Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
February 6, 2002
levels of abstraction
Compiler
Instr. Set Proc. I/O system Digital Design Circuit Design Merits of Abstraction/Layers/Hierarchy
Under a set of rapidly changing Forces : technology, applications, Programming Languages, operating systems, history
February 6, 2002
100
10
i8086
i80286
i8080
i8008
i4004
0.1 1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
i80386
1,000 1970
i4004
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
- 40% per year, order of magnitude more contribution in 2 decades - More and more functions can be performed by a CPU - Similar story for storage: capacity increased by 1000x over ten years, speed only 2x
ece4680 Lect1 Intro.4 February 6, 2002
February 6, 2002
Performance Trends
1000
Supercomputers Mainframes
100 Performance
10
Minicomputers
Microprocessors
Year
February 6, 2002
P e rforma nce
RISC introduction
Inte l x86
35%/yr
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Ye ar
Did RISC win the technology battle and lose the market war?
ece4680 Lect1 Intro.7 February 6, 2002
1995
February 6, 2002
Moores Law
February 6, 2002
H Notations and Conventions for Numbers P Appendix1: Notations and Conventions for Numbers Abbreviation Meaning Numeric Value CPrefix 10 3 m One thousandth Amill 10 6 micro One millionth 2 nano n 10 9 One billionth 0 p 10 12 One trillionth 0 pico 1 femto f One quadrillionth 10 15 atta kilo mega giga tera peta exa
ece4680 Lect1 Intro.10
a K (or k) M G T P E
10 18 10 3 or 210
10 6 or 2 20 10 9 or 2 30 10 12 or 2 40 10 15 or 2 50 10 18 or 2 60
61
Implementation
"Construction Engineer"
February 6, 2002
SOFTWARE
-- Organization of Programmable Storage -- Data Types & Data Structures: Encodings & Representations -- Instruction Formats -- Instruction (or Operation Code) Set -- Modes of Addressing and Accessing Data Items and Instructions -- Exceptional Conditions
ece4680 Lect1 Intro.13 February 6, 2002
Load/Store Computational Jump and Branch Floating Point - coprocessor Memory Management Special
R0 - R31
PC HI LO
immediate
February 6, 2002
Organization
ISA Level FUs & Interconnect
Logic Designer's View
-- Capabilities & Performance Characteristics of Principal Functional Units (e.g., Registers, ALU, Shifters, Logic Units, etc. -- Ways in which these components are interconnected -- nature of information flows between components -- logic and means by which such information flow is controlled. Choreography of FUs to realize the ISA Register Transfer Level Description
February 6, 2002
Example Organization
TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20
MBus Module
L2 $
CC MBus
DRAM Controller
Inst Cache
Ref MMU
SBus
SBus
DMA
SCSI Ethernet
Bus Interface
SBus Cards
February 6, 2002
Architecture is an iterative process -- searching the space of possible designs -- at all levels of computer systems
Analysis
Creativity
Cost / Performance Analysis
Good Ideas
Bad Ideas
ece4680 Lect1 Intro.17
Mediocre Ideas
February 6, 2002
Levels of Representation
temp = v[k]; High Level Language Program Compiler lw $15, Assembly Language Program Assembler Machine Language Program Machine Interpretation Control Signal Spec lw $16, sw $16, sw $15, 0($2) 4($2) 0($2) 4($2) v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp;
February 6, 2002
Few people design computers! Very few design instruction sets! Many people design computer components. Very many people are concerned with computer function, in detail.
February 6, 2002
In-depth understanding of the inner-workings of modern computers, their evolution, and trade-offs present at the hardware/software boundary.
February 6, 2002
The SPARCstation 20
SPARCstation 20
SBus SBus
SBus SBus
Slot 3 Slot 2
Tape
MSBI
SEC
MACIO
SCSI Bus
Floppy Disk
External Bus
February 6, 2002
Levels of Organization
SPARCstation 20
February 6, 2002
Memory Controller
MSBI
SEC
MACIO
February 6, 2002
Registers
Datapath
Internal Cache
Control
External Cache
February 6, 2002
Memory
SPARCstation 20
SIMM Slot 0 SIMM Slot 1 SIMM Slot 2 SIMM Slot 3 SIMM Slot 4 SIMM Slot 5 SIMM Slot 6 SIMM Slot 7
Memory Controller
Memory Bus
DRAM SIMM
DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM DRAM
February 6, 2002
SPARCstation 20
SBus SBus
SBus SBus
Slot 3 Slot 2
Tape
SEC
MACIO
SCSI Bus
Floppy Disk
External Bus
February 6, 2002
SCSI = Small Computer Systems Interface A standard interface (IBM, Apple, HP, Sun ... etc.) Computers and I/O devices communicate with each other The hard disk is one I/O device resides on the SCSI Bus
Tape Disk
SCSI Bus
February 6, 2002
SBus SBus
SBus SBus
Slot 3 Slot 2
February 6, 2002
The are only four SBus slots in SS20--seats are expensive The speed of some I/O devices is limited by human reaction time--very very slow by computer standard Examples: Keyboard and mouse No reason to use up one of the expensive SBus slot
Floppy Disk
External Bus
February 6, 2002
Summary
ISA--Principle of abstraction Hiding details from the level above Both software designers and hardware designers comply with
All computers consist of five components Processor: (1) datapath and (2) control (3) Memory (4) Input devices and (5) Output devices
Not all memory are created equally Cache: fast (expensive) memory are placed closer to the processor Main memory: less expensive memory--we can have more Input and output (I/O) devices has the messiest organization Wide range of speed: graphics vs. keyboard Wide range of requirements: speed, standard, cost ... etc. Least amount of research (so far)
ece4680 Lect1 Intro.30 February 6, 2002