 377 ohms. 21 Find power of antenna of a 2 GHz radio link with two identical antennas of effective diameters of 400 mm. The distance between the antennas is 10 km and the transmitter power is 10 W. 22 The signal-to-noise ratio of a receiver with a bandwidth of 10 MHz is 20 dB. What is the minimum signal level if the temperature noise figure is 3 dB? 23 A mobile unit is located 5 km away from a base station and it uses a vertical /4 monopole antenna with an effective area of 0.0159. The electric field at a distance on 1 km away from the -3 transmitter is measured to be 10 V/m. The carrier frequency used is 900 MHz. Find; (a) The length and the gain of the receiving antenna, (b) The received power at the mobile using the 2-ray ground reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna ht = 50 m and the receiving antenna hr = 1.5 m above the ground. Professor Z. Ghassemlooy