Computation of Ration for Farm Animals and Poultry

Booklet No. 37 Animal Husbandry: AHS - 4

Contents Preface I. Production II. Computation of Ration for Cattle and Buffaloes A. Terminologies used B. Requirement of dry matter (DM) C. Requirement of digestible crude protein (DCP) & total digestible nutrients (TDN) D. Computing ration as per requirement III. Formulation for Poultry A. Principal points B. Computation of feed requirement IV. Computation of Ration for Various Categories of Pig A. Principal points B. Computation of feed requirement Appendices I to XI 26 Preface Scientific feeding with a balanced ration alone can bring about a significant improvement in the production and reproduction traits of the livestock. To be sure of the balanced feeding, it is advisable to formulate the ration by the keeper himself. It will serve the dual purpose of formulating the feed based on the nutrient needs of his cattle and at the minimum possible cost. Step by step method of calculating a balanced ration for the cattle at various stages i.e. growth, maintenance, pregnancy and lactation, as well as ration for poultry and pigs is described here. The feeding standards of these animals and birds are given in the appendix. Dr. K. T. Chandy, Agricultural & environmental Education I. Introduction Ever since the man domesticated livestock, his attention was drawn towards their better feeding for better production. It is now known that the animals require protein, carbohydrate, fat, water, minerals and vitamins as specific nutrients for their body. This need differs according to the body weight, maintenance, growth and production. The ration of the animal must contain all these nutrients in right quantity and quality. A single feed can not supply all the essential nutrients in right proportion. Therefore, the animal has to depend on a variety of feed materials for their nutrition. The feed mixture which contains all the essential nutrients in right quality and quantity needed by the animal for maintenance, growth, work and production is called balanced ration. A balanced ration can be easily formulated if the composition and the nutritive value of different feed stuffs are known. The ration so computed should be nutritionally balanced and economically cheap as far as possible.

II. Computation of Ration for Cattle and Buffaloes The following principles should be considered for formulating cattle or buffalo ration. 1. Ration should be well balanced. The animals should be fed twice a day. The interval between two feedings should not be less than 8-10 hours. 2. The animals should always be offered clean, digestible, palatable, and nutritious economic (odder. 3. The feed should invariably contain dry and green fodder and concentrates. 4. The straws and hays should be chaffed into small edible pieces and the grains may be crushed well and soaked in water before offering to the animals. 5. Sudden change in the diet should be avoided as it results in digestive disturbances and reduction in milk yield in lactating cows and buffaloes. 6. To avoid mineral deficiency, the adult animals should be offered 30~60 grams of salt daily. 7. The animals should be fed according to their body need. Feeding less or in excess is detrimental to their health. 8. For maximum milk yield, the lactating females should be subjected to individual feeding. 9. Feeding troughs should be thoroughly cleaned before offering the ration to the animals. 10. Sufficient clean and fresh drinking water should be supplied. to the animal. A. Terminologies used 1. Dry matter (OM) It is that part of feed which does not contain water, sometimes referred to as total solids. DM of any material is calculated after drying it at l00o C. 2. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) It is the sum total of all the digestible organic nutrients viz. carbohydrate, protein, fibre, nitrogen free extract and fat. It is I expressed as per cent or kgs per 100 kgs in a feed. 3. Digestible crude protein (DCP) It is the true (actual) protein as well as non-protein nitrogenous compounds present in the feedstuffs and are available for digestion out of the total crude protein (CP). B. Requirement of dry matter (DM) In the computation of ration for cattle and buffaloes, it is necessary to ascertain and to meet the total requirements for 24 hours primarily in terms of dry matter (DM). In general cattle require 2.0-2.5 kg and buffaloes 2.5-3.0 kg of dry matter (DM) for every 100 kg of body weight per day. Out of total DM requirement, 2/3rd should be met by roughages (of which 2/3 dry and 1/3 green) and remaining l/3rd by the concentrates. The same is shown diagrammatically.

Calculation of dry matter requirement through dry and green roughages and concentrates is explained through example 1. Example 1: For a cross-bred cow weighing 400 kg, calculate the DM requirement at the rate of 2.5 kg per 100 kg body weight. Total DM requirement (kg) 2.5 x 400 @2.5 kg per 100 kg body wt = --------------------= 10 kg 100 DM as concentrates -(10 x 1/3) = 3.33 => 3.5 kg* DM as roughages -(10x2/3) = 6.66 => 6.5 kg DM as dry roughages -(6.6x3/4) = 4.95 => 4.9 kg DM as green roughages -(6.6x1/4) = 1.65 => 1.6 kg Here the proportion of dry roughage and green roughage is 3: 1 because a cross bred cow requires lot of leguminous feeds (i.e. protein feed). * The result is rounded up to make further calculations easy. C. Requirement of DCP and TDN From nutritional point of view the dry matter consumed is considered under two heads: digestible crude protein (DC1 supplying protein ~d total digestible nutrients (TDN supplying energy). These two constituents (nutrients) are most important in animal feed. Hence the need for computation of the requirement of DCP and TDN. The requirement of DCP and TDN depends on the physiological needs such as for maintenance, for production and for pregnancy. In the latter case, it is necessary to consider the quantity and quality of milk. Estimation of DCP and TDN required for an animal based on its physiological needs is given in example 2. Example 2: Find out the total requirements of DCP and TDN for a cow weighing 400 kg and yielding 10 litres of milk having 4.5% fat. From appendix-I check the DCP and TDN amount required for maintenance of a 400 kg cow. From the appendix-III check the DCP and TDN value for I litre milk having 4.5% fat and multiply it by 10. The values are tabulated in table 1. Table 1: Requirement of DCP and TDN Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 Requirement For maintenance For 10 litre milk (4.5% fat) Total requirement DCP (kg) 0.254 0.480 (0.048 x 10) 0.734 TDN (Kg) 3.03 3.40 (0.034 x 10) 6.43

D. Computing ration as per requirement Ration required for body maintenance and milk yield is computed in example 3. Example 3:

Compute a ration for a cow weighing 400 kg, giving 10 litres of milk having 4.5% fat. The locally available feedstuffs are the following: Roughages (dry) 1. wheat straw, Roughages (green) 2. oats (flowering) fodder, 3. cowpea fodder, Concentrates 4. maize grains (crushed), 5. groundnut cake, and 6. gram chuni. Step i Determine DM (Total, through dry roughage, green roughage and concentrate) as in example 1. Step ii Find out the requirements of DCP and TDN (as in example 2). DCP = 0.734 kg, TDN = 6.43 kg Step iii Determination of the amount of DCP and TDN in the required amount of DM supplied by wheat straw, oats and cowpea. The sub steps involved are: 1. From appendix VI find out the DCP and TDN for wheat straw and green oats and cowpea on dry matter basis. 2. Determine the DM given by wheat straw (4.9 kg) oats and cowpea. The DM given by green forage (1.6 kg) is divided between oats (1.0 kg) and cowpea (0.6 kg) keeping the principle that legumes are kept lesser than grasses. 3. Estimate Ute amount of DCP and run given by the estimated D M given through wheat straw, oats and cowpea. 4. Estimate the actual amount of wheat straw, oats and cowpea on the basis of ~O% DM in dry fodder (wheat straw) and 30% DM in green forage (oats and cowpea). . 5. Substract the supplied DCP and TDN from the actual DCP and TDN computed in step ii. The balance is to. be given through concentrate. These sub steps are shown in table 2. Sl. No Table 2: Determination of DCP, TDN and various roughages Ingredients Digestible Amt of Amt of DCP & TDN Actual amt nutrients per DM to given on dry matter of 100 kg DM be given basis ingredients (kg) fresh (kg) DCP TDN DCP TDN Dry roughage (4.9 kg) Wheat straw 0 48.9 4.9 48.9x4.9 4.9x100 /90 /100 = 5.4 = 2.396 Green roughage (1.6 kg) Oats 7.7 72.0 1.0 7.7x1 / 7.2x1.0 / 1.0x100 /30

(Flowering) 3 Cow pea Total amount Amt = Amount. From example I 20.3 62.2 0.6 6.5

100 =0.077 20.3x0.6 /100 =0.122 0.199

100 = 0.072 62.2x0.6 /100 =0.373 3.489

=3.3 0.6x100 /30 =2.0 10.7

Amount of DCP and TDN given through roughages are 0.199 and 3.489, respectively. The amount of DCP and TDN to be given through concentrate are 0.535 kg (0.734 -0.199) and 2.941 kg (6.43 -3.489) respectively. I Step iv Determination of the amount of maize grain, ground nut and gram chuni. The substeps of the calculations are as follows: 1. From appendix-VI find out the percentage of DCP and TDN of maize grain, groundnut cake and gram chuni. 2. Divide the total amount of DM of concentrate between the three ingredients on an arbitrary basis. However, as a general rule less amount is alloted to ingredients having more DCP. 3. Calculate the amount of DCP and TDN supplied by each ingredient separately and check whether the total of DCP and TDN requirement is fulfilled. If not by hit and trial method adjust the DM amount of each ingredient so that i DCP and TDN requirement is fulfilled almost exactly. The calculated value of DCP and TDN should 'ever be less even if it is a little more. 4. After determining the D M of each ingredient, calculate the amount in fresh to be fed to the animal on 90% DM basis. These steps are followed in table 3. Table 3: Determination of DCP, TDN and amount of concentrates Sl.No Ingredients Digestible nutrients per 100 kg DM DCP 7.0 49.1 13.6 TDN 87.1 77.0 87.5 Amt of DM allotted (kg) 1.5 0.5 1.5 Amt of DCP & TDN through DM Actual amt of ingredients of fresh wt basis (kg) 1.6 (100x1.5) 90 0.55 (100x0.5) 90 1.66 (100x1.5) 90 3.003 2.941

1 2 3

Maize Groundnut cake Gram chuni Total given Required

DCP 0.105 (7x1.5) 100 0.245 (49.1x0.5) 100 0.204 (13.6x1.5) 100 3.5 3.5

TDN 1.306 (87.1x1.5) 100 0.385 (77.0x0.5) 100 1.312 (87.5x1.5) 100 0.554 0.535

The aim of such complicated calculations is to provide the animal with correct quantity of crude protein and energy. The amount of DM allotted is based on the criteria of DCP and TDN

requirement. To this amount of concentrates, always add common salt and mineral mixture @ 1 % each over the concentrate. Therefore ration given to a cow weighing 400 kg and giving 10 litres of milk having 4.5% fat is as follows. Roughage dry Wheat straw Oat fodder Roughage green Cowpea Concentrate Maize grain GNC (Groundnut cake) Gram chuni Mineral mixture 5.4 kg 3.3 kg 2.0 kg 1.66 kg 0.55 kg 1.66 kg 1 x 3.87 0.038 kg (38 g = --------- ) 100

1 x 3.87 0.038 Kg (38 g = -------------) 100 Example for provides the method of computation of ration for a cow taking in to consideration all the three requirements: maintenance, milk production and pregnancy. Salt Example 4: Compute a ration for a cow weighing 450 kgs yielding 7.0 litres of milk having 4:5% fat. The cow is in the advanced stage of pregnancy. Locally available feedstuffs are given below. Dry roughage 1. Wheat straw Green roughage 2. Oat (flowering stage) 3. Lucerne Concentrate 4. Maize grains crushed 5. Sesame cake 6. Gram chuni 7. Rice bran Step -i Determine the amount of DM to be given by dry and green roughage and by concentrate (as in example 1) Total DM Total concentrates Total roughages -Dry roughages -Green roughages = (4.5 x 2.5) = 11.25 Kg = 1/3 x 11.25 = 3.75 kg = (2/3 x 11.25) = 7.5 kg = (3/4 x 7.5) = 5.6 kg = (1/4 x 7.5) = 1.9 kg

Step -ii Determine DCP and TDN requirements from appendices- II, III and its footnote. The values are Tabulated in Table 4. Sl.No 1 2 3 Table 4: Requirement of DCP & TDN Requirements DCP For maintenance 0.282 For 7 litres of milk (4.5%) fat 0.336 Pregnancy allowances 0.140 Total 0.758 TDN 3.37 2.38 0.70 6.45

Step -iii Determination of DCP, TDN and the amounts of various roughages (as in table 2). The sub steps followed are the same as in step iii of example 3. The values are tabulated in table 5. Table 5: Amount of DCP, TDN and roughages Sl. No Ingredients Digestible nutrients per 100 kg DM DCP TDN Amt of DM given (kg) Amy of DCP & TDN through DM DCP TDN Actual amt of fresh wt basis (kg)

1 2

Dry roughages (5.6 kg) Wheat straw Green roughages (1.9 kg) Oats (flowering) Lucerne Total amt given

48.9

5.6

2.738

6.2

7.7 16.2

72.0 60.2

1.0 0.9 7.5

0.077 0.145 0.222

0.720 0.541 3.999

3.3 3.0 12.5

Step -iv Determination of various ingredients in the concentrate (as in step iv, example 3). Balance of DCP and TDN to be given through concentrates are: DCP = (0.758 -0.222) = 0.536 and TDN = (6.45 -3.99) = 2.46 Table 6: Amount of various ingredients in the concentrate and DCP and TDN supplied Sl.No Ingredients Digestible nutrients per 100 kg DM DCP 7.0 TDN 87.1 Amt of DM given (kg) 1 Amt of DCP & TDN given through DM DCP 0.070 TDN 0.871 Actual amt on fresh wt basis (kg) 1.1

Maize grains

2 3 4

Sesame cake Gram chuni Rice bran Total amt. Given Amt required

34.0 13.6 9.1

80.0 87.5 76.1

0.75 1 1 3.75 3.75

0.255 0.136 0.091 0.552 0.536

0.600 0.875 0.761 3.107 2.460

0.83 1.1 1.1 4.1

Ration given to a cow weighing 450 kg, yielding 7 litres of milk, and in advanced pregnancy. Roughage (dry) 1. Wheat straw Roughage (green) 2. Oats (flowering) 3. Lucerne -3.0 kg Concentrates 4. Maize 5. Gram chuni 6. Rice bran 7. Sesame cake III. Formulation for Poultry Formulating feed for poultry is different from that of cattle. In this system, calculation is done based on pearson square. This has been described here in detail with examples. A. Principal points There are ten principal points to be considered while formulating feed for poultry. 1. Feed must contain all essential nutrients in right amount and proportion required for the purpose for which it is fed. 2. Chickens of different ages require different levels of nutrients, hence only the accepted standards as per age should be followed. 3. Ingredients chosen for preparation of poultry mashes must be palatable. 4. While selecting ingredients for preparation of poultry mashes, nutritional value of each ingredient should be evaluated as compared to cost. 5. Chickens have no teeth to grind grains or oilcakes hence these ingredients should be crushed into proper sizes in keeping with age of the chicken. 6. Micronutrient (limestone, bonemeal, mineral mixture and vitamins) and non-nutrient feed additives (antibiotics) should be carefully chosen and mixed up meticulously for effective results. 7. Include agro-industrial by-products to minimize cost and select a variety of ingredients to make up the deficiency of one by the other. 8. While selecting an ingredient care should be exercised to Judge its optimum level of inclusion as many of the ingredients are likely to be deleterious at higher level. 9. Fungus infected ingredients should always be avoided. . 10. Care should be taken to select optimum carbohydrate-protein ratio for the purpose for which feeds are compounded. For example, birds usually eat to meet their energy requirements. Once it is met, they will not consume any more feed even if their protein, vitamins or mineral requirements are not met -6.2 kg -3.3 kg -1.1 kg -1.1 kg -1.1 kg -0.83 kg

The most important components in the poultry feed from the quantity point of view are proteins and carbohydrates. Of these, protein is the reference point of a ration. The most practical way to formulate a balanced ration is to formulate ration based on quantitatively most important components like protein. B. Computation of feed requirement 1. To begin with the proportion of ingredients like limestone, bonemeal, mineral mixture and common salt should be fixed in every ration. Requirement of these ingredients vary with age and function as is clear from appendix-X. 2. Find out the maximum level of inclusion in the diet for the various available ingredients. 3. For balancing ration, the Pearson square method is used. This can be explained diagrammatically in the following way. Note the position of various percentages of protein in the square. Pearson square method has the following procedure.

a. First find out the average protein percentage of all the energy feeds to be supplied in the ration from appendix-IX and indicate it in the upper left comer of the square. b. Similarly, find out the average protein percentage of all the protein feed to be supplied in the ration, from appendix-IX 1 and indicate in the lower left comer of the square. c. The percentage protein of the ration required for each category of the birds can be known from appendix-VIII. This number is indicated at the centre of the square. d. Diagonally find the difference between the percentages marked and indicate in the opposite comers. These differences will give the proportion of energy and protein feeds to be used in their composition. Example 5: From appendix- VIII, find out the energy and protein feed requirement. The required protein percentage is 20 The protein percentage of protein feed = 35 The protein percentage of energy feed = 11 The calculation will be as follows: ..

So for 100 kg of feed, the proportion will be Energy feed 15 x100 = ----------------- =62.5 parts/100 = 62.5 kg

Protein feed

24 9 x 100 = ----------------- = 37.5 parts/100 = 37.5 kg 24

Since the mineral mixture, limestone and bonemeal vary from 3-5 kg/l00 kg, the energy and protein feeds are determined out of 95-97 kg. Vitamins and antibiotics are added@ 10 g of 100 kg feed out of 95-97 kg. Vitamins and antibiotics are added @ 10g per 100 kg of feed. Example 6: Formulate 100 kg of broiler starter feed mixture. Step-i Fix the energy feeds and protein feeds to be given. Let's suppose that maize, wheat bran and molasses are the energy feed (EF) available and groundnut cake and fish meal are the protein feed (PF) available. In addition to these 0.5 kg common salt, 1 kg mineral mixture, 0.5 kg limestone, 1 kg bonemeal and 10 g each of vitamins and antibiotics are also mixed in per 100 kg feed. Step-ii Determine the crude protein (CP) of limited feedstuff. Check from appendix- VII maximum level of inclusion for wheat bran (10 kg), molasses (5 kg), fish meal (6 kg) and then find out the protein content of each ingredient from appendix IX. Wheat bran Molasses Fish meal -14.7 % CP -2.8 % CP -43.1 % CP

In 10kg wheat bran amount of CP present-14.7 x 10/100= 1.47 kg. In 5 kg molasses, amount of CP present -2.8 x 5/100 = 0.14 kg. In 6kg fish meal, amount of CP present -43.1 x 6/100= 2.58 kg. Total amount of crude protein present in the fixed ingredients = 1.47 + 0.14 + 2.58 = 4.2 kg. Total protein percentage required by broiler starter is 23 %. Protein percentage still to be made up is 23-4.2 = 18.8% (here 4.2 is considered as per cent). Step-iii Determine the amount of the balance of crude protein and the corresponding amount of feed stuff to be mixed. Till now 21 kg of ingredients (wheat bran 10 kg, molasses 5 kg and fish meal 6 kg) are added. Along with this 0.5 kg salt, 1 kg mineral mixture, 0.5 kg limestone and 1 kg bonemeal are added. Thus a total of 24 kg of ingredients are added. Rest 76 kg is to be supplied through energy and protein feed. Step-iv Determine percentage of protein in the non-fixed ingredients. 18.8 x 100 Protein % in 76 kg = ---------------= 24.7% 76

(Here 18.8 is considered in kg per 100 kg feed). Step-v Find the average of CP in energy feed (maize) and protein feed (groundnut cake) from appendix IX. Maize grain -9.2% CP Groundnut cake -40.9% CP Step-vi Find the proportion of energy feed and protein feed in 76 kg mixture using pearson square.

Step-vii Determine the quantity of protein feed (groundnut cake and energy feed (maize) in 76 kg mixture. 15.5 Amount of ground nut cake (GNC) to be added in the ration is ------------x 76= 37.16 kg 31.7 Amount of maize is 76 -37.16 = 38.84 kg Composition of feed mixture for broiler starter is the following. Maize Wheat bran Molasses GNC Fish meal Limestone Salt Bonemeal Mineral mixture Total Vitamins Antibiotic Grand total -37.16 kg -10.0 Kg -5.0 kg -38.84 kg -6.0 kg -0.5 kg -0.5 kg -1.0 kg -1.0 kg ---------------------100 kg -10 gm/l00 kg I -10 gm/l00 kg --------------------100.020 kg

IV. Computation of Ration for Various Categories of Pig

There is no single ration that is best for all types of pigs because the feed to be given depends on the stage of growth of the pigs. The pig ration can be either home made or readymade which is purchased from the market. If one knows how to formulate the ration, making ration in one's own house will be much cheaper even up to 50% of the market price. A. Principal points The following aspects should be kept in mind while choosing the ration. 1. The most economical ingredients should be selected. 2. Grains like maize, sorghum, oats, other millets, wheat and rice should form the basic ingredients. 3. Protein supplements like oil cakes, legume grains, fish meal and meat meal should be incorporated. 4. Vitamins are added at the rate of 10 gm/100 till pigs are 2 months old. No vitamin supplement is necessary if the pigs are allowed to pasture or are fed on fresh green legumes. 5. Antibiotic supplements should be added at the rate of 10 g I mg per 100 kilogram of ration for piglings upto 2 months. 6. Mineral supplement should also be provided at the rate of 2.5 kg and 0.5 kg respectively per 100 kg feed mixture. The most important components in the pig feed from the quantity point of view are protein and carbohydrates. Of these, protein is the 'reference point' of a ration. B. Computation of feed requirement To begin with the proportion of ingredients like fish meal, mineral mixture, common salt and vitamins should be fixed in every ration since only limited amount of these can be calculated. Then rearranging the proportion of energy and protein feeds, the ration for all the categories of pigs with reference to protein can be formulated. For balancing ration the Pearson square method is adopted. The computation of ration for pigs is the same as that for poultry. Example 7: Computation of l00kg pre-starter ration with following ingredients: maize grain, soyabean meal, wheat bran and fish meal. Step-i Determine the amount of fixed ingredients. From appendix-XI, it is clear that pre-starter should not have more than 6 parts bran and 3 part fish meal (maximum level of inclusion). Step-ii Find out the percentage of protein content of limited feedstuff from appendix-IX. Wheat bran -14.7% CP and Fish meal- 43.1% CP Step-iii Determine the amount of CP supplied by limited feed stuff. 6x 14.7 -6 kg wheat bran will contain = ------------------ = 0.8 kg 100 3 x 43.1 -3 kg fish meal will contain = ---------------- = 1.293 kg

100 Step-iv Determine the amount of the balance of crude protein to be supplied by unlimited feedstuff. Total amount of protein present in limited feedstuff is: 0.8 + 1.29 = 2.09 kg = 2.0 kg Total protein required is 24% (appendix X) . Protein % still to be made up is 24-2 = 22% (here 2 is considered in percentage). I Step-v Determine the amount of unlimited feed stuff in mixture. Till now 6+ 3 = 9 kg of ingredients is added. To this is added one kg mineral mixture (salt not required for pre-starter)(appendix- XI). Thus a total of 10 kg ingredients are added. Step-vi Find the percentage of protein in non- fixed feed in mixture. 22 x 100 Protein % in 90 Kg should be = --------------- = 24.4% 90 (here 22 is considered in kg) Step-vii Determine the proportion of ingredients using pearson square.

15.2 x 90 Amount of soyabean meal to be used is =-------------------=42.0 32.5 17.3 x 90 Amount of maize grain used in the ration= ------------------ = 48 kg 32.5 Therefore, the pre-starter ration of 100 kg may contain the ingredients in the following proportion: Composition of feed mixture for pre-starter Maize grain Soyabean meal Wheat bran Fish meal Mineral mixture = 48.0 kg = 42.0" = 6.0" = 3.0" = 1.0" ----------------100.0 kg

Antibiotics Vitamins Grand total

= 0.010 kg = 0.010 kg = 100.020 kg

Appendix-I Daily nutrient requirements of a calf growing at the rate of 0.5 kg per day during first two years and reaching adult body weight at the age of approximately 3 years Appendix I Daily requirement of a calf growing at the rate of 0.5 kg per day during first two yrs and reaching adult body wt at the age of approx. 3 yrs. Sl.No Body wt (kg) 45 70 100 150 200 300 450 DCP (kg) 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.40 0.35 0.30 Energy TDN (kg) 0.9 1.3 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.5 3.5 M.E. (Kcal) 3290 4680 6900 9360 11500 12600 12600 Ca (g) P (g) Vit. A (I.U) 2000 3000 4000 6500 8500 12500 17000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7 12 13 13 13 13 12

6 10 10 12 12 12 12

*If carotene (or green feed) is supplied, the amount of the pro-vitamin has to be given in international units at four times the above rates (1 mg of carotene = 1600 I.U.) In other words, 1 mg of carotene can replace only 400 I.U. of vitamin A. Appendix-II Daily maintenance requirement of dairy stock Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Body wt (kg) 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 DCP (kg) 0.168 0.197 0.227 0.254 0.282 0.296 0.336 0.360 Energy TDN (kg) 2.02 2.36 2.70 3.03 3.37 3.64 4.00 4.30 M.E (Kcal) 7.27 8.50 9.72 10.91 12.13 13.28 14.40 15.48 Ca (g) P (g) Corotene (mg) 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 64

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Appendix- llI Requirement for production of 1 kg of milk (to be added to requirement for maintenance and also for growth if any) Sl.No Fat content of milk (%) DCP (kg) Energy Ca (g) P (g)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.4 6.0 7.5

0.040 0.042 0.045 0.048 0.051 0.057 0.063

TDN (kg) 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.41 0.46

M.E (Kcal) 0.97 1.04 1.15 1.22 1.30 1.41 1.66

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

Additional requirement from 5th month of pregnancy (to be added with maintenance allowances) D.C.P. (kg) = 0.14 T.D.N. (kg) = 0.70 Appendix-IV Nutrients required for working bullocks per head per day Sl. No 1 2 3 Body wt (kg) 300 400 500 Normal work DCP (kg) 0.33 0.45 0.56 TDN (kg) 3.1 4.0 4.9 M.E (Mcal) 11.2 14.4 17.6 Heavy work DCP (kg) 0.42 0.52 0.71 TDN (kg) 4.0 4.8 6.4 M.E (Mcal) 14.4 17.2 23.1

Appendix- V Feeding standards for a bull in service Sl. No 1 2 3 4 Body wt (kg) 500 600 700 800 DCP (kg) 0.43 0.48 0.54 0.60 TDN (kg) 4.5 5.1 5.7 6.3 M.E (Mcal) 16.2 18.2 20.5 22.5 Ca (g) 12 14 15 18 P (g) 12 14 15 18 Vit A (I.U) 21200 25400 29600 33800

Appendix- VI Sl.No A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ingredients Green fodders Berseem Cowpea Lucerne Guinea grass (young) Guinea grass (prime) Jowar (young) Jowar (flowering) Jowar (prime) Maize (young) Maize (flowering) Maize (dough stage) DCP % 12.8 20.3 16.2 5.8 3.1 7.8 3.4 1.7 6.0 4.7 1.6 TDN % 62.3 62.2 60.2 65.1 52.3 52.0 56.3 55.8 65.6 71.2 65.2

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C 1 2 3 4 5 D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 E 1 2 3 4 5 6 F

Oats (young) Oats (flowering) Oats (milk stage) Napier grass (hybrid 1st yr) Napier grass (hybrid 2nd yr) Paragrass Bajra (young) Bajra (flowering) Bajra (dough stage) Guar Silages Jowar Maize Oats (immature) Oats (dough stage) Berseem Lucerne Cowpea Mixed grass (ripe) Straws Bajra Barley Ragi Paddy Wheat Grains Arhar (chuni) Cotton seed Gram (chuni) Bajra Barley Jowar Maize Oats Rice (broken) Wheat Ragi Oil cakes Cotton seed (decorticated) Groundnut (expeller) Groundnut (solvent extract) Rape Sesame Soyabean By- products

10.6 7.7 2.8 7.6 2.1 7.9 10.2 8.2 5.3 12.0 2.4 3.4 8.8 4.1 10.3 16.4 7.6 0-5.8 0.9 0.5 0.2 0 0 14.4 12.9 13.6 5.2 7.3 6.1 7.0 4.4 5.6 6.3 6.2 31.6 46.4 49.1 32.3 34.0 41.4

72.0 72.0 55.1 60.0 58.0 56.2 59.3 58.2 55.4 60.0 51.1 61.1 33.5 62.6 65.8 55.9 55.6 30.6 53.4 44.5 52.6 44.5 48.9 74.1 88.8 87.5 60.6 77.2 85.7 87.1 71.7 90.6 92.3 78.6 86.0 78.9 77.0 86.8 80.0 85.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Gram husk Maize gluten Molasses Guar meal Rice bran Wheat bran Tapioca chips

0 39.1 2.4 42.5 9.1 8.7 1.5

61.3 84.1 96.0 83.5 76.1 70.4 83.3

N.B. -Values for digestible nutrients as given in the table are applicable for the ruminants only. Appendix- VII Maximum level of inclusion of feed ingredients in poultry diet. (limited feed stuffs) Sl.No Ingredient Level of inclusion kg/100 kg A Energy sources 1 Maize 60 2 Wheat 50 3 Barley 20-40 4 Oats 10-20 5 Sorghum (white variety) 25-40 6 Pearl millet 50 7 Rice 40 8 Rice bran 10-20 9 Rice polish 25-40 10 Wheat bran 10 11 Maize bran 10 12 Homoiny feed 10 13 Salseed meal deoiled 3-5 14 Molasses 5-10 15 Poultry flour 10 16 Tapioca flour 10-20 17 Gram (chuni) 10-15 18 Leaf meals 5 B Protein sources 1 Groundnut meal 40 2 Groundnut meal deoiled 20 3 Soyabean meal 40 4 Sesamum meal 20 5 Safflower meal 20 6 Sunflower meal 20 7 Linseed meal 4 8 Coconut meal 5 9 Cotton seed meal 5 (degossy polished) 10 Maize gluten feed/ meal 15 11 Fish meal 10 12 Meat meal 10 13 Meat cum bonemeal 5 14 Blood meal 3

15 16 Sl.No A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Feather meal Mahua cake Ingredient Energy sources Maize Wheat Barley Oats Sorghum (white variety) Pearl millet Rice Rice bran Rice polish Wheat bran Maize bran Homoiny feed Salseed meal deoiled Molasses Poultry flour Tapioca flour Gram (chuni) Leaf meals Protein sources Groundnut meal Groundnut meal deoiled Soyabean meal Sesamum meal Safflower meal Sunflower meal Linseed meal Coconut meal Cotton seed meal (degossy polished) Maize gluten feed/ meal Fish meal Meat meal Meat cum bonemeal Blood meal Feather meal Mahua cake

2 8 Level of inclusion kg/100 kg 60 50 20-40 10-20 25-40 50 40 10-20 25-40 10 10 10 3-5 5-10 10 10-20 10-15 5 40 20 40 20 20 20 4 5 5 15 10 10 5 3 2 8

Appendix- VIII Practical levels of nutrients required by the various categories of chicken Sl. No 1 Metabolisable Broiler starter (0-6 wk) 2,900 Broiler finisher (6-9 wk) 2,900 Chicks (0-8 wk) 2,700 Grower (8-20 wk) 2,600 Layer (20-80 wk) 2,700 Breeder (20-80 wk) 2,700

2 3 4 wk = week

energy (ME in Kcal/kg) Crude protein % Crude fibre % (maximum) Calorie protein ratio

23 6 135:1

20 6 155:1

20 7 135:1

16 8 140:1

18 8 170:1

18 8 180:1

Appendix-IX Crude protein and energy contents (%) of the common feedstuffs for the poultry Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Feed stuff Blood meal Bonemeal Bajra grain Barley grain Coconut meal Cotton seed meal Fish meal Groundnut meal Groundnut meal deoiled Guar meal Jowar Linseed meal Lucerne leaf meal, dehydrated Maize grain Maize gluten meal Mahua residue Mustard meal Oats grain Poultry feather meal Poultry manure, dehydrated Rice kani Rice polish Safflower meal, decorticated Safflower meal undecorticated Salseed meal Sesame meal Silkworm pupae meal, deoiled Soyabean meal Molasses Crude protein % 73.4 14.6 12.7 12.0 22.6 25.9 43.1 40.9 48.6 42.0 10.3 29.6 19.1 9.2 49.9 14.5 35.1 14.7 84.6 25.7 7.9 12.7 42.2 23.1 10.4 39.1 69.8 41.7 2.8 Energy (Kcal/kg) 1,420 1,044 2,642 2,618 1,190 1,556 1,834 2,596 2,328 2,645 1,671 1,777 3,309 2,705 2,373 2,848 791 2,345 2,937 3,096 1,882 3,000 2,694 2,400

30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Sunflower meal Sunhemp (crotolaria juncea) Tapioca flour Tapioca waste Wheat bran Wheat grain Yeast

37.2 40.0 2.9 4.1 14.7 10.3 32.1

2,230 3,000 1,069 3,045 -

Appendix-X Amount of micro-nutrient and feed additive ingredient for various categories of poultry * (amount in kg per 100 kg) Sl. No 1 2 3 Name of ingredients Broiler Starter (06 wk) 0.5 1.0 1.0 Finisher (6-9 wk) 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 10 g 10 g Layer Chick (0-8 wk) 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 10 g 10 g Grower (8-20 wks) 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 10 g 10 g Laying (> 20 wks) 3.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 10 g 10 g

Limestone Bonemeal Mineral mixture 4 Salt 0.5 5 Vitamins 10 g 6 Antibiotics 10 g * Requirement on an average basis Appendix XI:

Proportion of various ingredients to prepare 100 kg of pig feed Sl.N o Nutritional cate-gory Age (days) Wt (kg ) % Protein req. Energy feed Protein feed Mineral mixture Salt (kg) Antibiotics Vitamins (g)

1 2 3 4 5

Milker Prestarter Starter Preweaner Growers (benows & females) Finishers & Stage

0-7 7-21 21-35 35-56 56150 150180 >180

1-2 2-5 511 1123 2357 5791 90

24 18 16 14

Grai n (kg) 39 61 65 65

Bran Oil (kg) cakes 6 8 12 20 51 24 14 5

Fish meals 3 5 6 7 1 2 2.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 10 10 10 10 10 10 -

12

68

25

2.5

0.5

7 8 9

Boar Gilt Pregnant (a)first (b)subsequent Pasturation Lactating Dry sow

>180 <180 >180 >180 >180 >180 >180

8090 7080 7080 8090 8090 8090 8090

16 15 16 15

57 61 57 61

20 20 20 20

13 9 13 9

7 7 7 7

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

10 11 12

For 4-5 days before and 3-4 days after liter reduce feed by half, give only clean warm water or liquid food on farrowing day, give laxative feed like bran. 16 57 20 13 7 2.5 0.5 14 65 20 5 7 2.5 0.5 -

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