Internet Infrastructure

Prof. Srikumar Krishnamoorthy

Computer and Information Systems Group Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad

Course Structure & Evaluation

Session 1 2-3 4 5 Topic Internet Architecture Web Server Hardware and Software Drupal content management system E-commerce Security and Payment Systems Emerging trends in Internet Technology

Evaluation Group Assignment on e-Business plan (30%) Final Exam (70%) Timelines for Group Assignment Proposal due 5th Sep 2012 Final submission due 20th Sep 2012
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Growth of the Internet

Internet
The Virtual Network Network of Networks

What are networks?

An interconnected collection of autonomous equipments (computers) that allows any-to-any communication
Interconnected -> Connected via any media Autonomous -> No master/slave relationship

Why Networks?
Expensive resource sharing Information sharing Communication and collaboration Integrate corporate information systems Centralized management of software B2C and B2B e-commerce

Different Types of networks

LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Characteristics of LAN
Shared physical medium Privately owned Broadcast network

LAN Topologies
Bus
Ethernet
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc

Star
Ethernet/home networks
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc

Ring
IBM Token Ring
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LAN Topologies Comparison

Pros BUS Easy to install and add new nodes Low cost Cons Cable segment failure can bring down the whole network Difficult to troubleshoot Performance degrades as more nodes are added to the network Expensive Single point of failure

STAR

Centralized control Easy to extend the network Less expensive Performs better than star/bus under heavy network loads

RING

A node failure could result in network failures Difficult to troubleshoot

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Inter-networking
X Components Host / computing device Channel / transmission media Switching element/inter-networking device Protocols & Software Services (TCP/IP, DNS) Key Protocol Requirements Address sender/receiver Route message Reliable message delivery Acknowledgement Transmission errors Prompt delivery of message Confidential message transfer High performance communications Packet construction/message reconstruction Flow control (fast sender swamps the slow receiver) 11 Y Manage sender/receiver dialog

A C D

Protocols for Inter-networking

OSI Layer 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Transport Internet Network Interface Application TCP/IP Layer Functionality Interact with End user programs Encrypt/compress message Create and manage session Create packets from the message Reliable end-to-end delivery of messages Route packets from src to dst
Create frames, MAC strategies, frame level error handling
HTTP, SMTP, FTP, SCP, Telnet, SSH

Common Protocols

TCP, UDP

IP (IPv4/IPv6), ICMP

Ethernet, Token Ring

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Convert frames to signals

Data Transmission Process

Sender Receiver

TCP/IP Stack
A

TCP/IP Stack

Application Layer
4 A

Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Network Interface Layer

TCP

1 2 3

TCP

Transport Layer Internet Layer Network Interface Layer

A 3 1 4 2

TCP

IP

IP

TCP

TCP

IP

ETH

ETH

IP

TCP

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Route message as packets one at a time Routers IP

Data Link Physical

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

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TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

Connection Orientation Point to Point communication Complete Reliability Reliable Connection Startup Graceful Connection Shutdown
TCP IP Data Link Physical

TCP Process
A R1 R2 B 1. Hello, I would like to Talk Pass control info 2. ACK message from B, I would also like to talk Pass control info 3. Final ACK from A Connection established R1 P1 P2 Data Transfer P3 P4 P4 P3 is missing P3 P3 P3 P4 P1 P2 P1 P2 R2 B 1. A transmit packets to B 2. B sends ACK for each packet to A 3. B sends missing packet info to A 4. A retransmits packet to B 5. A completes data transfer 6. A sends FIN and B replies with ACK Connection closed by A 16 Handshake Process

TCP Vs User Datagram Protocol(UDP)

Connection oriented Acknowledgement mechanism Guaranteed delivery Reliable, but slow Sequence numbering and ordering Flow control Handles errors E.g. File transfer, E-mail, Web requests Connection less No acknowledgement mechanism No Guaranteed delivery Unreliable, but very fast No sequence number/ordering No flow control Handles errors E.g. Request-Response systems like DNS, Video streaming, Audio streaming17

Layers used in routing

Two Internet hosts connected via two routers/relay

The corresponding layers used at each hop.

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You are in your dorm and wish to connect remotely to a Server at the Computer Centre. What protocol would you use and which layer does it belong to? A. B. C. D. E. SSH, Presentation Layer Telnet, Transport Layer Telnet, Application Layer SSH, Network Layer SCP, Application Layer
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IP Address

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Network and Host Addresses

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DNS : Domain Name Service

Why do we need it ?

www.example.com = 208.77.188.166

Host Name

Second Level Domain

Top Level Domain

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DNS Tree
Root

in

com

net

gov

edu

ernet

ac

yahoo

uspto

iimahd

iisc

in

www

stdwww moodle rnd

iima

www

How does www.iimahd.ernet.in translate to 205.186.138.171? 23

Which of the following is a valid IP address? A. 192.256.32.10.12 B. 258.202.212.44 C. 12-AF-3B-4D-EF-C7 D. 192.168.275.23 E. 172.165.32.1

Which of the following is correct? A. IP address to Domain name translation is done using a DNS lookup B. IP address to Domain name translation is done using a Reverse DNS lookup

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Internetworking Devices
Router Forwards packets from one network to another compatible network (eg: Ethernet Network to Token Ring Network, both using TCP/IP) Decides on best path for data to be forwarded

Gateway Acts as a go-between two or more networks (which may have different protocols eg: TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk) Gateway translate packets from one protocol to another, router cannot

Proxy Server caching, content filtering Firewall Restricts/filters traffic to a network

192.168.120.3

Firewall Proxy Server

205.186.138.171

Web server Router

Internet

192.168.120.7

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192.168.120.4

Classification of Networks
Geography
LAN, MAN, WAN

Transmission path
Circuit-switched, Packet switched

Transmission mechanism
Broadcast, Point-to-point

Network ownership
Public, Private and Virtual private

Organizational scope
Intranet, Extranet and Internet

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Source: Wikipedia

Summary
Internet Network of networks Uses of the Internet LAN Topologies Components of the Internet Infrastructure Classification of Networks

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