Chapter 1

1. Define each of the following terms: a. Data- Raw information that hasnt been formatted for use. b. Field- a place in the database where information is added. c. Record- a collection of information that has connected fields. d. File- a collection of related records that is named. 2. What is data redundancy, and which characteristics of the file system can lead to it? It is when the same data is repeated in different places within the same database. 3. What is data independence, and why is it lacking in file systems? It is data that is independent of the application. Meaning one can change the information without making changes to the application. Data access programs change when the store information is changed, hence why data dependency exists. 4. What is DBMS, and what are its functions? Database Management System. a. It manages the database structure b. Controls access to the data c. Allows multiple users to share the data d. Its more efficient and effective e. Serves as the middle man between the user and the database. 5. What is the role of a DBMS, and what are its advantages? What are its disadvantages? a. Advantages: Better security by controlling users access to data. Allows for different views of the data depending upon the user. Provides data independence. Lowers data redundancy Allows for efficient queries to be made. b. Disadvantages: Significant costs involved. Requires technical expertise. Time consuming to design. 6. What are the main components of a database system? a. Data b. users/people c. procedure d. hardware e. software 7. What are metadata? Data about data, Metadata description provides data characteristics and relationships in data. 8. Explain why database design is important. A badly designed database will cause a good DBMS to perform poorly. Also, it'll also make it harder to get data in, and then get it out reliably. 9. What are the potential costs of implementing a database system?

a. Increased costs. b. Management complexity. c. Maintaining currency. d. Vendor dependence. e. Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles. 10. What are some basic database functions that a spreadsheet cannot perform? a. support for self-documentation through metadata b. enforcement of data types to ensure consistency of data within a column c. defined relationships among tables

Chapter 2
1. Discuss the importance of data models. They can ease in the interaction among the designer, the applications programmer, and the end user. They can enhance understanding of the database. Data models are communications tools, it explains to the parties involve how everything fits together. 2. What is a business rule, and what is its purpose in data modeling? A business rule is a brief, exact description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a company or organization. The importance of them in regards to data modeling is because the set the stage for the proper identification of entities, attributes, relationships and constraints. 3. How do you translate business rules into data model components? A noun in a business rule will translate to an entity; a verb will translate to a relationship. 4. Describe the basic features of the relational data model and discuss their importance to the end user and the designer. A relational database is a single data repository that provides both structural and data independence while maintaining conceptual simplicity. This database to the user looks like a bunch of tables in which data is stored. The importance of this is its simplicity to set the stage for genuine database revolution. 5. Explain how the entity relationship (ER) model helped produce a more structured relational database design environment. The ER model helped produce a more structured relational database design environment because it allowed designers to visually see entities and their relationships. 6. Why is an object said to have greater semantic content than an entity? An object has greater semantic content because it embodies both data and behavior. That is, the object contains data and a description of the operations that may be performed by the object. 7. What is an ERDM, and what role does it play in the modern (production) database environment? Extended Relational Data Model incorporates many features of object oriented modeling into the relational database structure. The emergence of ERDM allows the use of OO (Object Oriented) development tools in relational database. 8. What is a relationship, and what three types of relationships exist?

a. One-to-one (1:1) b. One-to-many (1:M) c. Many-to-many (M:N) 9. Give an example of each of the three types of relationships. a. 1:1- A Sergeant drills one boot Private, SERGEANT drills PRIVATE b. 1:M- A Drill Sergeant drills an entire recruit company, SERGEANT drills COMPANY c. M:N- A tank has had several gunners, and those gunners have been on several tanks. 10. What is relational diagram? Give an example. A relational diagram is a visual representation of the relational databases entities, the attributes within those entities, and the relationships between those entities. One Class Hierarchy to a single relation approach

EMPLOYEE
EmployeeID <PK> EmployeeType Name Salary Bonus Address Three different concrete classes mapped to three tables.

EMPLOYEE
EmployeeID <PK> Name Salary

Customer
CustomerID <PK> Name Preferences

Boss
BossID <PK> Name Salary Bonus