Orchestra Membranophones

Snare Drum
Made of : wood (the body of snare drum), mylar (the head) History / development: found in the 14th century (the Medieval Europe Era - 1300) became popular across the globe in 1900 : indefinite pitch : by using a special stick for the drum to hit it : two calfskin or plastic drumheads stretched tightly over a hollow metal frame : folk music; war communication instrument : actually, because they were used in the 15th centuries military, the inventor wasnt recorded Place in orch. : at the furthest row, behind the timpani, between the cymbals and gong

Pitch range How to play Shape Function Inventor

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Bass Drum
Made of : skin or thin plastic (for the head), metal and wood (for the body) History / development: Earliest bass drum was known as the Turkish davul usually used in wars and combats 18th century: the first time davul was put inside a music ideal for military instrument, because its easy to carry a major aspect of Turkish folk dances developed from davul by African indigenous people increased the size and changed the material from davul was made used for religious purposes the long drum began to spread across Europe first introduced in Britain in the 19th century similar with the long drum they produces definite pitch, so its nearly impossible to incorporate them in an orchestra Because the gong drum cant be used in orchestras, music makers began to build smaller gong drums that wouldnt carry a definite pitch today it is called as orchestral bass drum used primarily in orchestras : indefinite pitch :

Long Drum

Gong Drum

Orchestral drums

Pitch range How to play Shape -

by beating the drum with a stick held in the right hand and a switch held in the left in the Western-orchestra, bass drums have only one rod-tensioned head, even 2 headed ones normally struck on 1 head only : a large drum having a cylindrical body with 2 heads (in general) has 2 heads, tensioned by a rope lacings or metal rods (in military and marching bands) : coloring and shading the sounds of the orchestra as opposed to providing a solid, rhythmic foundation like in marching and drumset : Gabriella Pittui (in 1930)

Function Inventor

Place in orch. : at the furthest, on the right side of the conductors view, behind the timpani

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Timpani (Kettledrum)
Made of : copper, aluminum, and fiberglass (mostly) History / development: since the 12th century, kettledrums were played in Royal Band in the Middle East 13th century: first brought to southern and western Europe by crusaders and Saracens 15th century: they spread to the eastern Europe in Europe, they soon advanced together with trumpets it symbolizes the power of monarchs and princes kettledrummers were equal in rank to officers, dressed in the same way as knights

in the 16th century: began to be used in church music Baroque period: kettledrums were last remained in the ensemble 17th century: the kettledrum was accepted to be a member of the orchestra : indefinite pitch : They are played by striking the head with a specialized drum stick called a timpani stick or timpani mallet.

Pitch range How to play

Shape Function

: two calfskin or plastic drumheads stretched tightly over a hollow metal frame : folk music; war communication instrument; to create a wide range of effects, from a low, threatening rumble to resounding and powerful drumbeats. : Not sure who is the inventor of timpani (invented in 13th centuries)

Inventor

Place in orch. : at the very back, in front of the bass drum, gong, etc.

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Non-orchestra Membranophones
Kendang Jawa
Appendix Made of : is included in Gamelan Jawa :

the wood of jackfruit, coconuts or cempedak the skin is stretched on y-shaped leather or rattan strings membranophones has been popular in Java since the 9th century reliefs have proved the existence of kendang in Borobudur Temple (early 9th century) Siwa Temple (mid 9th century) Tegawangi Temple (around the 14th century) Panataran Temple (around the 14th century) : indefinite pitch : by hitting the left and right side of the kendang : a piece of wood which is shaped like a tube, with the 2 holes fully covered with animal skin

History / development: -

Pitch range How to play Shape

Function

: to set the rhythm of the gamelan; accompany dances, wayang ketoprak, for puppet shows (wayang)

Inventor

: the African people (because they use it to scare the evil spirit), then it spread to Indonesia and invented kendang.

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Ashiko
Made of : Authentic wood ashikos, with goat skin heads History / development: originating in Nigeria, West Africa originally played by the Yoruba People of Nigeria was used by African and American to scare evil spirit : indefinite pitch : by hitting the top of the tube, the one which is covered with the goat skin with bare hands Shape : a wood shaped into some kind of a tube which is bigger on the upper side of the drum, where it is covered with animal (goat, deer, and cow) skin with the tuning system made with high strength, low stretch rope drum shaped like a truncated cone : accompany folk songs : wasnt recorded, though ashiko was played through the sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas

Pitch range How to play

Function Inventor

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Orchestra Chordophones
Violin
Made of : violins body made of wood fingerboard and pegs are made of ebony the neck, sides (ribs) and back of the violin made of maple the strings are made in different quality for each kind of violin

History / development: The history of the violin originated from Italy in the early 1500s early violins: Shorter, thicker, and less angled neck. The fingerboards was shorter, the bridge was flatter and the strings were made of gut. mid 18th century: it has got a vital place in music ensembles 19th century: was rising to fame 20th century: better techniques and artistic aspects

The development of bows Baroque Bow invented in the late 16th century in Italy, they were interested in cantabile playing which changed the structure of the bow into longer ones Classical Bow, Cramer Bow it was invented the underside of metal, to eliminating the critical point in the screw mechanism of the Baroque bows The Modern Bow, Tourte Bow change the materials, from horsehair into fiberglass and carbon fiber (1960s to 1990s) : G3-A7 : Rest the violin on your collar bone, fully supported with your arm and held in place by your jaw. Your left hand holds the neck of the violin and presses down on the strings while your right hand holding the bow swipes it against the string. Shape Function Inventor : pear-shaped instrument, with 2 f-holes on the left and right side of the strings : to play high pitch notes and control the mood determination in a song : The first inventor is Andrea Amati (1511-1577) and developed by Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737) and Andrea Guarneri (1626-1698) Place in orch. : in the front rows, on the left side of the conductor Pitch range How to play

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Viola
Made of : the top is made of spruce the back and ribs are made of maple the neck is made of maple and ebony the fingerboard is from wood

History / development: historians believed that the viola may have actually appeared slightly before the violin in early orchestra music, the violas role was, merely harmony 20th century: the viola began to get a more prominent role, is now often featured as a solo instrument Pitch range How to play Shape : C3-E6 : the same as the violin : pear-shaped instrument, with 2 f-holes on the left and right side of the strings, but slightly larger than the violin Function Inventor : as the alto voice of the orchestra in the string family : Andrea Amati, Gasparo da Sal, Andrea Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari

Place in orch. : on the first to the third row, next to the violin and in front of the cello, on the right side of the conductor

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Cello
Made of : the front of the cello is generally a tight grained spruce. the sides and back are often from maple the finger board and pegs are made from ebony or rosewood the neck and scroll from maple.

History / development: celli were made as early as the mid-1500s celli in the 1500s (30 or 31 inches) were bigger than todays (29 inches, and proportionally smaller) this size were undertaken so it would be easier to play and there would be less tension on the players left hand Pitch range How to play : C2-C6 (1 octave lower than violas) : The cello is played with a bow, or by plucking the strings. It is not placed under your chin like a violin it is placed with the spike touching the floor. Your knees go where it curves in the middle Shape : pear-shaped instrument, with 2 f-holes on the left and right side of the strings, but bigger than the violin and the viola it has got a spike at the bottom : to create a relaxing and mellow sound, as a member of orchestras, music ensembles, popular music, and played as a soloist (in cello concertos); as the orchestras bass line Inventor : Andrea Amati in 16th centuries. Amatis son taught Antonio Stradivari and became famous in 18th centuries Place in orch. : behind the viola and in front of the double bass, they are in the third to fourth rows, on the right side of the conductor Appendix : the other name of cello is violoncello

Function

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Double bass (Contrabass)

Made of : maple for the neck, back, sides and bridge spruce for the top ebony for the nut, fingerboard and tailpiece brass or steel for the tuning machines and steel for the end-pin strings may be steel, gut (sheep intestines), silk, nylon or a combination

History / development: Germans developed the double bass along the shape of the viol in the early Baroque period the double bass appeared somewhat sporadically its heavy, thick gut strings and great size inhibited its use in anything smaller than a church the techniques in playing the double bass continue to develop until now : C2-C5 (sounding 1 octave lower) : A double bass is a stringed instrument that is played by either plucking the strings or running a bow across them to create vibration (sound). You put your fingers on the strings higher up to make a different note. Shape : pear-shaped instrument, with 2 f-holes on the left and right side of the strings, it is the biggest among the string family members it has got a spike at the bottom : to create a very low sound, as the orchestras bass line : Andrea Amati

Pitch range How to play

Function Inventor

Place in orch. : on the last row, behind the cellos, on the right side of the conductor Appendix :

other names: bass fiddle, bass viol, bull fiddle, contrabass, string bass it has got the lowest-sounding voice in the group of strings

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Piano
Made of : Case: Sound wood, thin wood that can absorb the sound String: solid steel, (bass string: copper wiring) To increase the diameter, they use solid steel frame (which they are the ugly part of piano, but now it is decorated) History / development: That time, harpsichord and clavichord is the most famous instrument. Harpsichord is fame with the loudness while clavichord can control the sound. Critofori think to combine harpsichord and clavichord harpsichord can control the loudness. Then he combined and found piano.

it was originated from Italy 1711, when the articles about the piano-making (author: Cristofori) were distributed and since then piano builders started their work

one of the builders, Gottfried Silberman, invented the damper pedal (aka. sustaining pedal/loud pedal) piano-making flourished during the late 18th century

1790s : five octaves and a fifth 1810 : six octaves 1820 : seven octaves : A0-C8 : by pressing the piano keys : it is big, with white and black piano keys, it has got 2 - 3 pedals : to accompany any types of occasion (including dances, operas, orchestras), it also able to be played alone (as a soloist)

Pitch range How to play Shape Function

Inventor -

the first inventor: Bartolomeo de Francesco Cristofori (1700) continued by Johann Andreas Silbermann

Place in orch. : on the left side of the conductor, behind the harps, next to the first violins Appendix : there are 2 (most popular) types of piano, which are: grand and upright / vertical piano

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Non-orchestra Chordophones
Harpsichord
Made of : Case: oak, maple, walnut, beech, and spruce Metal string for inside string.

History / development: found in around the late Middle Ages, 1300s the earliest complete harpsichords still preserved came from Italy 1580: The Ruckers Harpsichord th

which the Ruckers Harpsichord were more solidly constructed than the Italian

17 century: Flemish makers made a 2-manual harpsichord, initially used for easy transposition rather than to increase the expressive range of the instrument

18th century, France: the harpsichords were extended in range (from 4 to 5 octaves) Sebastian Virdung simplify the harpsichord (with the smaller size that can placed on the table) called Virginal

Pitch range How to play Shape

: F1-F6 : by pressing the keys : denotes a grand-piano-shaped instrument with a roughly triangular case accommodating long bass strings at the left and short treble strings at the right. The characteristic profile of such a harpsichord is more elongated than a modern piano, with a sharper curve to the bentside.

Inventor Appendix

: Henri Arnault de Zwolle : harpsichord is fame with the loudness

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Virginal
Made of : Strong wood Metal string

History / development: a smaller daughter of the harpsichord was identical in mechanism to the harpsichord virginals are also sometimes made with 2 keyboards and called double virginals double virginals: the keyboards were usually side by side (horizontally)

usually placed on the table, but by the time, they provide their own stand : Old days : E1 - C3 (4 octaves; 45 notes)

Pitch range

More modern : C1 - F3 (4 octaves; 54 notes) How to play Shape : by pressing the piano keys : smaller and simpler rectangular form of the harpsichord with only one string per note running more or less parallel to the keyboard on the long side of the case Inventor Appendix : Sebastian Virdung : The origin of the name is obscure.

Latin virga meaning a rod, perhaps referring to the wooden jacks that rest on the ends of the keys; however, this theory is unproven.

instrument's association with female performers, or its sound, which is like a young girl's voice (vox virginalis) the word virgin, as it was most commonly played by young women Virgin Mary as it was used by nuns to accompany hymns in honour of the Virgin. : virginals were most commonly played by young female performers, but that doesnt mean males were not allowed to play it as well

Notes

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Clavichord
Made of : Strong wood for the case and stand Metal string. Invented in the early 14th centuries Inspired by the large harpsichord and simplify into the small size that can be placed on the table. before 1730s : clavichords were 4 octaves range

History / development: -

the latest instruments : were built up to 7 feet long, with 6 octaves range : Before 1730: 4 octaves Now: 6 octaves

Pitch range

How to play Shape Inventor Appendix

: by pressing the piano keys : similar to nowadays organ, but there are more strings shown : Sebastian Virdung : clavichords are famous because it is able to control the sound (volume)

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Guzheng
Made of : The string is made of metal / steel guzheng has a large resonant cavity made from wu tong wood (Firmiana platanifolia)

History / development: it was introduced to Korea Japan Vietnam ; is known as kayagum ; is known as koto ; is known as dan tranh (it has got 16 strings)

Early Guzheng Earliest Han Dynasty : 5 strings : 12 strings

Tang Dynasty : 13 strings Ming Dynasty : 14 - 15 strings More recently : 16, 18, 21, 23, 26 strings : 4 to 6 octaves (depends on the size of the guzheng) : the strings were plucked by plectra (made of bone) worn on the fingertips : oblong body of 6 Chinese feet long, with a curved sound box on which 12 strings were attached, it also had high bridges

Pitch range How to play Shape

Function Inventor

: mainly used in music ensemble and to accompany singing : Invented during the Warring States Period and developed by Xu Zhengao

Music Report - Grace Puspita

Guitar
Made of : : wood : synthetic materials Acoustic Electric

History / development: The history / development of guitar in general: Dotar Persian folk instrument has only got 2 strings traditional, long necked 2 stings lute found in Iran and Central Asia

Persian Setar 3 strings guitar found in Persia

Indian Sitar found in India it has varying number of strings, but 17 is usual developed from the Persian Setar instrument into a whole new instrument, following Indian cultures and styles

the 4-stringed Persian Chartar arrived in Spain developed and then became known as the quitarra / chitarra

beginning of the Renaissance 4 course* (4 unison-tuned pairs of strings) guitar had become dominant

Guitarra Battente (5 strings) appeared at around the same time as the 4 course guitar gradually replaced the 4 course instrument

early 17th Century th

Baroque guitar had originated nylon strings and thinned the body of the guitar slightly guitars adopted permanent frets 6th course of strings was added to the Italian guitarra battente In 1750, 6th course guitar gradually gave away to 6 single strings

17 Century -

1850, modern classic guitar improved the volume, tone and projection of the instrument and soon became the accepted construction standard

1945, nylon strings had entirely replaced gut strings Music Report - Grace Puspita

Development of the guitar frets: Beginning Evolved Pitch range How to play : there were only 8 frets : increased to 10, and then to 12 frets : E3-E6 (sounding 1 octave lower) : right hand plucking the strings and the left hand pressing the strings on the frets; is played by both hands at the same time Shape : a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved side Function Inventor Appendix : to be played as accompaniment in a song with other instruments. : Developed by Charles Friedrich Martin :

tar is an ancient Sanskrit word for string a course: a pair of group of strings played together as a single unit

Music Report - Grace Puspita