Fill in the blanks in the following statements. 1. The subdivisions of the PNS are the ,________,__________ and . 2.

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ______ division and the _______ division. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. 3. At a chemical synapse between two neurons, the neuron receiving the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron sending the signal is called the postsynaptic neuron. 4. Neurons in the PNS are always capable of repair while those in the CNS are not. Choose the one best answer to the following questions. 5. Which of the following statements are true? (1) The sensory function of the nervous system involves sensory receptors sensing certain changes in the internal and external environments. (2) Sensory neurons receive electrical signals from sensory receptors. (3) The integrative function of the nervous system involves analyzing sensory information, storing some of it, and making decisions regarding appropriate responses. (4) Interneurons are located primarily in the PNS. (5) Motor function involves the activation of effectors (muscles and glands). (a) 1, 2, 3, and 4 (b) 2, 4, and 5 (c) 1, 2, 3, and 5 (d) 1, 2, and 4 (e) 2, 3, 4, and 5 6. A neurons resting membrane potential is established and maintained by (1) a high concentration of K_ in the extracellular fluid and a high concentration of Na_ in the cytosol, (2) the plasma membranes higher permeability to Na_ because of the presence of numerous Na_ leakage channels, (3) differences in both ion concentrations and electrical gradients, (4) the fact that there are numerous large, nondiffusible anions in the cytosol, (5) sodiumpotassium pumps that help to maintain the proper distribution of sodium and potassium. (a) 1, 2, and 5 (b) 1, 2, and 3 (c) 2, 3, and 4 (d) 3, 4, and 5 (e) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 7. Place the following events in a chemical synapse in the correct order: (1) release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, (2) arrival of nerve impulse at the presynaptic neurons synaptic end bulb (or varicosity), (3) either depolarization or hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane, (4) inward flow of Ca2_ through activated voltage-gated Ca2_ channels in the synaptic end bulb membrane, (5) exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, (6) opening of ligand-gated channels on the postsynaptic plasma membrane, (7) binding of neurotransmitters to receptors in the postsynaptic neurons plasma membrane. a) 2, 1, 5, 4, 7, 6, 3 (b) 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 6, 3 (c) 2, 4, 5, 1, 7, 6, 3 (d) 4, 5, 1, 7, 6, 3, 2 (e) 2, 5, 1, 4, 6, 7, 3 8. Several neurons in the brain sending impulses to a single motor neuron that terminates at a neuromuscular junction is an example of a circuit. (a) reverberating (b) simple series (c) parallel after-discharge (d) diverging (e) converging

(1) If the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than the threshold of stimulation, the result is a subthreshold EPSP. (2) If the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect and reaches or surpasses the threshold level of stimulation, the result is a threshold or suprathreshold EPSP and one or more nerve impulses. (3) If the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory effect, the membrane hyperpolarizes, resulting in inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron and the inability of the neuron to generate a nerve impulse. (4) The greater the summation of hyperpolarizations, the more likely a nerve impulse will be initiated. (a) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3, and 4 (b) 2 and 4 (e) 1, 2, and 3 (c) 1, 3, and 4

10. Which of the following statements are true? (1) The basic types of ion channels are gated, leakage, and electrical. (2) Ion channels allow for the development of graded potentials and action potentials. (3) Voltage-gated channels open in response to changes in membrane potential. (4) Ligand-gated channels open due to the presence of specific chemicals. (5) A graded potential is useful for communication over long distances. (a) 1, 2, and 3 (b) 2, 3, and 4 (c) 2, 3, and 5 (d) 2, 3, 4, and 5 (e) 1, 3, and 5 11. Which of the following statements are true? (1) The frequency of impulses and number of activated sensory neurons encode differences in stimuli intensity. (2) Larger-diameter axons conduct nerve impulses faster than smallerdiameter ones. (3) Continuous conduction is faster than saltatory conduction. (4) The presence or absence of a myelin sheath is an important factor that determines the speed of nerve impulse propagation. (5) Action potentials are localized, but graded potentials are propagated. (a) 1, 3, and 5 (d) 2 and 4 (b) 3 and 4 (e) 1, 2, and 4 (c) 2, 4, and 5

12. Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by (1) axonal transport, (2) diffusion away from the cleft, (3) neurosecretory cells, (4) enzymatic breakdown, (5) cellular uptake. (a) 1, 2, 3, and 4 (d) 1, 4, and 5 (b) 2, 4, and 5 (c) 2, 3, and 4 (e) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

9. Which of the following statements are true?

Match the following: (a) neurons with just one process extending from the cell body; are always sensory neurons (b) small phagocytic neuroglia (c) help maintain an appropriate chemical environment for generation of action potentials by neurons; part of the bloodbrain barrier (d) provide myelin sheath for CNS axons (e) contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia (f ) a cluster of cell bodies within the CNS (g) form CSF and assist in its circulation; form bloodcerebrospinal barrier (h) neurons having several dendrites and one axon; most common neuronal type (i) neurons with one main dendrite and one axon; found in the retina of the eye ( j) provide myelin sheath for PNS axons (k) support neurons in PNS ganglia (l) a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord (m) composed primarily of myelinated axons (n) bundles of axons and associated connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS (o) extensive neuronal networks that help regulate the digestive system 14. Match the following: (a) a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decreases and eventually reverses the membrane potential and then restores it to the resting state; a nerve impulse (b) a small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more or less polarized (c) period of time when a second action potential can be initiated with a very strong stimulus (d) the minimum level of depolarization required for a nerve impulse to be generated (e) the recovery of the resting membrane potential (f ) a neurotransmitter-caused depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane (g) a neurotransmitter-caused hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane (h) time during which a neuron cannot produce an action potential even with a very strong stimulus (i) polarization that is less negative than the resting level ( j) results from the buildup of neurotransmitter released simultaneously by several presynaptic end bulbs (k) the hyperpolarization that occurs after the repolarizing phase of an action potential (l) polarization that is more negative than the resting level (m) results from the buildup of neurotransmitter from the rapid, successive release by a single presynaptic end bulb 15. Match the following: (a) the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles (b) rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons; site of protein synthesis (c) store neurotransmitter (d) the process that propagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell (e) the highly branched receiving or input portions of a neuron (f) a multilayered lipid and protein covering for axons produced by neuroglia (g) the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell (h) first portion of the axon, closest to the axon hillock (i) site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell (j) form the cytoskeleton of a neuron (k) gaps in the myelin sheath of an axon (l) general term for any neuronal process (m) area where the axon joins the cell body (n) area where nerve impulses arise (o) the numerous fine processes at the ends of an axon and its collaterals (p) interstitial fluid-filled space separating two neurons ANSWERS 1. somatic, autonomic, enteric 2. sympathetic, parasympathetic 3. false 4. false 5. c 6. d 7. c 8. e 9. e 10. b 11. e 12. b 13. (a) 6, (c) 1, (e) 9, (g) 4, (i) 7, (k) 5, (m) 10, (o) 11 14. (a) 2, (c) 10, (e) 6, (g) 4, (i) 12, (k) 7, (b) 12, (d) 2, (f) 14, (h) 8, (j) 13, (l) 3, (n) 15,

(1) astrocytes (2) oligodendrocytes (3) ganglion (4) ependymal cells (5) satellite cells (6) unipolar neurons (7) bipolar neurons (8) multipolar neurons (9) gray matter (10) white matter (11) enteric plexuses (12) microglia (13) Schwann cells (14) nucleus (15) nerves

(1) graded potential (2) action potential (3) excitatory postsynaptic potential (4) inhibitory postsynaptic potential (5) absolute refractory period (6) repolarization (7) after-hyperpolarizing phase (8) spatial summation (9) threshold (10) relative refractory period (11) temporal summation (12) depolarizing graded potential (13) hyperpolarizing graded Potential

(1) myelin sheath (2) neurolemma (3) nodes of Ranvier (4) cell body (5) Nissl bodies (6) neurofibrils (7) dendrites (8) axon (9) axon hillock (10) initial segment (11) trigger zone (12) synaptic cleft (13) nerve fiber (14) axon terminals (15) synapse (16) synaptic vesicles

15. (a) 4, (b) 5, (c) 16, (d) 8, (e) 7, (f) 1, (g) 2, (h) 10, (i) 15, (j) 6, (k) 3, (l) 13, (m) 9, (n) 11, (o) 14, (p) 12

(b) 1, (d) 9, (f) 3, (h) 5, (j) 8, (l) 13,

(m) 11