Marine Cyanobacteria

Workshop on Recent Advances and Challenges of Biotechnology Process-NIT Dec 2006
Sandy shore (Gulf of

Mannar)
Sandy shore (Bay of Bengal)
Muddy shore (Palk Strait)
Coral reef (Gulf of
Mannar)
Trichodesmium bloom
Single bundle of
Trichodesmium
Cyanobacteri al Bi odi versi t y of Indi an Coasts
Single trichome of Trichodesmium
M d d R Mandapam and Rameswaram
Gulf of Mannar
Mandapam to Cape Comorin
Hormothamnion sp.
Oscillatoria and Spirulina Oscillatoria and Spirulina
Lyngbya - Dona Paula, Goa
Cyanobacterial growth on wood y g
Oxygen evolving, Gram
negative, Photosynthetic
Prokaryote Prokaryote
Independence for carbon Independence for carbon Independence for carbon Independence for carbon
& Nitrogen & Nitrogen gg
ANDAMAN I SLANDS CYANOBACTERI AL
BI ODI VERSI TY
Sout h Andaman 114 Spec i es / 43 Gener a
Mi ddl e Andaman 112 Spec i es / 37 Gener a
Nor t h Andaman 93 Spec i es / 28 Gener a Nor t h Andaman 93 Spec i es / 28 Gener a
Li t t l e Andaman 74 Spec i es / 27 Gener a
Tot al No. of spec i es 162 / gener a 50 / f ami l y 14 p g y
Non-het er ocyst ous f or ms 141 spec i es
Het er ocyst ous f or ms 21 spec i es
Pr edomi nant Fl or a
Osc i l l at or i ac eac e 77 spec i es / 11 gener a Osc i l l at or i ac eac e 77 spec i es / 11 gener a
Chr ooc oc c ac eae 36 spec i es / 11 gener a
Mainland Cyanobacteria
195 species / 51 genera /
Ni c obar I sl ands
115 Spec i es / 39 Gener a
Lak shwadeep I sl ands
14 families
Lak shwadeep I sl ands
112 Spec i es / 40 Gener a
Total Cyanobacteria Total Cyanobacteria
225 species / 58 genera
14 families 14 families
Non-heterocystous - 192 sp.
Heterocystous 33 sp. Heterocystous 33 sp.
Germplasm 400 strains
Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Cyanobacterial Biotechnology
Cyanobacterial Biotechnology
Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Cyanobacterial Biotechnology
Cyanobacterial Biotechnology
Food
Food
Fuel
Fi Ch i l
Fuel
Fine Chemicals
Feed
F tili
Feed
F tili
Fine Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Fine Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Fertilizer
Fertilizer
Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals
Waste Treatment
Waste Treatment
Protein @50% Protein @ 50%
Lipids 4 9%
Carbohydrates 8 14%
Nucleic acids 2 5% Nucleic acids 2 5%
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
Essential amino acids
- Carotene (antioxidant) - Carotene (antioxidant)
Molluscs
i ( il i ) Fishes (Tilapia)
Crustaceans (Macrobrachium)
Amphibians (Frog)
P lt
As supplement
Poultry
Pigs g
Ruminants
C b t i l f d iti Cyanobacterial feed composition
(Phormidium valderianum BDU 30501) (Phormidium valderianum BDU 30501)
Pellet feed Commercial feed
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Crude protein 50.0 50.0
Carbohydrate 38 40 38 40
Lipids 4 6 8 10 Lipids 4 6 8 10
Nucleic acids 4.0 3-4
C b t i l ll t f d T d l Cyanobacterial pellet feed on Tadpole
Cyanobacterial pellet feed on Tadpole
Effect of marine cyanobacterial feed on the growth
of the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium of the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium
malcomsonii) (30 d)
(
g
)
1 5
2
w
e
i
g
h
t

(
1
1.5
s
e

i
n

w
0
0.5
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
0
Male Female
Liver feed Cyanobacterial feed
Biofertilizer Biofertilizer Biofertilizer Biofertilizer
D S l t h i l f tili b D Supplements chemical fertilizer by
fixing nitrogen
D Mobilizes phosphate, potassium and essential
metals
D Liberates plant growth promoting
hormones & vitamins
D Reduces incidence of pathogen
D Agglomerates soil D Agglomerates soil
Control heterocystous
organism
non-
heterocystous
forms
Combined
forms
forms
No. of
grains / ear
71 101 93 113
grains / ear
71 101 93 113
Wt. of the
i / grains / ear
(gm.)
1.21 2.11 1.97 2.33
Hydrogen
Pollution free, Renewable energy
Rate of production - 280nmol/h/mg dry wt.
Hydrogen production by Hydrogen production by
Phormidiumvalderianum Phormidiumvalderianum BDU 20041 BDU 20041 Phormidium valderianum Phormidium valderianum BDU 20041 BDU 20041
Optimum Optimumconditions for maximum production conditions for maximum production
Light intensity Light intensity 400 lux 400 lux
Temp. -- 27C
Light intensity Light intensity -- -- 400 lux 400 lux
Light duration Light duration -- -- 18h/6h D/L 18h/6h D/L
p
pH -- 7.5
Salinity -- 25 ppt
Quality of light Quality of light -- -- White White
Salinity -- 25 ppt.
Anaerobic condition
Maximumamount of production Maximum amount of production
-- 200 nmol h
-1
mg
-1
dry wt.
Oxygen free pure hydrogen production Oxygen free pure hydrogen production
No uptake hydrogenase activity
80 % of hydrogen production even at 100 %
nitrogen atmosphere
I t ll l Intracellular
OVitamins
Extracellular
OPhycoflours and
Natural colourants
OEnzymes
OAntibiotics
Natural colourants
OFatty Acids, Amino
acids Restriction
OFlocculants
OAmmonia etc acids, Restriction
enzymes, Radiolabelled
compounds etc
OAmmonia, etc.
compounds etc.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) (PUFA)
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)- C20 : 5 3 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) C20 : 5 3
-Linolenic acid (GLA) - C18 : 3 3 ( )
Linoleic acid - C18 : 2 2
Arachidonic acid - C20:4 6
Docsahexaenoic acid (DHA) - C22 : 6
Biotransformation of ferulic acid to vanillin
by Phormidium valderianum BDU 20041
Days Vanillin mg L
-1
Days Vanillin mg L
1
1 ---
5 1.92
10 3.67
Antiviral Activity of Antiviral Activity of
Phormidium valderianumBDU 30501
D HBs Ag Binding Hepatitis D HBs Ag Binding Hepatitis
D In vivo Vero cell line-Herpes Simplex p p
D RT inhibition Human Immuno
Deficiency Virus
V. cholerae
V. cholerae
S. typhi
S. typhi
S. flexneri S. flexneri
ANTITUMOR
ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY
Lyngbya majuscula
P 388
L. confervoides
Oscillatoria foreaui
Lymphocytic
leukemia
CHCL
3
CH
3
OH H
2
C
C
2
H
5
OH
Oscillatoria foreaui
P. crosbyanum
(neoplastic)
Et. aetate
Anacystis dimideta
Tolyphothrix conglutimta
Erlich ascites
(tumor) (tumor)
C l t i Cyclotoxin
H h i St l h Hormothmnion Strylchrome
enteromorphoides
inhibits RNA synthesis cancer cells
Gerwick et al 1986 Gerwick et al., 1986
A ii fl Antiinflammatory
Rivularia firma Brominated indoles
Baker, 1984
TOXIN PRODUCING MARINE
CYANOBACTERIA CYANOBACTERIA
LYNGBYATOXINA
LYNGBYA MAJUSCULA
LYNGBYA TOXIN A
APLYSIA TOXIN
DEBROMOAPLYSIATOXIN
SCHIZOTHRIX CALCICOLA - DEBROMOAPLYSIATOXIN
OSCILLATORIA NIGROVIRIDIS OSCILLATOXIN A
NODULARIA SPUMIGENA - NODULARIATOXIN

Cyanobacteria have been found
f l f t ti ffl t
f l f t ti ffl t useful for treating effluents
containing
useful for treating effluents
containinggg
Pesticides Melanoidin
Antibiotics Detergents
Heavy metals Phenol &
Phenolics
Cyanobacteria also disinfect domestic sewage Cyanobacteria also disinfect domestic sewage
WASTEIS A RESOURCE
IN THE WRONG LOCATION
RATHER THAN RATHER THAN
MERELY A MATERIAL TO BE
DISPOSED OFF
N F M C
M d f Bi di ti Modes of Bioremediation
Metabolization
Detoxification Detoxification
Biosorption Biosorption
Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation
Disinfection Disinfection
N F M C
N F M C
Degradation of Coir Degradation of Coir
N F M C
N F M C
N F M C
N F M C
Requirements for Lignolysis by equ e e s o g o ys s by
cyanobacteria
Low nutrient levels
Evolution of active oxygen species
Production of peroxides
i Enzymes involved
Phenol oxidase, Laccase, Peroxidases,
N F M C
Ligninase activities of A. azollae ML2
in coir pith
n
0.8
1
-
1

p
r
o
t
e
i
n
0.4
0.6
t
i
v
i
t
y

m
g
-
0
0.2
U
n
i
t

a
c
t
0 10 20 30 40
Duration (days)
Laccase Polyphenol oxidase
Microbios: 175-183, 1996 N F M C
Ligninase activity of A. azollae Ligninase activity of A. azollae ML2 ML2 g y g y
with with keto keto methyl thiol butyric acid methyl thiol butyric acid
Conditions Ethylene
nmol ml-1)
KTBA KTBA 30.8 30.8 3.2 3.2
KTBA + organism KTBA + organism 24.9 24.9 2.6 2.6
KTBA + Li i KTBA + Li i 12 4 12 4 0 005 0 005 KTBA + Lignin KTBA + Lignin 12.4 12.4 0.005 0.005
KTBA + Lignin + organism KTBA + Lignin + organism 146.8 146.8 1.0 1.0 g g g g
N F M C
f l f t ti ffl t
f l f t ti ffl t useful for treating effluents
containing
useful for treating effluents
containinggg
Phenol & Phenolics
Detergents
Pesticides
Detergents
Melanoidin
Antibiotics
Triphenyl azo dyes
& Poly R dye
Nitriles
y y
Metal biosorption
Cyanobacteria also disinfect domestic sewage Cyanobacteria also disinfect domestic sewage
N F M C
D d ti f Ph li D d ti f Ph li Degradation of Phenolics Degradation of Phenolics
N F M C
Effect of phenol on growth of Effect of phenol on growth of P. valderianum P. valderianum
BDU BDU30501 30501 in the presence of combined nitrogen in the presence of combined nitrogen
250
p g p g
200
250
g

m
l
-
1
100
150
o
p
h
y
l
l

g
50
100
C
h
l
o
r
o
0
control 25 50
Ph l /L Phenol conc. mg/L
0 day 7 th day
N F M C
Ind. Microbiol. & Biotech. 19:130-133 (1997)
Effect of phenol on P valderianum BDU 30501 Effect of phenol on P. valderianum BDU 30501
1.6
m
l
0 8
1.2
n

g
/
m
0.4
0.8
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
0
P
control 25 50
Phenol conc. mg/L
0 d a y 7 t h d a y
N F M C
Phenol degrading Enzyme activities of Phenol degrading Enzyme activities of P. P.
valderianum valderianum BDU 30501 BDU 30501 valderianum valderianum BDU 30501 BDU 30501
Polyphenol oxidase Polyphenol oxidase Laccase Laccase
Conc Conc gg
Polyphenol oxidase Polyphenol oxidase
Unit activity mg Unit activity mg
--1 1
protein protein
Laccase Laccase
Unit activity mg Unit activity mg
--1 1
protein protein
25 25 0.476 0.476 0.4562 0.4562
50 50 2.667 2.667 0.8813 0.8813
N F M C
Bi d d ti f P ti id Biodegradation of Pesticides
uses all
Aulosira
Organophosphorus pesticides
P i th b f P
fertilissima
ARM 68
as a P source in the absence of P
&
dditi l as additional source
in its presence
N F M C
Effect of pesticides (10ppm) on
A. fertilissima ARM 68
3
3.5
2
2.5
.

(
m
g
)
1
1.5
C
h
l
0
0.5
Monocrotophos Malathion p
P (-) P (-) & pesticide P (+) P (+) & pesticide
N F M C
Nitrogenase Activity of A. fertilissima ARM 68 in
presence of pesticides
Activity (n mole ethylene /hr /mg protein)
presence of pesticides
Int. Biodet.Biodeg. 33:129-143, (1994)
Pesticide
P-minus medium P-plus medium
D ti (d ) 2 5 10 15 2 5 10 15 Duration (days) 2 5 10 15 2 5 10 15
Control 60 82 22 0 48 118 203 74
Monocrotophos (100 ppm) 32 31 42 423 27 38 16 563
Malathion (75 ppm) 30 41 14 378 27 35 15 448
Dichlorovos (50 ppm) 52 29 17 678 28 52 21 815
Phosphomidon (25 ppm) 50 38 19 662 38 48 18 858 Phosphomidon (25 ppm) 50 38 19 662 38 48 18 858
Quinolphos (1 ppm) 48 25 17 483 22 45 27 672
N F M C
EEnzymes
Lactamase
Phormidium valderianum
BDU 30501
Lipase
Oscillatoria formosa
BDU 40261
Phormidium corium
BDU 30241 BDU 30241
P t
Oscillatoria willei
Protease
Oscillatoria willei
BDU 130511
lactamase enzyme of lactamase enzyme of
Ph idi ld i Ph idi ld i BDU 30501 BDU 30501
Nature of Enzyme
Phormidium valderianum Phormidium valderianum BDU 30501 BDU 30501
Nature of Enzyme
Plasmid coded
Extra cellular
Inducible
Thermolabile
Metallo enzyme (Zn as co-factor)
--Lactamase enzyme of Lactamase enzyme of
Ph idi ld i BDU 30501 Ph idi ld i BDU 30501 Phormidium volderianum BDU 30501 Phormidium volderianum BDU 30501
NATURE OF ENZYMES NATURE OF ENZYMES NATURE OF ENZYMES NATURE OF ENZYMES
Extracellular, Inducible, Thermolabile
CONDITIONS CONDITIONS
pH pH 77 pH pH 77
Maximum induction Maximum induction 6 hrs 6 hrs
Substrate conc. (optimum) Substrate conc. (optimum) 750 750 g ml g ml
--1 1
Optimal Storage Temperature Optimal Storage Temperature below 0 below 0 c c
Temperature for Maximum activity Temperature for Maximum activity 25 25 c c
Current Microbiology 28:315-320 (1994) N F M C
NITRILE METABOLISM NITRILE METABOLISM
Direct Hydrolysis Direct Hydrolysis
Nitrile Acid + Ammonia Acid + Ammonia (Nitrilase) Nitrile Acid + Ammonia Acid + Ammonia (Nitrilase)
Sequential Hydrolysis Sequential Hydrolysis Sequential Hydrolysis Sequential Hydrolysis
Nitrile Amide (Nitrile hydratase)
Amide Acid + Ammonia (Amidase) (Amidase) Amide Acid Ammonia (Amidase) (Amidase)
N F M C
Growth of
O.willei BDU 130511 in
h f l i il the presence of acrylonitrile
150
175
r
e
a
s
e

g
)
100
125
h
y
l
l

i
n
c
i
t
i
a
l

(
g
50
75
h
l
o
r
o
p
h
o
v
e
r

i
n
i
0
25
0 250 500 750 1000
%

C
h
0 250 500 750 1000
Conc. (
)
N F M C
Degradation of Anionic Degradation of Anionic Degradation of Anionic Degradation of Anionic
Detergent Detergent gg
N F M C
Growth of Growth of Growth of O. willei O. willei O. willei BDU 130511 in SDS BDU 130511 in SDS BDU 130511 in SDS
supplemented S deprived medium (7 days) supplemented S deprived medium (7 days) supplemented S deprived medium (7 days)
J. Microbiol & Biotechnol (Korean) 2003.
5
6
m
g
)
3
4
p
h
y
l
l

(
m
1
2
h
l
o
r
o
p
0
1
C
0 1 2.5 5 10 25 50 100 250 500
SDS Conc. (
)
Initial Final
N F M C
Sulphate release by Sulphate release by O. willei O. willei
BDU BDU f SDS f SDS BDU BDU 130511 130511 from SDS from SDS
500
)
300
400
500

(
m
M
100
200
300
p
h
a
t
e
0
100
S
u
l
p
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Durati on (hrs.) ( )
N F M C
Effect of pH on alkylsulphatase activity of
O ill i
10
12
O. willei BDU 130511
8
10
g

c
h
l
.
6
v
i
t
y

/

m
2
4
U
n
i
t

a
c
t
i
0
5 6 7 8 9
U
5 6 7 8 9
pH
N F M C
N F M C
N F M C
N F M C
Growth of Growth of O. boryana O. boryana BDU 92181 with optimal BDU 92181 with optimal
inoculum at different distillery effluent inoculum at different distillery effluent
1600
concentrations concentrations
1200
l

(
g
)
800
l
o
r
o
p
h
y
l
l
400
C
h
l
0
0 5 10 20 30
Duration(Days) Duration(Days)
control 0.5% 2.5% 5%
25% 50% 100%
N F M C
Colour reduction of distillery effluent Colour reduction of distillery effluent
by by O boryana O boryana BDU 92181 BDU 92181
60
by by O.boryana O.boryana BDU 92181 BDU 92181
40
50
60
u
r

o
n

%
20
30
C
o
l
o
u
d
u
c
t
i
o
0
10
r
e
d
0.5 2.5 5 25 50 100 0.5 2.5 5 25 50 100
Effluent Conc. (%)
5th day 10th day 20th day 30th day
N F M C Enzyme & Microbial. Technol. 29:249-251 (2001)
Melanoidin pigment as nitrogen source for
O b BDU 92181 O. boryana BDU 92181
120
140
(
C
h
l
)
80
100
n

G
r
o
w
t
h

(
40
60
n
c
r
e
a
s
e

i
n
0
20
%

I
Con N+ Con N- 0 01 0 05 0 1 Con N+ Con N- 0. 01 0. 05 0. 1
Melanoidin Pigment Conc. (%) W/ V
N F M C
Enzyme & Microbial. Technol. 29:249-251 (2001)
Colour reduction of pigment by O. boryana BDU 92181
80
60
80
c
t
i
o
n
40
r

r
e
d
u
c
20
c
o
l
o
u
r
0
%

c
0.01 0.1 1
Melanoidin
N F M C

Manganese independent peroxidase
activity of
O boryana
BDU 92181
N F M C
activity of
O.boryana
BDU 92181
0.06
0.04
e

(
O
.
D
)
0 02
r
b
a
n
c
e
0.02
A
b
s
o
0
Control Effluent Melanoidin pigment
Effect light on H
2
O
2
Production on
O. boryana BDU 92181
0.12
0.15

m
g
-
1

r
-
1
0 03
0.06
0.09
m
o
l

H
2
O
2

C
h
l

h
r
0
0.03
m
dark 13.43 26.87 53.75 107.5 161.2
Light intensity (E m
-2
sec
-1
)
N F M C
Glutamine Synthetase activity of
O.boryana BDU 92181
0 05
O.boryana BDU 92181
0.04
0.05
y
l

m
g
-
1

0 02
0.03
g
l
u
t
a
m
y
a
m
a
t
e

m
r
o
t
e
i
n
0.01
0.02
m
g

h
y
d
r
o
x
a
p
r
0
h
Control N- Effluent Melanoidin
Pigment
N F M C
Utilization of
14
C radio labelled melanoidin by
O. boryana BDU 92181
30
40
a
k
e
20
30
a
g
e

u
p
t
a
10
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
0
P
Radiolabelled glucose Radiolabelled glycine
5 days 10 days
N F M C
Enzyme & Microbial. Technol. 29:249-251 (2001)
N F M C
%increase in growth with Poly R % increase in growth with Poly R
dye (N-free medium)
O.chalybea BDU 10601
O.formosa BDU 91041
O.willei BDU 130511
y
P.valderianum BDUku
O.boryana BDU 92181
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
P.valderianum BDU 20041
% increase in Chl.
N F M C
Dye decolourization by Dye decolourization by O. willei O. willei BDU 130511 BDU 130511 in in
N &S deprived medium( 10 days) N &S deprived medium( 10 days)
100
N & S deprived medium ( 10 days) N & S deprived medium ( 10 days)
60
80
O
N

I
N

R

(
%
)
40
60
D
U
C
T
I
O
O
L
O
U
R
0
20
R
E
D
C
O
0
i
d

b
l
a
c
k
h
o
l

g
r
e
e
n
i
g
o

p
i
n
k
o

v
i
o
l
e
t
e
n
e

b
l
u
e
V
a
t

g
r
e
e
n
O
r
a
n
g
e

I
I
i
o
n

b
l
u
e
A
c
i
d
N
a
p
t
h
o
l
I
n
d
i
g
o
I
n
d
i
g
o
M
e
t
h
y
l
e
n
V
a
t
O
r
a
P
r
o
c
i
o
N F M C
N F M C
N F M C
Degradation of polymeric dye in the Degradation of polymeric dye in the
absence of combined nitrogen (48hrs)
N F M C
HH
22
OO
22
production by marine production by marine
cyanobacteria with cyanobacteria with Poly R Poly R 478 478
in N in N--free Medium free Medium in N in N free Medium free Medium
Organisms
H
2
O
2
mol
Organisms 2 2
mg Chl.
-1
Phormidium valderianum BDU 20041 60 Phormidium valderianum BDU 20041 60
Oscillatoria formosa BDU 91041 25 f
O. willei BDU 130511 62
O boryana BDU 92181 30 O. boryana BDU 92181 30
N F M C
Ligninase activity of marine cyanobacteria
measured as ethylene from - keto --
methylthiol butyric acid
Organisms
C
2
H
4
mol h
-1
mg Chl.
-1
Phormidium valderianum BDU 20041 28
Oscillatoria formosa BDU 91041 34 f
O. willei BDU 130511 20
O. boryana BDU 92181 18
N F M C
Biosorption of Biosorption of
Toxic metal ions Toxic metal ions
N F M C
Removal of metals from a mixture by Removal of metals from a mixture by
b t i l bi b t b t i l bi b t
N F M C
cyanobacterial biosorbent cyanobacterial biosorbent
100
50
75
o
v
a
l

(
%
)
25
50
M
e
t
a
l

r
e
m
o
0
M
0.1 5
Metal conc (mM)
Cadmium Cobalt Copper Nickel
World J. Microbiol & Biotechnol. 15:729-732 (1999)
Metal removal by PVA Metal removal by PVA--immobilized immobilized
cyanobacterial biosorbent cyanobacterial biosorbent cy ob c e b oso be cy ob c e b oso be
[ g
-1
biosorbant in 25 mL solution (25mM) ]
90
a
l

60
e
m
o
v
a
%
)
30
M
e
t
a
l

r
(
%
0
M
1 4 24
Time (h)
Cobalt Cadmium
N F M C
Regeneration of cyanobacterial Regeneration of cyanobacterial
100
biosorbent biosorbent
60
80
a
l

(
%
)
40
60
r
e
m
o
v
a
20
M
e
t
a
l

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Regeneration cycle Regeneration cycle
Cobalt Cadmium
N F M C
N F M C
Disinfection Disinfection Disinfection Disinfection
Reduces bacterial load due to
altered pH & HCO
3
ions
N F M C
Cyanobacterial effect on total coliforms in
sewage (3hrs)
60
sewage (3hrs)
40
60
c
t
i
o
n

40
a
l

r
e
d
u
c
(
%
)
20
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
(
0 B
a
7 8 9 10
pH
Control with cyanobacteria
N F M C J. Microbiol & Biotechnol (Korean) 12:699-701 (2002)
N F M C
N F M C
Calcium reduction in ossein effluent by marine y
cyanobacteria
Organism Organism Laboratory Laboratory
scale % scale %
Field scale Field scale
%%
Halobacterium Halobacterium
Oscillatoria Oscillatoria
22 22
50 50
19.1 19.1
28 49 28 49 Oscillatoria Oscillatoria
Aphanocapsa Aphanocapsa
50 50
53 53
28.49 28.49
43 43
N F MC
Chloride reduction in ossein effluent by
marine cyanobacterium
Organism Organism
Laboratory scale Laboratory scale Field scale Field scale
y
Organism Organism
yy
%% % %
Halobacterium Halobacterium
Oscillatoria Oscillatoria
30 30
41 96 41 96
18.9 18.9
24 24 Oscillatoria Oscillatoria
Aphanocapsa Aphanocapsa
41.96 41.96
46.5 46.5
24 24
24 24
N F M C
N F M C
N F M C
N F M C
{
Always right
The Cyanobacterium is
{
Always right
Your friend
A sensitive partner
{
A sensitive partner
{
can
}
Cyanobacteria
{
will
}
do anything
{
smarter
}
will
Cyanobacteria are
{
wiser
more energetic
}
than chemists,
engineers, etc.
more energetic

Marine Cyanobacteria

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Marine Cyanobacteria

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Workshop on Recent Advances and Challenges of Biotechnology Process-NIT Dec 2006

Sandy shore (Gulf of

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