AP US Unit 1 Test Study Guide-Christian Crusades: indirect discoverers of America- tried to take Holy Land from Muslim control

and acquired taste for exotic goods of Asia, goods had to be transported and inflated price due to shipping cost made Europeans desire a less expensive route to Asia or alternative supply of goods -European Exploration: motivated to find cheaper route to Asia, Renaissance sparked feeling of optimism and discovery -Native Americans: Characteristics- cultivated corn (three-sister farming), scattered settlements, women had authority, respected nature, extremely diverse cultures Iroquois- led by Hiawatha, most similar to Incan and Aztec empires, military alliances Mississippian Society- large settlement at Cahokia, 1st political society north of Mexico Eastern Woodlands- hunter/gatherer, tobacco farming, seasonal moves -Christopher Columbus: Spain had unity, wealth, and power necessary for exploration, Columbus convinced Spanish monarchs to allow his voyage sighted island in the Bahamas - Seeking route to Indies, named Indians - Global economic system: Europe=markets, Africa=labor, New World=raw materials, Columbian Exchange- raw materials, diseases, animals, crops -Spanish conquistadors: conquerors, fanned out across Caribbean and American continent - Vasco Nunez Balboa: discovered Pacific Ocean, Ferdinand Magellan: tip of South America -Encomienda allowed government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for converting to Christianity - Eliminated Incan and Aztec empires; composed of soldiers, sailors, peasants, and artisans -Motives for English colonization: wanted to expand empire after defeat of Spanish Armada, follow footsteps of Spain, spirit of curiosity, England had surplus population, younger sons wanted to seek fortunes (primogeniture), had capital through joint-stock companies, search for religious freedom (Protestant Reformation)

-Jamestown/tobacco: -Sent because of Charter of Virginia Company (King wanted gold, colonists got English rights) - Settlers died of disease (mosquitoes), starvation, malnutrition, gold before food -John Smith: revived Jamestown, colonists need to work in order to eat, peaceful relations with Indians (Pocahontas) -John Rolfe: father of tobacco industry, perfected growing methods, searching for more land for tobacco, enchained to one crop, plantation system -Va. House of Burgesses: first representative government, had same rights as Englishmen, selfgovernment at local level -Separatists (Pilgrims) - wanted to break from Church of England, extreme Puritans - Plymouth- chose to settle on shores of Plymouth Bay, MA. Did not have legal right to land squatters, never important numerically or economically - Mayflower Compact- agreement to form crude government, subject to will of majority, earliest example of Constitution -Puritans: wanted to bring Anglican Church to its purest form, extremely orthodox, only visible saints should be admitted to church membership -Puritan Dissenters: Quakers denied Puritan authority -Anne Hutchinson- challenged predestination, believed faith alone necessary for salvation, convicted of heresy and forced to exile, killed by Indians -Roger Williams- church and state should be separate, advocated fair treatment of natives -Social stratification- widening of the gap between the rich plantation owners and the poor landless men, especially in Southern colonies -Education in New England colonies- towns of more than 50 families required to provide elementary education, about 50% of adults could read/write, established Harvard College to train boys for ministry -King Philips War (Metacom)- Metacom forged an alliance and began a series of assaults against English villages, hundreds of colonists and Indians died, Slowed westward march of English settlement, largely reduced Indian population

-Mercantilism- belief that colonies exist for benefit of the mother colony, desired favorable balance of trade, race to accumulate the worlds wealth, colonies 2 purposes 1)supply raw materials 2)serve as markets for goods -New England Confederation (1643) - Purpose of defense against Indians, French, and Dutch. Puritan Club of Massachusetts and Connecticut colonies, step toward colonial unity -Dominion of New England (1886) - Created by royal authority in order to ensure efficiency in the administration of Navigation Laws (tried to hurt American economy) -Salutary Neglect- loose enforcement of the Navigation Laws, relaxed grip on colonial trade -Glorious Revolution (1689) - Dethroned unpopular Catholic James II, replaced with Protestant rulers of the Netherlands William III and Mary II, inspired America to rid British rule -Head-right system: employed by Virginia and Maryland to encourage importation of servant workers, whoever paid passage of laborers received right to 50acres of land, masters reaped benefits of land received -Bacons Rebellion- Men in Virginia resented Gov. Berkeleys friendliness towards Indians (Berkeley monopolized Indians fur trade), Berkeley refused to retaliate against brutal Indian attacks, Bacon and followers murdered Indians, chased Berkeley out, burned capital Berkeley brutally crushed rebellion -Results of Rebellion: Ignited resentment between frontiersmen and landless servants, planters looked for workers less likely to rebel (SLAVES) Colonial labor/evolution- First, labor done by indentured servants (volunteered to work in return for passage to America, food, clothes, land and freedom dues after finished). Rebellious servants after Bacons Rebellion caused colonists to turn to slavery, slaves viewed as property and often worked for life with no reward -Half-way Covenant- Allowed for increased church membership, church-members could admit to baptism but not full communion, partial membership rights, weakened distinction between the Elect and others, diluted spiritual purity of church -Triangular trade- very profitable system, New England gave goods/raw materials (rum) to Africans, Africans traded rum with N.E. for slaves, N.E. packed slaves in cargo of large ships to West Indies, West Indies gave N.E. molasses to produce more rum. Process repeated in a triangular motion.

-Salem Witch Trials- started by teenage girls in Salem claiming they were bewitched by older women, lead to killing of 20 women, reflected widening social stratification of New England and decay of Puritan heritage, ended when governor prohibited further trials

-Great Awakening-Jonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God), church used more emotional, theatrical methods to attract more followers -George Whitefield- gifted orator, toured colonies preaching to large audiences, created new connections between colonies, shook audiences with emotional appeals -Old lights- Orthodox clergymen, skeptical of the emotional preaching style -New lights- defended awakening for revitalizing American religion (Evangelicals, Baptists, Methodists) -Results: Undermined clergy, first mass movement in the colonies, created colonial bond, more denominations created, church family oriented, formation of colleges -Zenger Case: Zengers newspaper criticized NY governor, accused of libel, accused as innocent for telling the truth, achievement for freedom of the press and for democracy, gave rise to more open public discussion, encouraged newspapers to take greater risks when criticizing officials -Albany Congress- Albany delegates (7 colonies) universally adopted plan for unity, intercolonial government, wanted to recruit money through tax collection, plan rejected by British, thought it gave too much freedom to colonists -French and Indian War(Seven years)- French entering Ohio River Valley and building forts there, Natives and British feel threatened, Natives and British fight against French, George Washington leads men, British eventually move French to Louisiana, Acadians became Cajuns, war affected colonies and Europe Impact- increased conflict and experience, colonies angered by British for large debt, colonies become more unified, see weakness in British

-Proclamation of 1763- Prohibited settlement West of Appalachian Mts., followed Pontiacs Rebellion (where Indians wanted to move British from West), established to resolve problem with Native Americans

-Wars- British: King Williams and Queen Annes War Spanish: War of Jenkins Ear American: King Georges War -French colonization/political developmentRoyal colonies- GB total and direct control given by King Corporate colonies- investors have control over colony (stockholders) Proprietary colonies- individuals appointed by King to make decisions