6.

002

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Amplifiers -Small Signal Model

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Review
MOSFET amp VS
RL

vO
vI

iDS

Saturation discipline operate MOSFET only in saturation region Large signal analysis 1. Find vO vs vI under saturation discipline.

2. Valid vI , vO ranges under saturation discipline.

Reading: Small signal model -- Chapter 8

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Large Signal Review

1 vO vs vI K 2 vO = VS (vI 1) RL 2 valid for vI VT and vO vI VT K 2 (same as iDS vO ) 2

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Large Signal Review

2
Valid operating ranges

VS

vO vO > vI VT vO = vI VT vO < vI VT
vI

5V corresponding interesting region for vO 1V

VT

1V

2V

interesting region for vI . Saturation discipline satisfied.

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

But
5V VS vO

vO = vI VT
vO 1V
VT 1V vI vI

Demo
vI vO
t

2V

Amplifies alright, but distorts

Amp is nonlinear
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Small Signal Model

vO ~ 5V VS
Focus on this line segment

(VI , VO )

~ 1V
VT 1V vI

~ 2V 2 K (vI VT ) vO = VS RL 2
Amp all right, but nonlinear! Hmmm So what about our linear amplifier ???

Insight: But, observe vI vs vO about some point (VI , VO) looks quite linear !
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Trick
vO VO

vo

(VI ,VO )

vi

looks linear

VI vI

Operate amp at VI , VO DC bias (good choice: midpoint of input operating range) Superimpose small signal on top of VI Response to small signal seems to be approximately linear

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Trick
vO VO

vo

(VI ,VO )

vi

looks linear

VI

Operate amp at VI , VO DC bias (good choice: midpoint of input operating range) Superimpose small signal on top of VI Response to small signal seems to be approximately linear Lets look at this in more detail I graphically II mathematically III from a circuit viewpoint
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 10

vI

next week

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

I Graphically
We use a DC bias VI to boost interesting input signal above VT, and in fact, well above VT .

VS
interesting input signal

RL vI + VI +

vO

Offset voltage or bias

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Graphically
interesting input signal

VS
RL

vI + VI +

vO

VS VO

vO

operating point

VI , VO

VT VI

vO = vI VT vI

Good choice for operating point: midpoint of input operating range

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 10

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

Small Signal Model

aka incremental model aka linearized model

Notation Input:

vI = VI + vi

total DC small variable bias signal (like vI) bias voltage aka operating point voltage Output: vO = VO + vo Graphically, vI
VI

vi VO

vO

vo

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

II Mathematically
vO = VS

( watch my fingers)

RL K (vI VT )2 VO = VS RL K (VI VT )2 2 2 substituting vI = VI + vi vi << VI RL K vO = VS 2

RL K = VS 2

( [VI + vi ] vT )

( [VI VT ] + vi )2

RL K [VI VT ]2 + 2 [VI vT ]vi + vi 2 = VS 2 RL K VO + vo = VS (VI VT )2 RL K (VI VT ) vi 2 From , vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi gm

related to

VI

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Mathematically
vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi gm
related to

VI

vo = g m RL vi
For a given DC operating point voltage VI, VI VT is constant. So,

vo = A vi
constant w.r.t. vi
In other words, our circuit behaves like a linear amplifier for small signals

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

Another way
RL K vO = VS (vI VT )2 2
R K 2 L v V VS I T 2 d vo = dv I v =V I I
slope at VI

vi

vo = RL K (VI VT ) vi g m = K (VI VT ) A = g m RL
amp gain

Also, see Figure 8.9 in the course notes for a graphical interpretation of this result
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10

More next lecture

iDS
load line input signal response operating point
VI

Demo

VO

vO

How to choose the bias point: 1. Gain component g m VI distortion. 2. vi gets big So bias carefully 3. Input valid operating range. Bias at midpoint of input operating range for maximum swing.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 10