INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.237

TABLE 1.55 Critical Properties (Continued) Substance Xenon Zirconium tetrabromide Zirconium tetrachloride Zirconium tetraiodide Tc, C 16.583 532 505 687 Pc, atm 57.64 56.9 Pc, MPa 5.84 5.77 Vc,cm3 mol1 118 415 319 528 pc, g cm3 1.105 0.99 0.730 1.13

1.15 THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS (CHANGE OF STATE)

All substances can exist in one of three forms (also called states or phases) that basically depend on the temperature of the substance. These states or phases are (1) solid, (2) liquid, and (3) gas. The solid-to-liquid transition is a melting process, and the heat required is the heat of melting. The liquid-to-solid transition is the reverse process, and the heat liberated is the heat of freezing. The solid-to-gas transition is a sublimation process, and the heat required is the heat of sublimation. The liquid-to-gas transition is a vaporization process, and the heat required is the heat of vaporization (heat of boiling). Both the gas-to-solid and the gas-to-liquid processes are condensation processes and have an associated heat of condensation. Each change of state is accompanied by a change in the energy of the system. Wherever the change involves the disruption of intermolecular forces, energy must be supplied. The disruption of intermolecular forces accompanies the state going toward a less ordered state. As the strengths of the intermolecular forces increase, greater amounts of energy are required to overcome them during a change in state. The melting process for a solid is also referred to as fusion, and the enthalpy-change associated with melting a solid is often called the heat of fusion (AHfus). The heat needed for the vaporization of a liquid is called the heat of vaporization (AHvap). The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form shown below where c is the specific heat. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is encountered, because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the temperature. Q = cmT i.e., heat added is equal to the specific heat multiplied by the mass (weight) multiplied by the temperature difference (T = tfinal tinitial)
TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Substance Ac Actinium Al Aluminum Al3+ std. state Al6BeO10 Al(BH4)3 AlBr3 std. state Al4C3 Al(CH3)3 Al(OAc)3 AlCl3 std. state AlCl3 6H2O AlF3 std. state Physical state c c g aq c lq c aq c lq c c aq c c aq iH kJ mol1 0 0 330.0(40) 538.4(15) 5624 16.3 527.2 895 216 136.4 1892.4 704.2 1033 2692 1510.4(13) 1531.0 iG kJ mol1 0 0 289.4 485.3 5317 145.0 488.5 799 203 10.0 628.8 878 2269 1431.1 1322 S J deg1 mol1 56.5 28.30(10) 164.554(4) 325.(10) 175.6 289.1 180.2 74.5 89 209.4 109.29 152.3 377 66.5(5) 363.2 C p J deg1 mol1 27.2 24.4 21.4 265.19 194.6 100.58

155.6 91.13

75.13 (Continued)

1.238

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G kJ mol1 S C p J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.239

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G kJ mol1 S C p J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.240

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 C p J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.241

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G kJ mol1 S C p J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.242

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 C p J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.243

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G kJ mol1 S C p J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.244

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.245

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.246

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.247

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.248

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.249

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.250

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.251

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.252

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.253

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.254

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.255

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.256

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.257

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.258

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.259

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.260

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.261

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.262

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.263

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.264

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.265

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.266

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.267

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.268

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.269

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.270

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.271

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.272

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.273

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.274

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.275

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.276

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.277

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

(Continued)

1.278

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.279

TABLE 1.56 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Substance Physical state f H kJ mol1 f G S C p kJ mol1 J deg1 mol1 J deg1 mol1

1.280

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds Abbreviation Used in the Table Hm, enthalpy of melting (at the melting point) in kJ mol1 Hv, enthalpy of vaporization (at the boiling point) in kJ mol1 Hs, enthalpy of sublimation (or vaporization at 298 K) in kJ mol1 Cp, specific heat (at temperature specified on the Kelvin scale) for the physical state in existence (or specified: c, lq, g) at that temperature in J K1 ( mol1 Ht, enthalpy of transition (at temperature specified, superscript, measured in degrees Celsius) in kJ mol1 Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.281

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.282

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.283

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.284

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.285

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.286

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.287

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.288

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.289

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.290

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.291

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.292

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.293

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.294

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.295

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.296

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.297

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K

(Continued)

1.298

SECTION ONE

TABLE 1.57 Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds (Continued) Cp Substance Hm Hv Hs 400 K 600 K 800 K 1000 K