2012

Who is god?????

Dinesh KUMAR .M

7/9/2012

ABSTRACT This is my first book on science fiction .well, most of us lives our life so simple, a common mans life will be the perfect example of circle .since he started out of his life under the nourishment of his parents, after the completion of his degree, he started out to search for a job after getting a job, his next aim is to get marry. soon after the completion of marriage he will going to take care of his child and then finally he died without understanding what life is .this is the common mans life style. Suppose if a man with curiosity trying to understand what is life? Who we are? Why we are here? Whats

the difference between living being and non-living being? Are we really bounded by fate? Who is god? Are we having free will on making decision on our day today life? Whats time? While he trying to understand such things through his rational mind, finally his brain is undergoing to confusion and getting irritated & leaved to think about it. I hope that this book would provide answer for some of your deepest questions about the origin and fate of the universe (everything) including you and me. This book may be factious, because I hope that we could not understand about the universe with our rational mind. So in order to understand about the universe be ready to use your intuitive mind.

HOW WE STARTED TO BELIEVE GOD: For those who believes in god, forgive me .I am going to write against you.

For longer, I am having this doubt whether god created us, or we created god. Is it possible to describe everything without the intervention of god??? The answer is yes; of course we can describe everything around us without the intervention of god. Let me explain you later, but before that how did we start to believe in the existence of god? Most of the holy books such as bible ,Quran says that god directly created man and for his sake of happiness only he created plants ,trees, animals. They also say that god created human being from the clay by feeding his breath. It does not seem to logically correct, because the reason is archeologist says that evolution did not happen in a straight path as everyone thought. Instead of that it happened randomly. Most of you know that Darwins theory of evolution .however for those who did not know that I shall explain you in shortly. According to Darwin, a species which possess tendency to adapt themselves to the corresponding

changes in environment will establish a successive lives in that place. For example look at the twins who shared two heads on a single body.

Definitely its happened because of the genetic disorder. You can simply assume that they are the new kind of species, because normal human (Homo sapiens) dont having two heads like that. Why could not we see such a rare species in day today life??? Because the above mentioned new kind of species had to struggle for their existence.

It had to spend more energy than normal human being which results in making them as unsuccessful species. I think that this would be the reason why we dont find such a rare species in our everyday life. In my point of view evolution is nothing but simply the results of genetic disorder. The genetic disorder of the chimpanzee may start out of the evolution of humanoids. Since I have already said that evolution never ever happened in a straight path, rather than it would happened randomly. One may argue with me that if human come from chimpanzee, why still we can see a chimpanzee??? Arrival of pizza may need not to be the end of traditional foods. Its just simply reducing the number customers who eat traditional foods. For that questions answer is human not the direct evaluated form of chimpanzee instead of that theres various intermediate species lies between modern

humans (Homo sapiens) & evolution did not happen suddenly within one day. Some of them are Homo erectus, homo hablis. Though they seem to be modern human, actually they are entirely different species. Their bone arrangements are somewhat different. They are having long protruded chin. It implies that man did not come directly from the work of god. One may ask that then who creates the chimpanzee, who creates the ancestor of chimpanzee and who creates the first living being????? For that answer may lies in lightning. Do you know that we all should thank to lightning, without it you and me would not exist? ORGIN OF LIVING BEING: Questions may arises in your mind how did the lightning related with the origin of living beings. I will explain you clearly. It was the time at which earth born from the dust &rocks. At that initial condition, earth atmosphere was so hot; it simply consists of methane, hydrogen & steam.

However until then minerals such as amino acid and urea did not get formed, but these are the essential elements for the formation of first living being. We know that first living things formed on water .until then theres no more water resources did not get formed on earth. By the time, everything was getting cooled down .so huge amount of steam on the atmosphere was converted into water droplets & fell on the mountains, volcanoes .some of them are vaporized by the lava of the volcanoes. But however some of the waters are started to store on the surface of the earth. By the gradual harvestation of rain water leads to the formation of oceans. It was said that lightning helps for the formation of amino acid and urea from the gases such as ammonia, methane & hydrogen. Once the amino acid is created out of chemicals, it would be possible for the formation of first living being which consist of so simple DNA structure. Since DNA is simply made up of phosphate and sulpher .

Once the living being established their life in earth, Darwinian evolution takes care for the formation of fungi, mushroom, plants, fishes, tree, reptiles, and then finally mammals. In this way we could explain the origin of living being without the intervention of god. However one could not concluded that god did not exist by knowing the evolution of living being. Because question leads us to answer that how the minerals did comes into existence????? Once upon a time, theist says that god created earth directly from his supreme powers, when science revealed that earth is just a planet, still there are several planets revolving around massive fire ball (sun). They started to say that god created the entire solar system at some time ago in past when science revealed that there are so many solar systems each with of their own planets revolving around the massive object(super massive black hole). They started to say that god created entire galaxy at sometime in past.

AN INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVTY In 19th century astronomer Edwin Hubble shows that universe expands rapidly, which means that every galaxies receding away from each other. It makes physicist to think that at sometimes in past everything may locates very close to each other. So what causes the expansion of the universe??????? The answer lies in BIGBANG. To see what actually happened at the beginning, we had to go back in time before 13.7billion years. Everything comes into existence at the instant of big bang. However one should not assume big bang as like nuclear explosion. Its totally different from our everyday experiences. Now let we make a journey in time to see that what happened at the instant of big bang was.

Before going into deep, first of all let me tell you some of the basics in physics which would help you to understand about big bang. Newtons law gravitation explains about the gravitational interaction between bodies. But however he did not explain that what actually gravity is??? Why did it exist??? For those question himself believes that god ruled us by creating definite laws through which he control us. Newtons theory stands for nearly 200 years successfully, everyone believes that Newton explained everything from the point particle system to the entire solar system.

But however at the beginning of the 19th century ,Albert Einstein proposed a 4 papers such as special theory of relativity ,general theory of relativity ,Brownian motion of molecules ,photo electric effect which makes an revolution in physics . His master piece made us to think about space and time in a different approach. His special theory of relativity says that nothing can travel at the speed of light .whenever he applies his theory to Newtons theory of gravitation; he found some kind of wrong in it. Because Newtons theory of gravitation says that gravity act instantaneously independent of distances. But however it could not be right, because nothing can travel faster than light. So he decided to create a new theory of gravitation which satisfies his postulates of special theory of relativity .the reason why it is being called as special is because it can be applicable only in inertial frame of reference . A frame which satisfies Newtons law of inertia would be called as inertial frame .in another words whenever theres no acceleration with respect to

relative rest frame ,it would be called as inertial frame . However general theory of relativity is applicable to any frame of reference. In general theory of relativity he simply unifies space and time (two different entities) into single space-time continuum. His new theory of gravitation explains so deeply why gravity presents between matters????? What actually gravity is???? His new theory of gravitation based on the property of matters .Matters simply possess tendency to bend

space-time around it.

Remember that mass possess tendency to bend not only space as well as time also .It has been proved by the GPS (global positioning system) in the satellite.

In order to understand Einsteins gravitational time dilation, the above diagram will be helpful to you. We know that sun bends space-time around it due to heavy masses .of course earth also bend space-time around it ,however its negligible while we are talking about the sun. Forsake of simplicity ,I did not show about the effect of earth on space-time. From the above diagram anyone can judge that the distance S is always less than D. For the observer in the distant however earth would take more time to travel even a little distance D. According to him, earths time get slow down. In another words our times will be slowed down than the astronauts time.

Similarly perihelion effect of mercury (Newtons law of gravity failed to explain) also could be explained by general theory of relativity. Existence of black hole, gravitational lensing effect also remarkable achievement of general theory of relativity. I think that I dont want to go deeply into physics which leads to the irritation to an ordinary people. I decide to write this book for all kind of people to understand the concept clearly. Now you are having some idea about space-time fabric. So its time to go back into big bang. BIG BANG It was said that before big bang, there was neither space nor time exists. One may ask that what presence before big bang was. It would be meaningless to ask such a question .because before big bang theres no time to say that what presence before big bang was. At the time of big bang only mass, energy, space, time, everything comes into existence.

We have discussed lot about space-time fabric, its enough to understand further explanation .it was said that even though space-time looks like an tempered fabric at a larger scale, there may be continuous formation of space-time foam at a Plancks length scale. It was also said that our universe would also be like that bubble once upon a time. For some unknown reason that bubble was started to inflate at a higher speed (faster than light) in order to make a universe looks like what we see today was. One may say that unknown reason was god. Because its usually happen in my life .for our unanswered question people named as its gods action. However there may another possibility to describe the beginning of everything by neglecting gods intervention. In order to understand it imagines the following assumption. All four forces had the same strength and were part of a larger, coherent whole. The universe started out in a state of perfection. However, as the universe began to expand and cool rapidly, the original super force began to crack,

With different forces breaking off one after the other. According to this theory, the cooling of the universe after the big bang is similar to the freezing of water. When water is in liquid Form, it is quite uniform and smooth. However, when it freezes, millions of tiny ice crystals form inside. When liquid water is totally frozen, its original uniformity is quite broken, with the ice containing cracks, bubbles, and crystals. In other words, today we see that the universe is horribly broken. It is not uniform or symmetrical at all but consists of jagged mountain ranges, volcanoes, hurricanes, rocky asteroids, and exploding stars, without any coherent unity. Moreover, we also see the four Fundamental forces without any relationship to each other. But the reason why the universe is so broken is that it is quite old and cold. Although the universe started in a state of perfect unity, today it has gone through many phase transitions, or changes of state, with The forces of the universe breaking free of the others one by one as Its getting cooled.

The key, therefore, is to understand precisely how these phase transitions occurred at the beginning of the universe, which physicists call spontaneous breaking. Whether it is the melting of ice, the boiling of water, the creation of rain clouds, or the cooling of the big bang, phase transitions can connect two entirely different phases of matter. FALSE VACUUM: When one force breaks off from the other forces, the process can be compared to the breaking of a dam. Rivers flow downhill because water flows in the direction of the lowest energy, which is sea level. The lowest energy state is called a vacuum. However, there is an unusual state called the false vacuum. If we dam a river, for example, The dam appears to be stable, but it is actually under tremendous pressure. If a tiny crack occurs in the dam, the pressure can suddenly burst the dam and release a huge amount of energy from the false vacuum (the dammed river) and cause a catastrophic flood toward the true vacuum (sea level). Entire villages can be flooded if we have spontaneous breaking of the dam and a sudden transition to the true vacuum. Similarly, in GUT(grand unified theory), the universe originally started out in

the state of the false vacuum, with the three forces unified into a single force. However, the theory was unstable, and the theory spontaneously Broke and made the transition from the false vacuum, Where the forces were unified, to the true vacuum, where the forces are broken. In the state of the false vacuum, the universe expands in an accelerated manner, just the way de Sitter predicted back in 1917. It is the cosmological constant, the energy of the false vacuum, which drives the universe to expand at such an enormous rate. Today we called this energy of false vacuum as dark energy. Now you are aware of big bang. Physicist started to view it as a phase transition of nothing into something just like water into ice. Still if you dont believe that universe made up from nothing. I will explain you in detail. Let we imagine that space itself as a negative energy. I will tell you the reason why I assume like that was. Before that read out this example, If one decided to move earth from its orbit, in what are the ways it can be done????? He has to supply energy against suns gravitational potential energy.

There are one more ways to do it. Thats simply increasing space between them. From the above argument its clear that space (vacuum energy) and energy possessed by matters are equal and opposite together. We know that universe is expanding that means itself get increased at the exponential rate. Now we know that even in empty space having tendency to create virtual particle .if theres enough energy available to those virtual particle, which results in the pair creation. Accumulation of such particles would results in masses. I hope that expansion of the space only the reason for the creation of matters. In another words space/gravitational potential energy +matter/ kinetic energy= nothing. I know that its bit hard to imagine. However if you are having curiosity surely you would understand it. Conveying of my ideas into English (my mother tongue is Tamil) is bit hard to me .because I am not fluent in English. How could virtual particle created out of empty space?????? How can we get something from nothing?????? Of course its absurd from classical point of view.

However in quantum world (sub atomic world) classical laws did not works out. I really inspired by light (photon) because its the basement upon which there are two greatest theories (theory of relativity, quantum) stands on. Uncertainty principle: According to the classical 19th century ideas, a Hot body, like a piece of red hot metal, should give off radiation. It would lose energy in radio Waves, infra red, visible light, ultra violet, x-rays, and gamma Rays, all at the same rate. Not only would this mean that we would all die of skin cancer, but also everything in the universe would be at the same temperature, which clearly it isn't. However, Planck Showed one could avoid this disaster, if one gave up the idea that The amount of radiation could have just any value, and said instead that radiation came only in packets or quanta of certain size. It is a bit like saying that you can't buy sugar factory in the Supermarket, but only in kilogram bags. The energy in the Packets or quanta, is higher for ultra violet and xrays, than for infra red or visible light. This Means that unless a body is very hot, like the Sun, it will not have enough energy, to give off even a single quantum of ultra violet or x-rays. That is why we don't get sunburn from a cup of

coffee. Planck regarded the idea of quanta, as just a mathematical trick, and not as having any Physical reality, whatever that might mean. However, physicists began to find other behavior, That could be explained only in terms of quantities having discrete or quantized values, rather than continuously variable ones. It was some time before people realized the implications of this quantum behavior for determinism. It was not until 1926, that Werner Heisenberg, pointed out that you couldn't measure both the position, and the speed, of a particle exactly. To see where a particle is, one has to shine light on it. But by Planck's work, one can't use an arbitrarily small amount of light. One has to use at least one quantum. This will disturb the particle, and change its speed in a way that can't be predicted. To measure the position of the particle accurately, you will have to use light of short wave length, like ultra violet, x-rays, or gamma rays. But again, by Planck's work, quanta of these forms of light have higher energies than those of visible light. So they will disturb the Speed of the particle more. It is a no win situation: the

More accurately you try to measure the position of the particle, the less accurately you can know the speed, and vice versa. The uncertainty in the position of a particle, times the uncertainty in its speed, is always greater than a quantity called Planck's constant, divided by the mass of the particle. Laplace's vision, of scientific determinism, involved knowing the positions and speeds of the Particles in the universe, at one instant of time. So it was seriously undermined by Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle. How could one predict the future, when one could not? Measure accurately both the positions, and the speeds, of particles at the present time? No matter how powerful a computer you have, if you put insufficient data in, you will get insufficient predictions out. Uncertainty principle not only relates that momentum and position . It also relates that energy and time also. Certainty in energy about a particle results in uncertainty in time . If this is so how can one call empty space as really empty?????? Position and momentum can be related by the following equation .

What we think of as empty Space is not really empty, but it is filled with pairs of particles and anti particles. These appear Together at some point of space and time, move Apart, and then come together and annihilate each Other. These particles and anti particles occur because a field, such as the fields that carry light(photon) and gravity(graviton), can't be exactly zero. That would mean that the value of the field, would have both an exact position (at zero), and an exact speed or rate of change (also zero). This would be against the Uncertainty Principle, just as a particle can't have both an exact position, and an Exact speed. So all fields must have what are called, vacuum fluctuations. Because of the Quantum behavior of nature, one can interpret these vacuum fluctuations, in terms of particles and anti particles, as I have described. These pairs of particles occur for all varieties of elementary particles. They are called virtual particles, because they occur even in the vacuum, and they can't be directly measured by particle detectors. However, the indirect effects of virtual particles, or vacuum fluctuations, have been observed in a number of experiments, and their existence confirmed. If theres enough energy

available to the virtual particle it would become real particle . so now you are aware about how we get something from empty space.. until now I have talked about what world leading physicist ideas about the origin of the universe and everything . chronological evolution of everything :

the above diagram clearly shows that the chronological evolution of the universe .as I have already told that at the instant of big bang ,space & time & energy comes into existence . At the instant of big bang, there are no matters everything in the form of quark gluon state. Let we explain you what quark & gluon was.

Can you tell me what is our body made up of????? Of course its made up of cells .ok then Whats cell made up of ???? Of course it made up of atoms . Even child could say that what is atom composed of???? Of course its made up of sub-atomic particle such as proton, neutron, and electron. We know that atom consist of positively charged nucleus at the centre & electron revolving around it in definite shells at high speed. Ok .now from what proton & neutron made up of???? Answer is quark. Note that electron did not make up of anything; one can view it as an accumulation of energy with negative charge. So electron itself is a basic building block of the universe. (I did not know about string theories, it says that electron made up of tiny oscillating strings.) According to the quantum field theory, each particle is responsible for four fundamental forces. We know that the earth moving around the sun because of gravitational force .graviton is the mediating particle of gravity. Gravity is the weakest one out of the four fundamental force .but however it can acts to an infinite distance. Electrons revolving around the nucleus because of the electromagnetic force .photon are the mediating

particle of electromagnetic force .it can also act to an infinite distance. Since electromagnetic force is stronger than the gravitational force and acts to an infinite range, but why dont we felt the effect of electromagnetic force at a larger scale level?????? Its because of unlike the gravitational force (which is always attractive) ,electromagnetic forces are neutralized by repulsive force of opposite charges . Similarly nuclear weak force act between the nucleus constituents in a bizarre way .muon is the mediating particle. Strong nuclear force act between the proton & &proton, proton & neutron .its the one of the strongest force in nature, though it can act to an very short distance. Pi-mesons is the particle, which mediates nuclear strong force. Quarks are the particle which contributes together for the formation of the hadrons (proton, neutron). One proton might make up of three quarks two up quarks and one down quark. Each one of the quark contributes 1/3 charge in the overall charge distribution. Which force bind quarks together????? The answer is gluon .gluon is the mediating particle which binds two quarks together. Until now no one find out any individual quarks in solitude state.

Electromagnetic forces (by quantum electro dynamics):

why two electrons repels each other

Electron interaction (according to quantum electrodynamics): One should not assume that electron as like a ball shaped object .because while talking about subatomic particle; its meaningless to talk about its shape. Electron did not have any definite shape. Whatever we can say that its probability wave function. Within that probability sphere of the electron, it may continuously emit and absorb virtual photon within a interval of 10^-15 sec. incase if two electrons comes close enough to each other such that in the way of overlapping of their probability sphere. Now there may be a possibility of absorption of virtual photons of one electron by another.

Due to the momentum transferred by the virtual photon, electron tends to move away from each other. The above mentioned diagram was called as Richard Feynman diagram. He was the one who explain subatomic interactions through the particle transformation. In this way he unifies three of the four fundamental forces into unity & except gravity. It was said that at the Plancks energy scale, all the four forces having equal magnitude. So at the instant of big bang, energy would be very high enough to reach the Plancks energy scale. Now you are aware of quarks and gluons and other fundamental particles. Let we go back to big bang. Since I have already told that at the instant of big bang, everything is in the form of quark, gluon state. Expansion rate is unimaginable, which is faster than the speed of light .one can ask that doesnt it violates special theory of relativity (which says that no matters can travel faster than light)???? Of course it does not violate special theory of relativity. Because space is not a matter, its simply the gap between you and me, &the distance between the sun & earth, &gap between the nucleus and the electron. One can assume a balloon as a space for an example. Let we mark a two dot points (adjacent galaxies) in nearby manner.

As the balloon starts to expand, the distance between dots also getting increased in a tremendous way. The above example shows that though galaxies receding away each other at faster than light, it does not violate special theory of relativity. Let we go back to the expansion of the universe at the initial state. Since we know that if anything expands its temperature getting reduced .this is the basic law which is used in condenser. At very high temperature, quarks possess more kinetic energy which makes them to overcome the binding force of gluons. But however rapid expansion of the universe leads to the reduction in temperature .At 10^13 degree centigrade, kinetic energy of the quarks are not sufficient to overcome the binding force of gluon. Now three quarks combined together to form the hadrons (proton, neutron).further expansion may leads to further reduction in temperature .nuclear strong force is the first one which broken up from the super force. Now proton and neutron is no longer can resist against the nuclear strong force, which leads to the creation of so simple nucleus structure such as one proton +one neutron. Further expansion leads to the breakdown of electromagnetic force from the super force leads to formation of first atom .In this way one by one, all the four fundamental forces gets breakdown.

Until now we understood that how first atom was getting formed. After first atoms (hydrogen) were getting formed, for several years nothing happened .just simply expansion continues. Though space gets expanded in the localized area, matters (hydrogen) start to clump together by means of gravitational force. We know that compression leads to the increase in temperature, and also in order to conserve angular momentum, hot gases starts to rotate. When the temperature of the gases reaches several million temperatures, then nuclear fusion reaction started to carry on. By the results of a nuclear reaction at the centre of the hot cluster, it starts to glow on like a star. In this way a first star gets born. At the centre of the first generation stars core temperature would be several million degree centigrade, which is enough to the formation of other elements such as helium, lithium, iron. But however temperature of the core is not sufficient for the formation of heavier elements such as radium, thorium, and gold. For several million years, these are the only minerals, which were formed in the cosmos. A big star used out its fuel as soon as possible in order to overcome giant gravitational force. After all the hydrogen was converted into helium, it starts to burn helium, lithium.

But however after the formation of iron, it did not having any fuel to further proceed, because iron is the stable one. Now gravity starts to compress stars core to a point which we called now as black hole. But however outer layer of the star get explodes with huge liberation of energy .this is what astronomer called as super nova. It was said that at the instant of supernova temperature may reaches to several billion centigrade. At this temperature, formation of heavier elements is possible .do you know that supernova is the real mother of us. In this way I have explained from the origin of the universe without the intervention of god. One may ask that who creates these laws???? Answer is still we had to understand lot about nature to answer those question. For our unanswered question, one should not assume that its the action of god. Suppose if god exists, I hope that its just the form of energy, it did not bless for those who worship it & it did not curse for those who did not worship it. In my next book, I will surely talk about the origin of natures laws without god intervention. So I hope that if you are a theist, after reading it you also start to view this world from the different perspective. My next book related with parallel

universe, the difference between living and nonliving being.

Thanks for reading it ..

Send me your reviews about this book to dkjack20@ymail.com Face book: facebook.com /jacksparrow7077 Phone no: 9600744408 By M.Dinesh Kumar