Health, Education, Social Protection News & Notes 19/2012

Health, Education, Social Protection News & Notes 19/2012
A bi-weekly newsletter supported by GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)

09 September 2012
You can download back issues (2005 - 2012) of this newsletter at: http://german-practice-collection.org/en/links/newsletters/hesp-news-and-notes or search all issues there with:
Table of Contents: BOOKS ................................................................................ 4

Technologies for Global Health ............................................................................................... 4 Anti-corruption Handbook for Development Practitioners....................................................... 4 Intersectoral Governance for Health in All Policies ................................................................. 4 Health policy responses to the financial crisis in Europe ........................................................ 5
ONLINE PUBLICATIONS .................................................... 5

Global Health.............................................................................................................. 5
The Lancet Series: Universal Health Coverage ...................................................................... 5 Achieving universal health coverage in low-income settings .................................................. 5 Global Health: Science and Practice....................................................................................... 6 Mapping global health research investments, time for new thinking - A Babel Fish for research data .......................................................................................................................... 6
HIV - AIDS - STI ......................................................................................................... 6

A Decade of German Support for Workplace Health .............................................................. 6 Germanys Contribution to a Sustainable HIV Response ....................................................... 7 Invest in Communities to Stop AIDS ....................................................................................... 7 The Jane Goodall Institute in Tanzania: Mainstreaming HIV Programming into Natural Resource Management and Economic Growth Activities ....................................................... 7 Assessing the population health impact of market interventions to improve access to antiretroviral treatment ............................................................................................................ 8 Nothing as Practical as a Good Theory? The Theoretical Basis of HIV Prevention Interventions for Young People in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review ...................... 8 Is an HIV Vaccine Possible? ................................................................................................... 8 Effectiveness of a peer-led HIV prevention intervention in secondary schools in Rwanda: results from a non-randomized controlled trial ........................................................................ 9
Sexual & Reproductive Health .................................................................................... 9

When female circumcision comes to the West: Attitudes toward the practice among Somali Immigrants in Oslo .................................................................................................................. 9 Assessing the effect of introducing a new method into family planning programs in India, Peru, and Rwanda................................................................................................................... 9
Maternal & Child Health............................................................................................ 10

Stillbirths ................................................................................................................................ 10 Cesarean Section Rates and Indications in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Multi-Country Study from Medecins sans Frontieres ..................................................................................................... 10 Obstetric Fistula is a Neglected Tropical Disease .............................................................. 10 Child Mortality Estimation Methods ....................................................................................... 11
Malaria ..................................................................................................................... 11
African research identifies strong candidate for possible single-dose malaria cure ............. 11 Paradigm shifts in malaria study and control ........................................................................ 11 Systems immunology of human malaria ............................................................................... 11 Trends in availability and prices of subsidized ACT over the first year of the AMFm: evidence from remote regions of Tanzania........................................................................... 12
HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 1
Reductions in Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Consumption after the Nationwide Scale up of Routine Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Testing in Zambia ........................................ 12 The Strategic Framework for Malaria Communication at the Country Level 2012-2017 ...... 12 Malaria Control and Elimination in Sri Lanka: Documenting Progress and Success Factors in a Conflict Setting ............................................................................................................... 13 Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: Impact of environmental changes ................................................................................................................................. 13 A Long Neglected World Malaria Map: Plasmodium vivax Endemicity in 2010.................... 13 A Longitudinal Trial Comparing Chloroquine as Monotherapy or in Combination with Artesunate, Azithromycin or Atovaquone-Proguanil to Treat Malaria ................................... 14 Surveillance considerations for malaria elimination .............................................................. 14
Tuberculosis ............................................................................................................. 14
Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine .................................. 14 Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with multidrugresistant tuberculosis in eight countries: a prospective cohort study .................................... 15 Unexpected high levels of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis present new challenges for tuberculosis control ............................................................................................................... 15 Multidrug Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment Regimens and Patient Outcomes: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of 9,153 Patients ................................................. 15
Other Infectious Diseases......................................................................................... 16

Eradicating Polio in Afghanistan and Pakistan...................................................................... 16 Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: Diversity, Complexity, and Barriers in LowAnd Middle-Income Countries ............................................................................................... 16
Food & Nutrition........................................................................................................ 17

Feeding a Thirsty World: Challenges and Opportunities for a Water and Food Secure Future ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Hunger and malnutrition in a world with a changing climate................................................. 17 Current and Planned Research on Agriculture for Improved Nutrition: A Mapping and a Gap Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 17 Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) improves undernutrition among ART-treated, HIVpositive children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ....................................................................... 18 Trends in mild, moderate, and severe stunting and underweight, and progress towards MDG 1 in 141 developing countries ...................................................................................... 18 Combating Malnutrition with More than Income Growth ....................................................... 18 Toward an Integrated Approach for Addressing Malnutrition in Zambia............................... 19
Essential Medicines .................................................................................................. 19

WHO Drug Information Vol. 26, No. 2, 2012......................................................................... 19 Southern Med Review - Volume 5, Issue 1, July 2012 ......................................................... 19 Poor-quality medical products: time to address substandards, not only counterfeits ........... 20
Social Protection....................................................................................................... 20
The politics of social protection: why are public works programmes so popular with governments and donors?..................................................................................................... 20 Social Protection in Ecuador: A New Vision for Inclusive Growth......................................... 20 The Expansion of Cash Transfers in Chile and its Challenges: Ethical Family Income ....... 21
Water, Sanitation & Hygiene..................................................................................... 21

Adaptive Community Water Initiative: Delivering water and sanitation to poor communities21 Promoting Household Water Treatment through Womens Self Help Groups in Rural India: Assessing Impact on Drinking Water Quality and Equity...................................................... 21 UNDP Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Portfolio .................................................................... 22 Impact of a School-Based Hygiene Promotion and Sanitation Intervention on Pupil Hand Contamination in Western Kenya: A Cluster Randomized Trial ........................................... 22 Developing and Investigating Skin and Wound Cleaning Approaches within Rural Africa... 22
Human Resources.................................................................................................... 23
Preparing the Next Generation of Community Health Workers: The Power of Technology for Training.................................................................................................................................. 23 Maternal and newborn healthcare providers in rural Tanzania: in-depth interviews exploring influences on motivation, performance and job satisfaction ................................................. 23 Why Health Workers Count for Universal Health Coverage ................................................. 23
Health Systems & Research ..................................................................................... 24

Improving Data Use in Decision Making: An Intervention to Strengthen Health Systems.... 24 Strengthening standardised interpretation of verbal autopsy data: the new InterVA-4 tool.. 24
Communicating research for evidence-based policymaking................................................. 24 Budgeting based on need: a model to determine sub-national allocation of resources for health services in Indonesia .................................................................................................. 25 Innovative financing for health: What are the options for South Africa? ............................... 25
Information & Communication Technology ............................................................... 25

Open access for development: a battle not yet won ............................................................. 25 The case for open access ..................................................................................................... 26 M-Commerce in Sub Saharan Africa .................................................................................... 26 What are the key lessons of ICT4D partnerships for poverty reduction? ............................. 26 What Difference does a Policy Brief Make?.......................................................................... 27
Education ................................................................................................................. 27
Open Educational Resources and Change in Higher Education: Reflections from Practice 27 A needs assessment to identify the reality of two rural school cases in South Africa: potential for ICT4D or not? .................................................................................................... 27
Harm Reduction & Drug Use .................................................................................... 28

The Global State of Harm Reduction 2012 ........................................................................... 28
Development Assistance .......................................................................................... 28

Supporting the Monitoring of Aid Effectiveness from a Gender Perspective ........................ 28 Foreign Aid for Gender Equality: The Challenge for Donors ................................................ 28
Others ...................................................................................................................... 29
No more disease silos for sub-Saharan Africa...................................................................... 29 Where Do the Worlds Poor Live? - A New Update .............................................................. 29 World Mortality Report 2011.................................................................................................. 29
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES ............................................ 30

South African Medical Journal Vol. 102 No. 9 (2012) ........................................................... 30 Knowledge Management for Health and Development Toolkit............................................. 30 Bulletin of the World Health Organization ............................................................................. 30
INTERESTING WEB SITES .............................................. 30

Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN).............................................................. 30 Innovate for Children Website ............................................................................................... 31 Aidspan Global Fund Observer ............................................................................................. 31
CONFERENCES................................................................ 31
Webinar ICT to support Social Health Protection ............................................................... 31
CARTOON ......................................................................... 32 TIPS & TRICKS ................................................................. 32

Critical Java Security Update ................................................................................................ 32 Re-open the last tabs in your browser .................................................................................. 32 Working in MS Windows without a Mouse ............................................................................ 33 iPad - Show Me the Link ....................................................................................................... 33 To subscribe for free to the newsletter send an e-mail to:
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BOOKS
Technologies for Global Health
by Peter Howitt, Ara Darzi, Guang-Zhong Yang et al. The Lancet Commissions - Technologies for Global Health, 08/2012 This Lancet eBook is available to download for free (1.1 MB) directly to your mobile handheld device: Download for iBooks from iTunes Download for Kindle from Amazon Download for tablet/smartphone/EPUB Technology can improve global health, and includes not only pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and devices, but also advances such as better sanitation and agriculture. At present, technology for health focuses on the needs of the wealthy. More frugal technology, specifically designed for the worlds poorest people, is needed. Technology alone is not enough - it needs to be combined with innovations in processes to have the greatest effect. Capacity to successfully create and use technology should be part of the post-2015 assessment of global development. ***
Anti-corruption Handbook for Development Practitioners

by Johanna Jokinen-Gavidia, Juha Kernen, Johanna Korkea-Aho et al. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 2012 220 pp. 1.9 MB:
http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Anticorruption_handbook_for_development_practitioners_20121346830237.pdf
The objective of the Handbook is to provide conceptual and technical guidance to enable development practitioners to: Become better equipped to effectively support the anti-corruption work in development co-operation; Better contribute to the design and implementation of development programmes by mainstreaming governance and anti-corruption (GAC) issues and to better design and follow-up on specific anti-corruption programmes, NGO support, general budget and sector support. ***
Intersectoral Governance for Health in All Policies

Edited by David V. McQueen, Matthias Wismar, Vivian Lin et al. The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2012 221 pp. 1.1 MB: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/171707/Interse ctoral-governance-for-health-in-all-policies.pdf This new book is intended to facilitate intersectoral action by providing accessible and relevant examples that can inform policy-makers of the governance tools and instruments available. It offers a framework for assessing how governments and ministries can initiate action, and also how intersectoral governance structures can be successfully HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 4
established, used and sustained. ***
Health policy responses to the financial crisis in Europe

by Philipa Mladovsky, Divya Srivastava, Jonathan Cylus et al. World Health Organization, on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2012 132 pp. 481 kB:
http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/170865/e96643.pdf
Results of a survey of health policy responses to the financial crisis in the European Region reveal that a mix of policy tools is being used to cut public expenditure on health in many countries. The analysis suggests some of these policies, such as integration of primary and secondary care and reduction of pharmaceutical prices, are more likely to increase efficiency than others such as increasing user charges. In many countries, a missed opportunity has been enhancing value through policies to improve public health.
ONLINE PUBLICATIONS
Global Health The Lancet Series: Universal Health Coverage
Themed issue, published Sept 7, 2012: http://www.thelancet.com/themed-universal-health-coverage In this themed issue of The Lancet, the first of three Series papers explores the evidence on the links between expansions in coverage and population health outcomes. The second paper looks at the political and economic dimensions of the transition to universal health coverage, and the third examines nine low-income and lower-middle-income countries in Africa and Asia that have implemented national health insurance reforms. What becomes clear in this issue is that although universal health coverage is not a guarantee for progress, attention should focus now not on whether, but on how to make the most of the transition. ***
Achieving universal health coverage in low-income settings

by Jeffrey D Sachs The Lancet, Vol. 380, Issue 9845, pp. 944-947, 8 September 2012 4 pp. 58 kB: http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673612611490.pdf The goal of universal health coverage is deeply embedded in politics, ethics, and international law. The world is getting closer than ever to universal health coverage, yet powerful headwinds have been gusting ever since the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008. Most importantly, donor aid budgets are being cut. The public should understand that small additions to aid for health could bring the world to universal coverage, whereas cuts in aid at this point could undo the great progress of the past decade. Universal coverage for health is within our reach - if we persevere. HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 5
Global Health: Science and Practice

http://www.ghspjournal.org/ USAID in partnership with the K4Health Project is launching Global Health: Science and Practice - a new peer-reviewed, open access online journal. Guided by a vision to provide access to the latest global health research and best practices to improve health programs on the ground, Global Health: Science and Practice will be offered free of charge to health professionals worldwide. There also is no cost to authors to submit their manuscripts to the journal for consideration. ***
Mapping global health research investments, time for new thinking - A Babel Fish for research data
by Robert F Terry, Liz Allen, Charles A Gardner et al. Health Research Policy and Systems 2012, 10:28 (1 September 2012) 6 pp. 188 kB: http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/pdf/1478-4505-10-28.pdf Today we have an incomplete picture of how much the world is spending on health and disease-related research and development (R&D). As such it is difficult to align, or even begin to coordinate, health R&D investments with international public health priorities. Current efforts to track and map global health research investments are complex, resource-intensive, and caveat-laden. The authors propose a feasibility study to develop a system that can translate and map the diverse research classification systems into a common standard, allowing the targeting of scarce research investments to where they are needed most.
HIV - AIDS - STI A Decade of German Support for Workplace Health

Concepts Results Lessons Learned by Ute Papkalla and Angelika Pochanke-Alff Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, July 2012 44 pp. 1.8 MB http://german-practice-collection.org/en/download-centre/doc_download/1061 The HIV pandemic is still one of the most significant challenges to health, development, economic and social progress in many regions of the world, especially in Africa south of the Sahara. HIV has not only become an international and national issue, but also a workplace issue. Over the past fifteen years, recognition of the detrimental effects of the HIV pandemic has grown among the business community. Since more than a decade, German Development Cooperation has continually adapted its comprehensive Workplace Programme approaches with the aim of optimizing and tailoring their design for the private and public sectors. ***
Germanys Contribution to a Sustainable HIV Response

A BMZ Position Paper - Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), June 2012 31 pp. 859 kB: http://www.bmz.de/en/publications/type_of_publication/strategies/S trategiepapier324_05_2012.pdf With the adoption of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6 in 2001, the international community made a commitment to mount a sustained response to HIV/AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases. This Position Paper describes Germanys current priorities and actions for achieving this goal and how it will contribute further to its attainment in the coming years. The HIV response occupies a special position in German development cooperation. Together with other partners, Germany is committed to achieving universal access, so that by 2015, prevention, treatment, care, and support services will be available worldwide to everyone affected by HIV. ***
Invest in Communities to Stop AIDS

by Christine Stegling and Jayne Obeng The International HIV/AIDS Alliance, 2012 12 pp. 321 kB:
http://www.aidsalliance.org/includes/Publication/investincommunities.pdf
As major scientific breakthroughs offer a real possibility of ending AIDS in a generation, there are signs that the international donor community could be taking its foot off the pedal right at the time when it is possible to accelerate progress. A number of stakeholders have been working in partnership at national level to ensure that the concepts of critical enablers, and community mobilisation in particular, are better understood and costed, and can be fully incorporated into national responses to HIV. This discussion paper is a contribution to that work. ***
The Jane Goodall Institute in Tanzania: Mainstreaming HIV Programming into Natural Resource Management and Economic Growth Activities
by Victoria Rossi, Grace Lusiola, and Aysa Saleh-Ramirez AIDSTAR-One - John Snow, Inc., August 2012 16 pp. 392 kB: http://www.aidstar-one.com/sites/default/files/AIDSTAROne_CaseStudy_NRM-EG_JGI_Tanzania.pdf This case study documents how the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) is effectively mainstreaming HIV/AIDS and broader health issues into their natural resource management and economic growth activities in Western Tanzania. Working closely with the communities surrounding Gombe National Park, the home of Goodalls chimps, they have developed a community-centered model of conservation that addresses the socioeconomic development needs of the local people. ***
Assessing the population health impact of market interventions to improve access to antiretroviral treatment
by Till Brnighausen, Margaret Kyle, Joshua A Salomon et al. Health Policy Plan. (2012) 27 (6): 467-476 - First published online: September 13, 2011 10 pp. 154 kB: http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/6/467.full.pdf+html Despite extraordinary global progress in increasing coverage of antiretroviral treatment (ART), the majority of people needing ART currently are not receiving t reatment. Several international organizations are using interventions in ART markets to decrease ART price or to improve ART quality, delivery and innovation, with the ultimate goal of improving population health. These organizations need to select those market interventions that are most likely to substantially affect population health outcomes (ex ante assessment) and to evaluate whether implemented interventions have improved health outcomes (ex post assessment). ***
Nothing as Practical as a Good Theory? The Theoretical Basis of HIV Prevention Interventions for Young People in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review
by KristienMichielsen, Matthew Chersich, Marleen Temmerman et al. AIDS Res Treat. 2012; Published online August 2012 18 pp. 557 kB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415137/pdf/ART2 012-345327.pdf This paper assesses the extent to which HIV prevention interventions for young people in sub-Saharan Africa are grounded in theory and if theory-based interventions are more effective. The authors discuss characteristics of the theories that might account for the limited effectiveness observed, including overreliance on cognitions that likely vary according to type of sexual behaviour and other personal factors, inadequately address interpersonal factors, and failure to account for contextual factors. ***
Is an HIV Vaccine Possible?

by M. Juliana McElrath and Bruce D. Walker J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Vol. 60, Suppl. 2, (August 1, 2012) 3 pp. 80 kB: http://pdfs.journals.lww.com/jaids/2012/08012/Is_an_HIV_Vaccine_Possible_.7.pdf Although there is reason to be optimistic that an effective HIV vaccine is possible, one of the major constraints moving forward will likely be constraint on funding to support a d iversity of concepts at a time that the correlates of protection from acquisition and d isease progression are still unknown. Given the scope of the epidemic and the economic climate, we must strive to do much more with less and seek to access additional r esources, both scientific and monetary, from every possible source. ***
Effectiveness of a peer-led HIV prevention intervention in secondary schools in Rwanda: results from a non-randomized controlled trial
by Kristien Michielsen, Roxanne Beauclair, Wim Delva et al. BMC Public Health 2012, 12:729 (1 September 2012) 21 pp. 1.2 MB: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-12-729.pdf This study assesses the effectiveness of a peer-led HIV prevention intervention in secondary schools in Rwanda on young peoples sexual behavior, HIV knowledge and attitudes. The authors conclude that effectiveness of peer education may increase through integration in holistic interventions and redefining peer educators role as focal points for sensitization and referral to experts and services. Finally, they argue that a narrow focus on sexual risks will never significantly turn the tide.
Sexual & Reproductive Health When female circumcision comes to the West: Attitudes toward the practice among Somali Immigrants in Oslo
by Abdi A Gele, Elise B Johansen, Mona I Huage and Johanne Sundby BMC Public Health 2012, 12:697 (27 August 2012) 18 pp. 1.0 MB: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2458-12-697.pdf Like many other Western countries, Norway hosts a large proportion of immigrants from Female Circumcision (FC)-practicing countries, though primarily from Somalia, which is the country with the highest prevalence of FC in the world. The perception that FC is required by religion was the sole factor to be significantly associated with an ongoing support of FC. The study reveals that Somalis in Oslo demonstrate a trend to abandon this practice over time. Nevertheless, the 30% of the people who still support its continuation, and who are primarily newly arrived immigrants, require a targeted intervention that is implemented in the early phase of the immigrants arrival. ***
Assessing the effect of introducing a new method into family planning programs in India, Peru, and Rwanda
by Rebecka Lundgren, Irit Sinai, Priya Jha et al. Reproductive Health 2012, 9:17 (1 September 2012) 17 pp. 1.1 MB: http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/pdf/1742-4755-9-17.pdf The Standard Days Method is a fertility awareness-based method of family planning that is being introduced into family planning programs in countries around the world. It is different from other methods offered by programs, and may bring new couples into family planning, and increase contraceptive prevalence. The study assesses the effect on contraceptive use and prevalence of introducing Standard Days Method into existing family planning services in whole regions of India, Peru, and Rwanda.
Maternal & Child Health Stillbirths

The Lancet Global Health Series, August 2012 The papers within this compilation have been previously published on TheLancet.com This Lancet eBook is available to download for free (6.4 MB) directly to your mobile handheld device: Download for iBooks from iTunes Download for Kindle from Amazon Download for tablet/smartphone/EPUB One of the strongest messages conveyed by this Series is that stillbirths matter to people. Even in regions where societal mores render the mother taboo, or put the stillbirth down to witchcraft or bad motherhood, there is a strong feeling among health professionals that stillbirth prevention should be placed as highly on global and national health agendas as prevention of maternal and neonatal deaths. This is not the case currently. ***
Cesarean Section Rates and Indications in Sub-Saharan Africa: A MultiCountry Study from Medecins sans Frontieres
by Kathryn Chu, Hilde Cortier, Fernando Maldonado et al. PLoS ONE 7(9): e44484 (4 September 20120) 6 pp. 136 kB: http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F 10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044484&representation=PDF The World Health Organization considers Cesarean section rates of 515% to be the optimal range for targeted provision of this life saving intervention. However, access to safe Cesarean section in resource-limited settings is much lower, estimated at 12% reported in sub-Saharan Africa. This study reports Cesarean sections rates and indications in Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, and Sierra Leone, and describe the main parameters associated with maternal and early neonatal mortality. ***
Obstetric Fistula is a Neglected Tropical Disease

by L. Lewis Wall PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(8): e1769 (28 August 2012) 3 pp. 3.4 MB:
http://www.plosntds.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=6B6B200B0C9C3209 8D1D162CAF913635?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001769&representation=PDF
The term neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is commonly used to refer to a baker's dozen of infectious conditions prevalent in resource-poor tropical countries. Here the author argues that obstetric fistula should be classified as an NTD because it, like the infectious conditions, is also a preventable, treatable malady responsible for much suffering, stigmatization, and lost productivity among the impoverished bottom billion of the world's population. HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 10
Child Mortality Estimation Methods

http://www.ploscollections.org/childmortalityestimation Millennium Development Goal 4 calls for a reduction of two-thirds in the under-5 mortality rate between 1990 and 2015. Reliable estimates of child mortality are critical to the monitoring of progress toward this important goal. In this collection of five research art icles and two reviews the independent Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to the UN Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) introduces the groups methodological innovations in estimating child mortality.
Malaria African research identifies strong candidate for possible single-dose malaria cure
University of Cape Town (UCT) - Press Release, 28 August 2012 Read online at: http://www.uct.ac.za/dailynews/?id=8220 A recently discovered compound - named MMV390048 - from the aminopyridine class not only has the potential to become part of a single-dose cure for all strains of malaria, but might also be able to block transmission of the parasite from person to person, according to a research collaboration involving the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), based in Switzerland, and the Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3-D) at the University of Cape Town. ***
Paradigm shifts in malaria study and control

by Jan Peter Verhave MalariaWorld Journal, 1 Sept 2012, Vol. 3, No. 7 10 pp. 187 kB: http://www.malariaworld.org/sites/default/files/MWJ2012_3_7.pdf This article describes some major events in the history of malaria research and control, some of the investigators involved, and how they promoted their ways of the fight against this disease. Every episode or moment is calibrated with the theory of science, developed by Thomas Kuhn. His idea of paradigms in science and sudden shifts is helpful for the understanding of what steered the various levels of malaria research. It also may keep investigators on the alert of dead ends and breakthroughs in future. ***
Systems immunology of human malaria

by Tuan M. Tran, Babru Samal, Ewen Kirkness et al. Trends in Parasitology June 2012, Vol. 28, No. 6 10 pp. 602 kB: http://www.malarianexus.com/_common/updateable/files/articles/6 34813586708086314.pdf HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 11
Optimism that a highly effective malaria vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum can be developed stems in part from the observation that humans can acquire immunity to m alaria through experimental and natural P. falciparum infection. Recent advances in systems immunology could accelerate efforts to unravel the mechanisms of acquired immunity to malaria. Here, the authors review the tools of systems immunology, their current limitations in the context of human malaria research, and the human models of malaria immunity to which these tools can be applied. ***
Trends in availability and prices of subsidized ACT over the first year of the AMFm: evidence from remote regions of Tanzania
by Prashant Yadav, Jessica L Cohen, Sarah Alphs et al. Malaria Journal 2012, 11:299 (28 August 2012) 22 pp. 1.6 MB: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-11-299.pdf The Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria (AMFm) is a pilot supra-national subsidy program that aims to increase access and affordability of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) in public sector clinics and private retail shops. It is unclear to what extent the AMFm model will translate into wide scale availability and price reductions in ACT, particularly for rural, remote areas where disparities in access to medicines often exist. The authors conclude that the AMFm led to large increases in availability of low priced ACT in Tanzania, with no significant variation in availability based on remoteness. Future research will explore whether increased availability and affordability persists and whether it translates into higher ACT use in Tanzania. ***
Reductions in Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Consumption after the Nationwide Scale up of Routine Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Testing in Zambia
by Joshua O. Yukich, Adam Bennett, Audrey Albertini et al. 10 pp. 684 kB: http://www.ajtmh.org/content/87/3/437.full.pdf+html The National Malaria Control Center of Zambia introduced rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to detect Plasmodium falciparum as a pilot in some districts in 2005 and 2006; scale up at a national level was achieved in 2009. The authors conclude that RDTs may contribute to rationalization of treatment of febrile illness and reduce antimalarial drug co nsumption in Africa; however, their impact may be greater in lower transmission areas. National scale data will be necessary to confirm these findings. ***
The Strategic Framework for Malaria Communication at the Country Level 2012-2017
by Renata Seidel, Thaddeus Pennas, Tara Kovach et al. Roll Back Malaria Partnership, 2012
60 pp. 4.4 MB:

http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/globaladvocacy/docs/BCCstrategicFramework.pdf
Systematic communication to bring about sustained changes in social norms and behaviours is increasingly understood as integral to malaria control programmes. This paper outlines clear priorities for strengthening country capacity, honing programme strategies, and sharing best practices of evidence-based communication as part of the work to control, eliminate, and ultimately eradicate malaria. ***
Malaria Control and Elimination in Sri Lanka: Documenting Progress and Success Factors in a Conflict Setting
by Rabindra R. Abeyasinghe, Gawrie N. L. Galappaththy, Cara Smith Gueye et al. PLoS ONE 7(8): e43162 (29 August 2012)
14 pp. 786 kB:

http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=8CA6E3F76FD134D6 1350D37C16DD6F7D?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043162&representation=PDF
Sri Lanka would have achieved a reduction of 99.9% of its malaria cases from 1999 to 2011; with only 124 cases reported in 2011. The key to the reduction in the incidence of malaria has been the use of flexible and adaptable vector control, malaria diagnostic and treatment strategies. Although the total malaria cases have dramatically dropped, the proportion of malaria infections due to Plasmodium vivax, the most common form of malaria in Sri Lanka was on the rise. ***
Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: Impact of environmental changes
by Yousif E. Himeidan and Eliningaya J. Kweka Frontiers In Physiology 3:315, 2 August 2012 11 pp. 1.1 MB:
http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/DownloadFile.ashx?pdf=1&FileId=%2010654&articleId= %2023725&Version=%201&ContentTypeId=21&FileName=%20fphys-03-00315.pdf
The unmitigated environmental changes in the African highlands have led to a rise in temperature and a correlated increase in numbers of malarial mosquitoes, with several epidemics observed in the late 1980s and early 2000s. Although malaria has decreased through intensified interventions from the mid-2000s onwards, the authors of this study argue that environmental changes might further increase the risk of malaria in the region, particularly if the current interventions are not sustained. ***
A Long Neglected World Malaria Map: Plasmodium vivax Endemicity in 2010

by Peter W. Gething, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Catherine L. Moyes et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(9): e1814 (6 Sepember 2012)
12 pp. 594 kB:

http://www.plosntds.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=98A32C6506665E9B C4E5537658971DAC?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001814&representation=PDF
Current understanding of the spatial epidemiology and geographical distribution of Plasmodium vivax is far less developed than that for P. falciparum, representing a barrier to rational strategies for control and elimination. Here the authors present the first systematic effort to map the global endemicity of this hitherto neglected parasite. ***
A Longitudinal Trial Comparing Chloroquine as Monotherapy or in Combination with Artesunate, Azithromycin or Atovaquone-Proguanil to Treat Malaria
by Miriam K. Laufer, Phillip C. Thesing, Fraction K. Dzinjalamala et al. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42284 (17 August 2012) 9 pp. 602 kB:
http://clinicaltrials.ploshubs.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=0D4E3BEC4F0C19 93FC38A9E098388A04?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0042284&representation=PDF
The predominance of chloroquine-susceptible falciparum malaria in Malawi more than a decade after chloroquines withdrawal permits contemplation of re-introducing chloroquine for targeted uses. The authors aimed to compare the ability of different partner drugs to preserve chloroquine efficacy and prevent the re-emergence of resistance. They conclude that sustained chloroquine efficacy with repeated treatment supports the eventual re-introduction of chloroquine combinations for targeted uses such as intermittent preventive treatment. ***
Surveillance considerations for malaria elimination

by Victoria C Barclay, Rachel A Smith, Jill L Findeis Malaria Journal 2012, 11:304 (31 August 2012) 8 pp. 213 kB: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-11-304.pdf Constant malaria monitoring and surveillance systems have been highlighted as critical for malaria elimination. The absence of robust monitoring and surveillance systems able to respond to outbreaks in a timely manner undeniably contributed to the failure of the last global attempt to eradicate malaria. Today, technological advances could allow for rapid detection of focal outbreaks and improved deployment of diagnostic and treatment supplies to areas needing support.
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine

by Salmaan Keshavjee and Paul E. Farmer N Engl J Med 2012; 367:931-936; September 6, 2012 6 pp. 556 kB: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1205429 HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 14
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis - by convention, a disease caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, the backbone of first-line antituberculosis treatment - afflicts an estimated 500,000 new patients annually. Yet today, barely 0.5% of persons with newly diagnosed MDR tuberculosis worldwide receive treatment that is considered the standard of care. Those who have not received appropriate treatment continue to fuel a global pandemic that now includes strains resistant to most - and by some accounts all - classes of drugs tested. In this essay the authors seek to elucidate the reasons for the anaemic response to drug-resistant tuberculosis by examining the recent history of tuberculosis policy. ***
Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: a prospective cohort study
by Tracy Dalton, Peter Cegielski, Somsak Akksilp et al. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 30 August 2012 12 pp. 192 kB: http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS014067361260734X.pdf The prevalence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis is increasing due to the expanded use of second-line drugs in people with multidrug-resistant (MDR) disease. The authors prospectively assessed resistance to second-line antituberculosis drugs in eight countries. They conclude that previous treatment with second-line drugs is a strong, consistent risk factor for resistance to these drugs, including XDR tuberculosis. Representative drug-susceptibility results could guide in-country policies for laboratory capacity and diagnostic strategies. ***
Unexpected high levels of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis present new challenges for tuberculosis control
by Sven Hoffner The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 30 August 2012 2 pp. 75 kB:
http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673612610691.pdf
Most international recommendations for tuberculosis control have been developed for multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis prevalence of up to around 5%. Yet we now face prevalence up to ten times higher in some places, where almost half of the patients with infectious disease are transmitting MDR strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MDR tuberculosis is not an issue isolated in one city or country, but reflects a wider public health threat resulting from severely resistant forms of M tuberculosis. To adequately address MDR tuberculosis, more solid epidemiological information is needed to increase overall understanding of disease development and transmission. ***
Multidrug Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment Regimens and Patient Outcomes: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of 9,153 Patients
by Shama D. Ahuja, David Ashkin, Monika Avendano et al. HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 15
PLoS Med 9(8): e1001300 (28 August 2012) 16 pp. 663 kB:
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=0A1FE076A28E65C7 F811CC05CEFC4F6F?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001300&representation=PDF
Treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is lengthy, toxic, expensive, and has generally poor outcomes. The authors undertook an individual patient data metaanalysis to assess the impact on outcomes of the type, number, and duration of drugs used to treat MDR-TB. In this analysis of observational data, improved MDR-TB treatment success and survival were associated with use of certain fluoroquinolones, ethionamide, or prothionamide, and greater total number of effective drugs. However, randomized trials are urgently needed to optimize MDR-TB treatment.
Other Infectious Diseases Eradicating Polio in Afghanistan and Pakistan

by April Chang, Edgar Chavez, Sadika Hameed et al. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), August 2012 16 pp. 1.1 MB:
http://csis.org/files/publication/120810_Chang_EradicatingPolio_Web.pdf
Through 2004, reports showed that polio incidence in Afghanistan was in decline. When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) reported only 30 new cases in 2010, the program was widely hailed as effective and on the road to complete success. However, GPEI and the Afghan Ministry of Health reported 76 new cases at the end of 2011. The increase alarmed public health officials, who noted that some new cases were in provinces with no recent history of the disease. The recent increase of cases in Afghanistan is linked to the recent increases in Pakistan, and health officials consider the two countries to be part of the same epidemiological area. ***
Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: Diversity, Complexity, and Barriers in Low- And Middle-Income Countries
by Nitika Pant Pai1, Caroline Vadnais2, Claudia Denkinger et al. PLoS Med 9(9): e1001306 (4 September 2012) 7 pp. 955 kB:
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=C04A323E55F9244E0 EF51B59128B9A9A?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001306&representation=PDF
Point-of-care (POC) tests have the potential to improve the management of infectious diseases, especially in resource-limited settings where health care infrastructure is weak, and access to quality and timely medical care is a challenge. , Various stakeholders need deeper insights into the challenges for use and scale-up of POC testing, and a framework for thinking about the diversity of product profiles involved in POC testing, including where and how POC testing can be implemented successfully, what barriers need to be overcome, and what characteristics are necessary for impact. ***
Food & Nutrition Feeding a Thirsty World: Challenges and Opportunities for a Water and Food Secure Future
Editors: A. Jgerskog and T. Jnch Clausen Stockholm International Water Institute, SIWI, August 2012 52 pp. 2.6 MB: http://www.worldwaterweek.org/documents/Resources/Reports/Fee ding_a_thirsty_world_2012worldwaterweek_report_31.pdf The World Water Week 2012 in Stockholm zoomed in on food security and the global water situation. This report presents the latest thinking and new approaches to emerging and persistent challenges to achieve food security in the 21st century. It focuses on critical issues that have received less attention in the literature to date, such as: food waste, land acquisitions, gender aspects of agriculture, and early warning systems for agricultural emergencies. It also offers perspectives on how to better manage water and food linkages. ***
Hunger and malnutrition in a world with a changing climate

by Oskar Holst Consultancy Africa Intelligence (Pty) Ltd. 03 September 2012 Read online at:
http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1107:hungerand-malnutrition-in-a-world-with-a-changing-climate&catid=92:enviro-africa&Itemid=297
This paper explores the role of global climate change in relation to food (in)security in sub-Saharan-Africa. In order to do so, the causes of food insecurity will be looked into. Subsequently, climate change and its implications on global food prices will be explored. Moreover, this paper will use the current drought in the United States as an example of how climate change affects food prices on a global scale. ***
Current and Planned Research on Agriculture for Improved Nutrition: A Mapping and a Gap Analysis
by Corinna Hawkes, Rachel Turner, Jeff Waage A report for the U.K. Department for International Development (DFID), August 2012 51 pp. 1.1 MB: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/pdf/outputs/misc_susag/LCIRAH_ma pping_and_gap_analysis_21Aug12.pdf This report examines current and planned research projects on agriculture for improved nutrition and uses a mapping process to identify gaps in research coverage. A conce ptual framework has been developed to define and characterize agricultural research for improved nutrition. Placing nutrition at the centre, the framework identifies pathways by which research may contribute directly and indirectly to nutrition and how evidence of impact may be gathered along these. HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 17
Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) improves undernutrition among ART-treated, HIV-positive children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
by Bruno F Sunguya, Krishna C Poudel, Linda B Mlunde et al. Nutrition Journal 2012, 11:60 (29 August 2012) 16 pp. 1.1 MB: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-11-60.pdf HIV/AIDS is associated with an increased burden of undernutrition among children even under antiretroviral therapy (ART). To treat undernutrition, WHO endorsed the use of Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) that can reduce case fatality and undernutr ition among ART-naive HIV-positive children. The authors conclude that among HIVpositive children under ART, the provision of RUTF for at least four months was assoc iated with low proportions of undernutrition status. RUTF has a potential to improve undernutrition among HIV-positive children under ART in the clinical settings in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ***
Trends in mild, moderate, and severe stunting and underweight, and progress towards MDG 1 in 141 developing countries
A systematic analysis of population representative data by Gretchen A Stevens, Mariel M Finucane, Christopher J Paciorek et al. The Lancet, Vol. 380, Issue 9844, pp. 824-834, 1 September 2012 11 pp. 1.0 MB: http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673612606473.pdf Macroeconomic shocks, structural adjustment, and trade policy reforms in the 1980s and 1990s might have been responsible for worsening child nutritional status in subSaharan Africa. Further progress in the improvement of childrens growth and nutrition needs equitable economic growth and investment in pro-poor food and primary care programmes, especially relevant in the context of the global economic crisis. ***
Combating Malnutrition with More than Income Growth

by Jill Hagey Population Reference Bureau, August 2012 Read online at: http://www.prb.org/Articles/2012/malnutrition-income.aspx While children living in poorer countries are more likely to be malnourished than children in wealthier countries, the proportion of children who are malnourished is not always associated with a countrys economic status. Some countries that have become economic powerhouses have persistently high numbers of malnourished children, while other countries with low levels of national income have shown progress in combating malnutrition by investing in cost-effective, proven interventions that ensure children's access to proper nutrition. With political will, government and partner support, and the right strat egies, more children across all countries can survive and reach their full potential. ***
Toward an Integrated Approach for Addressing Malnutrition in Zambia

A Literature Review and Institutional Analysis by Jody Harris and Scott Drimie IFPRI Discussion Paper 01200 - August 2012 44 pp. 2.1 MB: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp01200.pdf The complex and multisectoral nature of malnutrition may explain why it has not been effectively addressed. Though we know many of the solutions, such as intersectoral action which is critical to addressing this complexity, to date there is no consensus on how intersectoral solutions are best implemented or institutionalized. This review brings t ogether experiences from across Sub-Saharan Africa in order to draw out recommendations for improved intersectoral implementation going forward, and assesses how these findings apply specifically to the Zambian context.
Essential Medicines WHO Drug Information Vol. 26, No. 2, 2012

World Health Organization, 2012 60 pp. 1.4 MB:
http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/26-2.pdf
WHO Drug Information communicates pharmaceutical information that is either developed and issued by WHO or transmitted to WHO by research and regulatory agencies throughout the World. The journal also includes regular presentations of newly proposed and recommended International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceuticals Substances. This volume contains the proposed INN List No. 107. ***
Southern Med Review - Volume 5, Issue 1, July 2012

An International Journal to Promote Pharmaceutical Policy Research 60 pp. 1.5 MB: http://southernmedreview.org/new/wpcontent/downloads/vol5issue1/SMR_v5_i1.pdf In developing countries where health systems and health policy are constantly evolving, there is a great need to publish informative research. However, there are few avenues to do so. Also, some of the other challenges are inexperienced or untrained researchers, topics out of the scope of current mainstream jou rnals and limited funding. Southern Med Review provides a platform for researchers to disseminate commentary and empirical research findings, with a view to improve the rational use of and access to essential medicines. ***
Poor-quality medical products: time to address substandards, not only counterfeits

by Raffaella M. Ravinetto, Marleen Boelaert, Jan Jacobs et al. Tropical Medicine & International Health - First published online: 22 August 2012 5 pp. 55 kB: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03076.x/pdf Over recent years, a growing number of global initiatives have been launched to fight the illegal counterfeit medicines, which have become quite a well-known issue, also for the general public and lay press. Conversely, substandards have remained poorly or not addressed, despite being a more widespread problem, highly prevalent in resource-poor settings and at least as dangerous as counterfeits.
Social Protection The politics of social protection: why are public works programmes so popular with governments and donors?
by Anna McCord Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Background Notes, September 2012 9 pp. 187 kB: http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7795.pdf This Background Note makes an initial exploration of the political economy of adopting public works programmes to promote social protection and employment in low-income countries and fragile states. It examines the reasons for the popularity of public works programmes, reviews the evidence base and draws implications for both policy choice and programme design. ***
Social Protection in Ecuador: A New Vision for Inclusive Growth

by Ryan Nehring International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, August 2012 6 pp. 233 kB: http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCPolicyResearchBrief28.pdf The author explores the scope and the role of Ecuadors social development project with a focus on the role of its non-contributory cash transfer schemes. He describes the main characteristics of the schemes and highlights some of the challenges around the institutional coordination mechanisms which he suggests may have significant implications for the effectiveness of the social protection network and its linkages with the National Development Plan. ***
The Expansion of Cash Transfers in Chile and its Challenges: Ethical Family Income
by Simone Cecchini, Claudia Robles and Luis Hernn Vargas International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, August 2012 7 pp. 176 kB: http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCPolicyResearchBrief26.pdf The authors discuss the various innovations that the new Ethical Family Income (I ngreso tico Familiar) programme brings with regards to the well-known Chile Solidario. They focus on the significant expansion in the amounts and types of cash transfers (u nconditional and conditional) which are now organized under the three fundamental pillars of dignity, duties and achievements. They also discuss the new emphasis placed on enhancing the households income generation capacities. This critical shift, they note, entails new forms of labour market support and employment subsidies to increase womens labour force participation in a country which otherwise has one of the lowest rates in the region.
Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Adaptive Community Water Initiative: Delivering water and sanitation to poor communities
UNDP Community Water Initiative (CWI), 2012 15 pp. 3.1 MB: http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20a nd%20Energy/Water%20and%20Ocean%20Governance/CWI2012Booklet2.pdf The Community Water Initiative (CWI) supports decentralized, demand-driven, innovative, low-cost, community-based water resource management and water supply and sanitation projects in rural areas. It is rooted in the strong belief that local management and community initiatives play a key role in ensuring and sustaining the success of e nhancing water supply and sanitation services to poor communities. ***
Promoting Household Water Treatment through Womens Self Help Groups in Rural India: Assessing Impact on Drinking Water Quality and Equity
by Matthew C. Freeman, Victoria Trinies, Sophie Boisson et al. PLoS ONE 7(9): e44068 (5 September 2012) 9 pp. 486 kB:
http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=951F3D29BD1F1C4A 556F7C17362E7150?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044068&representation=PDF
Household water treatment, including boiling, chlorination and filtration, has been shown effective in improving drinking water quality and preventing diarrheal disease among vulnerable populations. The authors used a case-control study design to evaluate the extent to which the commercial promotion of household water filters through microf inance institutions to womens self-help group (SHG) members improved access to safe drinking water. HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 21
UNDP Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Portfolio

Accelerating MDG Progress through Governance Reform and Local Action UNDP and the global WASH Programme, August 2012 25 pp. 1.8 MB:
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Environment%20and%20Energy/Water%20and%20Ocea n%20Governance/water_supply_and_sanitation/UNDP-WATER-SANITATION-AND-HYGIENE-PORTFOLIO-2012.pdf
Sanitation remains one of the two most off-track MDG targets, with almost 2.6 billion people lacking the most basic of facilities. And while the world as a whole may have met the water supply MDG target, there are vast disparities in several regions and in individual countries in all regions. Furthermore, climate change and over-abstraction of groundwater resources threaten to reverse this achievement. Through programmes like MDG GoAL WASH, Cap-Net, the Community Water Initiative, Every Drop Matters, the MDG Spanish Fund, and the Millennium Acceleration Framework, UNDP promotes and facilitates equitable access to water and sanitation services as a fundamental contribution to enhancing human development. ***
Impact of a School-Based Hygiene Promotion and Sanitation Intervention on Pupil Hand Contamination in Western Kenya: A Cluster Randomized Trial
by Leslie E. Greene, Matthew C. Freeman, Daniel Akoko et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012, Vol. 87, No. 3, 385-393 9 pp. 745 kB: http://www.ajtmh.org/content/87/3/385.full.pdf+html Handwashing with soap effectively reduces exposure to diarrhea-causing pathogens. Interventions to improve hygiene and sanitation conditions in schools within low-income countries have gained increased attention; however, their impact on schoolchildrens exposure to fecal pathogens has not been established. The trial examined whether a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention reduced Escherichia coli contamination on pupils hands in western Kenya. ***
Developing and Investigating Skin and Wound Cleaning Approaches within Rural Africa
by Jill Brooks Journal of the Dermatology Nurses Association, Volume 4, Number 4, July / August 2012 4 pp. 2.4 MB:
http://www.nursingcenter.com/_PDF_.aspx?an=01412499-201207000-00008
In rural Africa, wound and skin care is often undertaken within very limited resources and staff have little access to evidence-based information on which to base clinical decisions. There is a shortage of appropriate products for wound and skin care. This article investigates the use of PURTM a product that, without the use of fuel or expensive equipment, converts even the most contaminated water into drinking quality that may also be used for wound care. The article highlights discrepancies in the standards of HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 22
care between developed and developing countries and shows the need for further r esearch.
Human Resources Preparing the Next Generation of Community Health Workers: The Power of Technology for Training
by Rocio Funes, Vicky Hausman, Angela Rastegar et al. The iheed Institute, the Barr Foundation, the mHealth Alliance, and the MDG Health Alliance, May 2012 60 pp. 3.1 MB: http://www.dalberg.com/documents/Power_of_Technology.pdf This study identifies opportunities to train Community Health Workers (CHWs) more cost effectively through technology-enabled multimedia content that leverages visuals, videos, or audio. It also highlights the potential to create open, easily sharable digital content that could act as a crucial ingredient for new approaches to training and learning in the future. The report walks through existing approaches to CHW training and content development, current uses of mobile technology, and emerging evidence on effective approaches to training, highlighting advantages of digital and multimedia content for scale. ***
Maternal and newborn healthcare providers in rural Tanzania: in-depth interviews exploring influences on motivation, performance and job satisfaction
by Helen Prytherch, Deodatus Kakoko, Melkidezek Leshabari et al. Rural and Remote Health 12: 2072 (Online 30 August 2012) 15 pp. 279 kB: http://www.rrh.org.au/publishedarticles/article_print_2072.pdf The influences on maternal and neonatal health (MNH) provider motivation, performance and satisfaction were shown to be complex and to span different levels. Intrinsic rewards play a role in continued provider willingness to exert an effort at work. In the critical area of MNH and the rural setting many providers, particularly auxiliary staff, felt poorly supported. The causes of discouragement were broadly divided into those requiring renewed policy attention and those which could be addressed by strengthening the skills of rural facility managers. ***
Why Health Workers Count for Universal Health Coverage

Health Workers Count Policy Brief, 2012 4 pp. 301 kB:
http://www.healthworkerscount.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/WhyHealth-Workers-Count-for-achieving-Universal-Health-Coverage_FINAL.pdf
In many countries, universal coverage of health services is limited, at least in part, by acute shortages of appropriate health workers, particularly in remote and rural areas. HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 23
Health workers are often poorly supported, trained and equipped, under -paid and unequally distributed. All of these factors reduce the impact that health workers have on health outcomes, and unless they are concurrently addressed, a weak health workforce will undermine any effort to achieve Universal Health Coverage.
Health Systems & Research Improving Data Use in Decision Making: An Intervention to Strengthen Health Systems
by Tara Nutley MEASURE Evaluation, August 2012 28 pp. 1.1 MB:
https://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/SR-12-73/at_download/document
Health systems strengthening has become a top priority of many global and national health agendas as a way to improve health outcomes. With the global health context becoming increasingly complex, national health systems are beginning to move away from a focus on disease-specific health responses to comprehensive strengthening of health systems. This paper will discuss the unique role of health data in strengthening the building blocks of health systems. The overall aim of the paper is to articulate specific interventions that can improve the demand for and use of data in decision making so that improvements in the other health building blocks can be realized. ***
Strengthening standardised interpretation of verbal autopsy data: the new InterVA-4 tool
by Peter Byass, Daniel Chandramohan, Samuel J. Clark et al. Global Health Action, 2012 8 pp. 132 kB: http://www.globalhealthaction.net/index.php/gha/article/view/19281/pdf_1 Verbal autopsy (VA) is the only available approach for determining the cause of many deaths, where routine certification is not in place. Therefore, it is important to use sta ndards and methods for VA that maximise efficiency, consistency and comparability. The InterVA-4 model is presented here to facilitate its widespread use and to enable further field evaluation to take place. InterVA-4 is made freely available as a new standard model for interpreting VA data into causes of death. It can be used for determining cause of death both in research settings and for routine registration. ***
Communicating research for evidence-based policymaking

A practical guide for researchers in socio-economic sciences and humanities by Terry Martin, Louisa Anastopoulou, Domenico Rossetti di Valdalbero et al. European Commission - Directorate-General for Research, 2010
60 pp. 1.4 MB:

http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/pdf/guide-communicating-research_en.pdf
This guide offers practical advice on how to build a functional communications interface between researchers and policymakers. It provides essential help in creating policy briefs, project websites, flyers and brochures. It offers insights into dealing with the press and contains valuable suggestions on how to organise a final conference. With this guide, researchers should be better able to develop and implement a successful dissemination strategy. ***
Budgeting based on need: a model to determine sub-national allocation of resources for health services in Indonesia
by Tim Ensor, Hafidz Firdaus, David Dunlop et al. Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2012, 10:11 (29 August 2012) 22 pp. 1.2 MB: http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/pdf/1478-7547-10-11.pdf The authors describe a bottom-up approach to developing a formula for the allocation of resources. The method is illustrated in the context of the state minimum service pac kage mandated to be provided by the Indonesian public health system. Costing was based on best clinical practice in Indonesia and province specific data on distribution and costs of facilities. The resulting model was used to estimate essential package costs in a representative district in each province of the country. The approach to r esource allocation permitted the rapid construction of a needs based formula that is highly specific to the package mandated across the country. ***
Innovative financing for health: What are the options for South Africa?
by Bob Fryatt Public Health Association of South Africa (PHASA), August 29, 2012 5 pp. 60 kB: http://www.phasa.org.za/wpcontent/uploads/2012/08/Innovative-financing_Bob-Fryatt.pdf South Africa, like all countries, faces resource constraints but has been increasing domestic spending in both the public and private sectors in recent years, with funds for health having more than doubled since 1994. More resources for health can come from higher allocations, more efficient collection of taxes or insurance premiums, or by raising additional funds through various types of innovative financing. The need to explore other innovative financing was made in the latest South African Strategic Plan for HIV, TB and STI 2012-2016.This paper aims to explain these innovative financing options and considers possible options for South Africa.
Information & Communication Technology Open access for development: a battle not yet won
by David Dickson HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 25
Science and Development Network, 24 August 2012 | Read online at: http://www.scidev.net/en/science-communication/open-access/editorials/open-accessfor-development-a-battle-not-yet-won.html The momentum of Open Access (OA) is unstoppable. And, at least as readers, scientists in developing countries, where journal subscriptions are often unaffordable, are already some of the biggest beneficiaries. But however attractive the concept of Open Access, we should be careful about expecting too much too soon - in terms of both outcome and impact. Enthusiasm must be tempered with awareness of what can realist ically be achieved, and of the pace of change required to ensure that a rush to Open Access does not have unwanted side effects. ***
The case for open access

by Bart Knols - published in Index on Censorship on 30 August 2012 Read online at: http://www.malariaworld.org/blog/case-open-access When it comes to malaria, both restricted and open access publishing have serious negative implications for those working in developing countries, creating disparity and inequitable distribution of knowledge. This negatively affects the quality of healthcare, which is likely to cost lives. It is not surprising, therefore, that across the developing world, more than 95 per cent of a survey respondents agreed or strongly agreed to the statement: Scientific articles on malaria should be available for free to all in need of it. It is high time that academic publishers rethink the ramifications of their business model. ***
M-Commerce in Sub Saharan Africa

An Ericsson Consumer Insight Summary Report, August 2012 12 pp. 7.4 MB: http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/consumerlab/mcommerce_sub_saharan_africa.pdf How will m-commerce continue to develop in Sub Saharan Africa, the region that has been home to some of its greatest success stories? Across the African continent, mobile telephony has brought communicative infrastructure to areas previously lacking reliable means of reaching, and connecting with others. Mapping out the potential for further transformation across this highly diverse region, Ericsson ConsumerLab has undertaken qualitative fieldwork in Ghana, South Africa and Tanzania. ***
What are the key lessons of ICT4D partnerships for poverty reduction?
by Marije Geldof, David J. Grimshaw, Dorothea Kleine et al. Department for International Development (DFID), February 2011 89 pp. 762 kB: http://www.gg.rhul.ac.uk/ict4d/workingpapers/DFID_ICT_SR_Final_Report.pdf HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 26
This report aims to summarize the evidence available on the effects of ICT4D partnerships on poverty reduction. A further aim of the study was to use systematic and reproducible methods of investigation of the published literature to enable a judgement to be made about the quality as well as the content of the evidence available. ***
What Difference does a Policy Brief Make?

by Penelope Beynon, Christelle Chapoy, Marie Gaarder et al. Institute of Development Studies and the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), August 2012 115 pp. 906 kB: http://www.3ieimpact.org/media/filer/2012/08/22/fullreport_what_dif ference_does_a_policy_brief_make__2pdf_-_adobe_acrobat_pro.pdf Using a randomised control design, this study explored the effectiveness of one popular research communication tool, a policy brief, and queried whether different versions of a brief bring about different results. We find that the policy brief had little effect on changing the beliefs of readers who held strong prior beliefs on entering the study, but had some potential to create evidence-accurate beliefs among readers holding no prior beliefs.
Education Open Educational Resources and Change in Higher Education: Reflections from Practice
Editors Jenny Glennie, Ken Harley, Neil Butcher et al. Commonwealth of Learning and UNESCO, June 2012 318 pp. 5.4 MB: http://www.col.org/_layouts/download.aspx?SourceUrl=http://www.co l.org/PublicationDocuments/pub_PS_OER_web.pdf The findings of the 28 contributors to this book collectively affirm the promise of Open Educational Resources (OER) as a way of providing enhanced quality education to potentially greater numbers of students. Activity in developing countries accounts for the majority of the work reported here, and the experience of using and repurposing OER receives as much coverage as their initial development. ***
A needs assessment to identify the reality of two rural school cases in South Africa: potential for ICT4D or not?
by Caroline Pade-Khene International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communic ation Technology (IJEDICT), 2012, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 44-61 18 pp. 255 kB: http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu/include/getdoc.php?id=5206&article=1406&mode=pdf HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 27
Understanding the potential or need for ICT support in education within developing countries, requires an in-depth needs assessment to comprehend, elaborate and set the desired priorities of rural schools. This paper presents a report on the findings of the Needs Assessment and examining these elaborated needs indicate that potential solutions to address them are beyond the scope of computer science and information systems, and should also include other development solutions, such as, education, government, sociology, etc.
Harm Reduction & Drug Use The Global State of Harm Reduction 2012
Towards an Integrated Response Edited by Claudia Stoicescu Harm Reduction International, 2012 190 pp. 17.8 MB(!): http://www.ihra.net/files/2012/07/24/GlobalState2012_Web.pdf The publication presents the major developments in harm reduction policy adoption and programme implementation that have occurred since 2010, enabling some assessment of global progress. It also explores several key issues for developing an integrated harm reduction response, such as building effective harm reduction services for women who inject drugs, access to harm reduction services by young people, drug use among men who have sex with men, global progress toward drug decriminalization and sustainability of services in challenging environments.
Development Assistance Supporting the Monitoring of Aid Effectiveness from a Gender Perspective
Key Findings and Recommendations ActionAid Cambodia, 2012 10 pp. 756 kB:
http://www.actionaid.org/sites/files/actionaid/aid_effectiveness_from_gen der_perspective-_finding_and_recmomendation_english_version.pdf
UN Women has implemented a multi-country study in Cambodia, Vietnam, Guatemala, Peru, Morocco and Mozambique, to document how far these countries have progressed in terms of the inclusion of a gender perspective in their aid effectiveness processes, and to what extent Civil Society Organizations participate and are able to oversee the implementation and results. ***
Foreign Aid for Gender Equality: The Challenge for Donors

by Malokele Nanivazo and Lucy Scott UNU-WIDER, August 2012 Read online at: http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/newsletter/articles-2012/en_GB/08-2012-MN-LS/ HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 28
Gender equality, as a development objective, still encounters much resistance. Fu rthermore, as a cross-cutting theme in development programmes, gender concerns frequently run the risk of being mainstreamed out: subsumed into wider discussions about inequality reduction in order to reduce priority overload: a process whereby the impo rtance of both gender issues and of specific approaches required to promote gender equality are sidelined. What systems need to be in place within development agencies to ensure that particular outcomes of gender equality can be achieved?
Others No more disease silos for sub-Saharan Africa

by Patricio V Marquez and Jill L Farrington BMJ 2012; 345 (Published 31 August 2012) 5 pp. 302 kB: http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e5812.pdf%2Bhtml Countries in sub-Saharan Africa are facing a double burden of communicable and noncommunicable disease. The authors argue that knowledge of their common determ inants and the links between diseases should be used to spur development of coordinated programmes to prevent and treat both. ***
Where Do the Worlds Poor Live? - A New Update

by Andy Sumner Institute of Development Studies, June 2012 27 pp. 586 kB: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Wp393.pdf Where do the worlds poor live? The obvious answer: in poor countries. But in this articles the author showes that the obvious answer is wrong. Four-fifths of those surviving on less than US$ 2 a day live in middle-income countries with a gross national income per head of between US$ 1,000 and US$ 12,500, not poor ones. The finding reflects the fact that a long but inequitable period of economic growth has lifted many developing countries into middle-income status but left a minority of their populations mired in poverty. ***
World Mortality Report 2011

Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) of the United Nations Secretariat, 2012 59 pp. 6.2 MB: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldmortalityreport2 011/World%20Mortality%20Report%202011.pdf The World Mortality Report 2011 provides an overview of the estimated and projected trends in mortality at the world level, for development groups and for major areas; the HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 29
analysis also focuses on country and regional data for selected mortality indicators. In addition to examining the summary indicator of life expectancy, the report analyzes levels and trends in mortality for key age groups in childhood and provides a snapshot of adult and old age mortality levels.
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
South African Medical Journal Vol. 102 No. 9 (2012)
SAMJ has been published online (open access) at: http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/issue/view/130/showToc You are invited you to review the Table of Contents and visit the website to review articles of interest. An exciting development is that the SAMJ is now available in tablet format on the iPad (and shortly on Android devices). The iPad app is available in the App Store via iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/sa-medical-journal/id548570083?mt=8 ***
Knowledge Management for Health and Development Toolkit

http://www.k4health.org/toolkits/km Knowledge management (KM) is an umbrella term encompassing the many unique but related facets of creating, organizing, sharing, and using information and experiences. This toolkit was created to provide practical KM resources and tools for those working in international public health and development; materials come from health and development organizations or are applicable to the field and can be easily adapted. ***
Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Volume 90, Number 9, September 2012, 633-712 http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/9/en/index.html Highlights from the September 2012 issue: How animal husbandry has helped to tame avian influenza Tobacco industry insider talks about stopping kids from smoking Lessons from Kenya: male circumcision to prevent HIV/AIDS Urgent need for more HIV testing and counselling WHOs safe abortion guidance Remotely reading Malawis chest X-rays
INTERESTING WEB SITES

Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN)
http://apmen.org/ APMEN is composed of twelve Asia Pacific Country Partners (Bhutan, Cambodia, HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 30
China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Republic of Korea, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vanuatu and Vietnam) that are pursuing malaria elimination, as well as regional partners from the academic, deve lopment, non-governmental and private sectors and global agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO). The mission of this diverse but cohesive Network is to collaboratively address the unique challenges of malaria elimination in the region through leadership, advocacy, capacity building, knowledge exchange, and building the evidence base. ***
Innovate for Children Website

http://www.unicefinnovation.org/ UNICEFs Innovate for Children website was launched as way of getting experts, research institutions and others involved in innovative UNICEF projects for children and women around the world. It is the agencys latest push to open its knowledge base. With its aim of accelerating progress on key areas UNICEF is working on, the website is timely given the fast-approaching deadline of the Millennium Development Goals in 2015. The launch also appears on trend as various donors have been ramping up efforts to engage more public and private sector actors in their work. ***
Aidspan Global Fund Observer

http://www.aidspan.org Aidspan has a new-look website, with some new features and a new logo. Check out the website at the above URL. The new features include GFO Live, where articles about the Global Fund are posted as we write them. In addition, Aidspans grant pages, which provide extensive information on Global Fund grants, have been completely revamped.
CONFERENCES
Webinar ICT to support Social Health Protection
The eHealth Task Team of GIZ in Bangladesh will be organizing a webinar entitled ICT to support Social Health Protection on Thursday, 11 October, at 2:30 pm German time (UCT +2h). Details are as follows: Introduction Presentation 1: National Health Insurance Information Systems: The need for harmonization in planning and implementation by Michael Stahl, CIM/GIZ Technical Advisor, Ministry of Labour Cambodia Presentation 2: Developing Robust National Health Insurance Information Systems Common challenges faced and solutions being developed by the Joint Learning Network. by Katherine H. Wilson, Senior Program Officer, PATH Questions & Answers
To register for the webinar, send an e-mail to kelvin.hui@giz.de by September 12, 2012.
CARTOON
TIPS & TRICKS

Critical Java Security Update
Have you heard about the new zero-day security exploit in the popular Java software? Chances are if you have a desktop or laptop computer you have Java installed either by default or the first time you tried to access a site that required it. Hackers finding exploits in software is nothing new, but what makes this exploit so dangerous is that it is almost impossible to detect and there has been wide spread publication of how to use the exploit, resulting in many examples of hackers using it on the Internet. Oracle, the makers of Java, have released a security patch. Your Java software updater should prompt you next time java connects to the Internet that there is an update available. If you have not received this update you can download the latest patched version of Java by going to http://www.java.com and clicking Free Download or by selecting your operating system on the manual install page at: http://java.com/en/download/manual.jsp If you are prompted that you already have the latest version of Java, then you are safe. If you are using a tablet or phone with Android or iOS there is no need to worry as the exploit does not affect those operating systems at this time. ***
Re-open the last tabs in your browser

This tip works for Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome: to re-open the previously closed tabs in your browser just press CTRL+Shift+T repeatedly to go back in your browsers history. HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 32
Working in MS Windows without a Mouse

In case your wireless mouse ran out of battery power or you dont have a mouse at the moment you can still work in MS Windows using your keyboard. To turn on Mouse Keys on your numeric keypad press the ALT, left SHIFT, and NUM LOCK keys. The following dialog pops up:
Confirm with Yes and here you go: Directions are 8 (up) 2 (down) 4 (left) 6 (right), keys 1,7,9,3 move the cursor diagonal on the screen.
***
iPad - Show Me the Link

One thing you might have noticed about web browsing on a tablet is the lack of information you are given like when there is a word that links somewhere instead of a full address. In a regular web browser you can look in the info bar at the bottom and see where something goes. In Safari on the iPad it is different or not?
Actually, all you need to do to display the full address is tap and hold on the link in question. Not only will it display the full link at the top, but you will get a host of other options as well.
Best regards, Dieter Neuvians MD

Health, Education, Social Protection News &amp; Notes 19/2012

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Health, Education, Social Protection News & Notes 19/2012

A bi-weekly newsletter supported by GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)

Table of Contents: BOOKS ................................................................................ 4

ONLINE PUBLICATIONS .................................................... 5

HIV - AIDS - STI ......................................................................................................... 6

Sexual & Reproductive Health .................................................................................... 9

Maternal & Child Health............................................................................................ 10

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 1

Other Infectious Diseases......................................................................................... 16

Food & Nutrition........................................................................................................ 17

Essential Medicines .................................................................................................. 19

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene..................................................................................... 21

Health Systems & Research ..................................................................................... 24

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 2

Information & Communication Technology ............................................................... 25

Harm Reduction & Drug Use .................................................................................... 28

Development Assistance .......................................................................................... 28

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES ............................................ 30

INTERESTING WEB SITES .............................................. 30

CARTOON ......................................................................... 32 TIPS & TRICKS ................................................................. 32

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 3

Anti-corruption Handbook for Development Practitioners

Intersectoral Governance for Health in All Policies

established, used and sustained. ***

Health policy responses to the financial crisis in Europe

Achieving universal health coverage in low-income settings

Global Health: Science and Practice

HIV - AIDS - STI A Decade of German Support for Workplace Health

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 6

Germanys Contribution to a Sustainable HIV Response

Invest in Communities to Stop AIDS

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 7

Is an HIV Vaccine Possible?

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 8

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 9

Maternal & Child Health Stillbirths

Obstetric Fistula is a Neglected Tropical Disease

Child Mortality Estimation Methods

Paradigm shifts in malaria study and control

Systems immunology of human malaria

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 12

60 pp. 4.4 MB:

14 pp. 786 kB:

A Long Neglected World Malaria Map: Plasmodium vivax Endemicity in 2010

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 13

12 pp. 594 kB:

Surveillance considerations for malaria elimination

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine

Other Infectious Diseases Eradicating Polio in Afghanistan and Pakistan

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 16

Hunger and malnutrition in a world with a changing climate

Combating Malnutrition with More than Income Growth

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 18

Toward an Integrated Approach for Addressing Malnutrition in Zambia

Essential Medicines WHO Drug Information Vol. 26, No. 2, 2012

Southern Med Review - Volume 5, Issue 1, July 2012

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 19

Poor-quality medical products: time to address substandards, not only counterfeits

Social Protection in Ecuador: A New Vision for Inclusive Growth

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 20

UNDP Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Portfolio

Why Health Workers Count for Universal Health Coverage

Communicating research for evidence-based policymaking

HESP-News & Notes - 19/2012 - page 24

Health, Education, Social Protection News & Notes 19/2012

Health, Education, Social Protection News & Notes 19/2012