Notes Chapter 2 - Matrices

CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Page 17

2.1 Introduction

If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then the matrix is called n m
matrix. Normally, matrix can be written as
n m ij
a A

= ] [ where
ij
a is
denotes the elements i-th row and j-th column. If
ij
a for j i = , then the
elements is called the leading diagonal of matrix A. More generally,
matrix A can be written as

n m ij
mn mj m m m
in ij i i i
n j
n j
n j
a
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
A

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
= ] [
. .
. . . . . . .
. .
. . . . . . .
. .
. .
. .
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 3 33 32 31
2 2 23 22 21
1 1 13 12 11

Example 2.1
Let
(
(
(
=
3 6 4
8 9 5
1 2 8
A .

Determine
i) order of matrix A
ii) elements of the leading diagonal of matrix A
iii) elements
23
a ,
32
a and
33
a of matrix A

CHAPTER 2 : MATRICES

Definition 2.1
A matrix is an array of real numbers in m rows and n columns
Definition 2.2
If A is an n m matrix, then A is called a square matrix when the
number of row (i) is equal to the number of column (j).
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Solution
i) order of matrix A is 3 3 .
ii) 8, 9 and 3 are elements of the leading diagonal.
iii) 8
23
= a , 6
32
= a and 3
33
= a .

2.2 Type of Matrices

Example 2.2
Determine the following matrices are diagonal matrices or not.
(
(
(
=
2 0 0
5 8 0
0 0 1
A ,
(
(
(
=
3 0 0
0 9 0
0 0 8
B ,
(
(
(
=
3 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 8
C

Solution
Matrix A is not a diagonal matrix because 0
23
= a .
Matrix B is a diagonal matrix because 0 =
ij
a and 0 =
ii
a for j i = .
Matrix C is not a diagonal matrix because 0
22
= a .

Example 2.3
Determine the following matrices are scalar matrix or not.
(
=
2 0
0 2
A ,
(
(
(
=
4 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 4
B ,
(
(
(
=
4 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 4
C

Definition 2.3
An n n matrix is called a diagonal matrix if 0 =
ii
a and 0 =
ij
a for
j i = .
Definition 2.4
An n n matrix is called a scalar matrix if it is a diagonal matrix in
which the diagonal elements are equal, that is k a
ii
= and 0 =
ij
a for
j i = where k is a scalar.
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Solution
Matrix A is a scalar matrix where 2 =
ii
a .
Matrix B is a scalar matrix where 4 =
ii
a .
Matrix C is not a scalar matrix because the diagonal elements are not
equal.

Example 2.4
Determine the following matrices are identity matrix or not.
(
(
(
(
=
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
A ,
(
=
0 1 0
0 0 1
B ,
(
(
(
=
0 0
1 0
0 1
C

Solution
Matrix A is a identity matrix where 1 =
ii
a .
Matrix B is not a identity matrix because the matrix is a 3 2 matrix.
Matrix C is not a identity matrix because the matrix is a 2 3 matrix.

Example 2.5
Determine the following matrices are zero matrices or not.

(
(
(
=
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A ,
(
(
(
=
0 0
0 0
0 0
B ,
(
=
0 0 0
0 0 0
C

Definition 2.5
An n n matrix is called identity matrix if the diagonal elements
are equal to 1 and the rest of elements are zero, that is 1 =
ii
a and
0 =
ij
a for j i = . Identity matrix is denoted by
n n
I

.
Definition 2.6
An n m matrix is called a zero matrix if all the elements of the
matrix are zero, that is 0 =
ij
a and is written as
n m
0 .
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Solution
Matrices A, B and C are zero matrices because all the elements of the
matrices are zero.

Example 2.6
Determine the negative matrices of A and B
i)
(
(
(
=
6 0 3
9 4 0
11 7 5
A ii)
(
(
(
=
1 0
3 4
0 2
B

Solution
i)
(
(
(
=
6 0 3
9 4 0
11 7 5
A , hence
(
(
(

=
6 0 3
9 4 0
11 7 5
A
ii)
(
(
(
=
1 0
3 4
0 2
B , hence
(
(
(
=
1 0
3 4
0 2
B

Example 2.7
Determine the following matrices are upper triangular matrix or lower
triangular matrix.
i)
(
(
(
=
6 0 0
9 4 0
11 7 5
A ii)
(
(
(
(
=
1 3 6 6
0 7 12 3
0 0 5 4
0 0 0 3
B

Definition 2.7
A negative matrix of
n m ij
a A

= ] [ is denoted by -A where
n m ij
a A

= ] [ .
Definition 2.8
An n n matrix ] [
ij
a A = is called upper triangular matrix if 0 =
ij
a
for j i > . It is called lower triangular matrix if 0 =
ij
a for j i < .

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Solution
i)
(
(
(
=
6 0 0
9 4 0
11 7 5
A is a upper triangular matrix.

ii)
(
(
(
(
=
1 3 6 6
0 7 12 3
0 0 5 4
0 0 0 3
B is a lower triangular matrix.

Example 2.8
Determine the transpose of the following matrices.

i)
(
(
(
=
6 0 3
9 4 0
11 7 5
A ii)
(
(
(
=
1 0
3 4
0 2
B

Solution
i)
(
(
(
=
6 9 11
0 4 7
3 0 5
T
A ii)
(
=
1 3 0
0 4 2
T
B

Example 2.9
Let
(
(
(
=
7 6 3
6 5 2
3 2 4
A , find
T
A . Show that the matrix of A is a symmetric
matrix?

Definition 2.9
If ] [
ij
a A = is an n m matrix, then the tranpose of A,
T
ij
T
a A ] [ = is
the m n matrix defined by ] [ ] [
ji
T
ij
a a = .
Definition 2.10
An n n matrix is called a symmetric matrix if A A
T
= .
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Solution
A A
T
=
(
(
(
=
7 6 3
6 5 2
3 2 4
. Hence, A is a symmetric matrix.

Example 2.10
Let
(
(
(

=
0 3 2
3 0 1
2 1 0
A , find
T
A . Shows that the matrix of A is a skew
symmetric matrix?

Solution
A A
T
=
(
(
(

=
0 3 2
3 0 1
2 1 0
. Hence, A is a skew symmetric matrix.

Example 2.11
For the following matrices, determine the matrices to be in row
echelon form or not. If the matrices arent in row echelon form, give a
reason.

Definition 2.11
An n n matrix with real entries is called a skew symmetric matrix
if A A
T
= .
Definition 2.12
An n m matrix A is said to be in row echelon form (REF) if it
satisfies the following properties :
i) All zero rows, if there any, appear at the bottom of the
matrix.
ii) The first nonzero entry from the left of a nonzero is a
number 1. This entry is called a leading 1 of its row.
iii) For each non zero row, the number 1 appears to the right
of the leading 1 of the previous row.

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i)
(
(
(
=
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 1
A ii)
(
(
(
=
0 0 0
4 1 0
2 3 1
B iii)
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
7 1 0 0
6 4 1 0
C
Solution
i) Matrix A isnt in row echelon form because the number 1 in second
rows appears in the same column.
ii) Matrix B is a row echelon form.
iii) Matrix C is a row echelon form.

Example 2.12
For the following matrices, determine the matrices to be in reduced
row echelon form or not. If the matrices arent in reduced row echelon
form, give a reason.

i)
(
(
(
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
A ii)
(
(
(
=
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
B iii)
(
(
(
=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
B

Solution
i) Matrix A is in reduced row echelon form.
ii) Matrix B is in reduced row echelon form.
iii) Matrix C isnt in reduced row echelon form because 1
33
= a .

Definition 2.13
An n m matrix A is said to be in reduced row echelon form
(RREF) if it satisfies the following properties :
i) All zero rows, if there any, appear at the bottom of the
matrix.
ii) The first nonzero entry from the left of a nonzero is a
number 1. This entry is called a leading 1 of its row.
iii) For each non zero row, the number 1 appears to the right
of the leading 1 of the previous row.
iv) If a column contains a leading 1, then all other entries in
the column are zero
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2.3 Matrix Operations

Example 2.13
Given
(
=
3
0 4
y
P and
(
=
3 5
z x
Q . If P = Q, find the value of x, y and z.
Solution
Given
(
=
(
3 5 3
0 4 z x
y
and the solution is x = 4, y = 5 and z = 0.

Example 2.14
Given
(
(
(

=
3 6 4
8 9 5
1 2 8
A ,
(
(
(
=
9 6 1
3 6 5
1 2 7
B and
(
=
13 7 6
6 8 2
C .
Find
i) A + B
ii) A + C
iii) B + C

Solution
i)
(
(
(
= +
12 12 5
11 15 0
2 0 15
B A
ii) A + C (is not possible)
iii) B + C (is not possible)

Note: It should be noted that the addition of the matrices A and B is
defined only when A and B have the same number of rows and the
same number of columns

Definition 2.14
Two matrices
n m ij
a A

= ] [ and
n m ij
b B

= ] [ are equal if
ij ij
b a = and
denoted by A = B.
Definition 2.15
If ] [
ij
a A = and ] [
ij
b B = are both n m matrices, then A + B is an
n m matrix ] [
ij
c C = defined by
ij ij ij
b a c + = .
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Example 2.15
Given
(
(
(

=
3 6 4
8 9 5
1 2 8
A ,
(
(
(
=
9 6 1
3 6 5
1 2 7
B and
(
=
13 7 6
6 8 2
C .
Find
i) A B
ii) B A
iii) B C

Solution
i)
(
(
(

=
6 0 3
5 3 10
0 4 1
B A
ii)
(
(
(
=
6 0 3
5 3 10
0 4 1
A B

iii) B C (is not possible)

Note: It should be noted that the subtraction of the matrices A and B
is defined only when A and B have the same number of rows and the
same number of columns and A B B A = .

Properties of Matrices Addition and Subtraction

If A, B and C are n m matrices, then
i) A + B = B + A ii) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
iii) A + 0 = A iv) A + (A) = 0
v) (A + B)
T
= A
T
+ B
T

Definition 2.16
If ] [
ij
a A = and ] [
ij
b B = are both n m matrices, then the A - B is an
n m matrix ] [
ij
c C = defined by
ij ij ij
b a c = .
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Example 2.16
Given
(
(
(
=
12 12 5
11 15 0
2 0 15
A .
Find
i) 3A ii) -2A

Solution
i)
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
36 36 15
33 45 0
6 0 45
12 12 5
11 15 0
2 0 15
3 3A
ii)
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
=
24 24 10
22 30 0
4 0 30
12 12 5
11 15 0
2 0 15
2 2A

Properties of Scalar Multiplication

If A and B are both n m matrices, k and p are scalar, then
i) kB kA B A k + = + ) ( ii) pA kA A p k + = + ) (
iii) ) ( ) ( A kp pA k = iv) (kA)
T
= kA
T

Definition 2.17
If ] [
ij
a A = is an n m matrix and k is a scalar, then the scalar
multiplication is denoted kA where ] [
ij
ka kA =
Definition 2.18
If A is an n m matrix and B is an p n matrix, then the product
p m p n n m
C B A

= is the p m matrix.

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Example 2.17
Given
(
=
0 3 5 3
9 7 2 1
A and
(
(
(
(

=
7 4 2
1 9 6
1 0 6
7 2 2
B .
Find
i) AB ii) BA

Solution
i) AB =
(
0 3 5 3
9 7 2 1
(
(
(
(

7 4 2
1 9 6
1 0 6
7 2 2
=
(
23 33 18
79 97 74

ii) BA (is not possible)

Properties of Matrix Multiplication

If A, B and C are matrices, I identity matrix and 0 zero matrix, then
i) A(B + C) = AB + AC ii) (B + C)A = BA + CA
iii) A(BC) = (AB)C iv) IA = AI = A
v) 0A = A0 = 0 vi) (AB)
T
= B
T
A
T

2.4 Determinants

Definition 2.19
If
(
=
22 21
12 11
a a
a a
A is a 2 2 matrix, then the determinant of A
denoted by det[A] = |A| and is given by |A| =
21 12 22 11
a a a a .
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Example 2.18
Find the determinant of matrix
(
=
8 9
5 2
A .

Solution
|A| = 19 45 16
8 9
5 2
= =

Method of Calculation

32 31 33 32 31
22 21 23 22 21
12 11 13 12 11
2 1 3 2 1
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
L L L L L

- - - + + +

Example 2.19
Given
(
(
(
=
3 3 4
2 5 3
1 1 2
P , evaluate |P|.

Solution

3 4 3 3 4
5 3 2 5 3
1 2 1 1 2

- - - + + +
Definition 2.20
If
(
(
(
=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
A is a 3 3 matrix, then the determinant of A is
given by
|A|= | | | |
33 21 12 32 23 11 31 22 13 32 21 13 31 23 12 33 22 11
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a + + + + .

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So that, |P| = 2(5)(3) + 1(2)(4) + 1(3)(3) 1(5)(4) 2(2)(3) 1(3)(3)
= 30 + 8 + 9 20 12 9
= 6

Note: Methods used to evaluate the determinant above is limited to
only 2 2 and 3 3 matrices. Matrices with higher order can be
solved by using minor and cofactor methods.

2.5 Minor, Cofactor and Adjoint

Example 2.20
Let
(
(
(
=
3 3 4
2 5 3
1 1 2
A . Evaluate the following minors
i)
11
M ii)
12
M iii)
13
M

Solution
i) 9 6 15
3 3
2 5
11
= = = M
ii) 1 8 9
3 4
2 3
12
= = = M
iii) 11 20 9
3 4
5 3
13
= = = M

Definition 2.21
Let ] [
ij
a A = be an n n matrix. Let
ij
M be the ) 1 ( ) 1 ( n n
submatrix of A is obtained by deleting the i-th row and j-th column
of A. The determinant
ij
M is called the minor of A.
Definition 2.22
Let ] [
ij
a A = be an n n matrix. The cofactor
ij
C of
ij
a is defined as
ij
j i
ij
M C
+
= ) 1 ( .
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Example 2.21
Let
(
(
(
=
3 3 4
2 5 3
1 1 2
A . Evaluate the following cofactors

i)
11
C ii)
23
C iii)
13
C

Solution
i) 9 ] 6 15 [ ) 1 (
3 3
2 5
) 1 (
2 1 1
11
= = =
+
C
ii) 2 ] 4 6 [ ) 1 (
3 4
1 2
) 1 (
5 3 2
23
= = =
+
C
iii) 11 ] 20 9 [ ) 1 (
3 4
5 3
) 1 (
4 3 1
13
= = =
+
C

Definition 2.23
If
ij
C is cofactor of matrix A, then the determinant of matrix A can
be obtained by
i) Expanding along the i-th row
ij
n
j
ij in in i i i i
C a C a C a C a A

=
= + + + =
1
2 2 1 1
...
OR

ii) Expanding along the j-th column
ij
m
i
ij mj mj j j j j
C a C a C a C a A

=
= + + + =
1
2 2 1 1
...

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Example 2.22
Find the determinant of
(
(
(
(
=
3 1 2 1
4 0 1 0
3 0 1 0
1 6 4 3
A by expanding along the
second row.

Solution
Expand by the second row,

|A| =
24 24 23 23 22 22 21 21
C a C a C a C a + + +

= 0 + 1(1)
4
3 1 1
4 0 0
1 6 3
+ 0 + 3(1)
6
1 2 1
0 1 0
6 4 3

= 1(1)
4
4(1)
5
1 1
6 3
+ 3(1)
6
1(1)
4
1 1
6 3

= 4(3) + 3(3)
= 3

Properties of Determinant

i) If A is a matrix, then |A| = |A
T
|
ii) If two rows (columns) of A are equal, the |A| = 0.
iii) If a row (column) of A consist entirely of zeros elements, then
|A| = 0.
iv) If B is obtained from multiplying a row (column) of A by a
scalar k, then |B| = k |A|.
v) To any row(column) of A we can add or subtract any multiple
of any other row (column) without changing |A|.
vi) If B is obtained from A by interchanging two rows (columns),
then |B| = |A|.

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Example 2.23

Let
(
(
(
=
5 7 0
6 8 4
3 1 2
A , compute adj [A].

Solution
11
C = (1)
1+1
M
11
=
5 7
6 8
= 2,
12
C = (1)
1+2
M
12
= 1
5 0
6 4
= 20

13
C = (1)
1+3
M
13
=
7 0
8 4
= 28,
21
C = (1)
2+1
M
21
= 1
5 7
3 1
= 16

22
C = (1)
2+2
M
22
=
5 0
3 2
= 10,
23
C = (1)
2+3
M
23
= 1
7 0
1 2
= 14

31
C = (1)
3+1
M
31
=
6 8
3 1
= 18,
32
C = (1)
3+2
M
32
= 1
6 4
3 2
= 0

33
C = (1)
3+3
M
33
=
8 4
1 2
= 12

We have C
ij
=
(
(
(

12 0 18
14 10 16
28 20 2

Then, adj [A] = [C
ij
]
T
=
(
(
(

12 14 28
0 10 20
18 16 2

Definition 2.24
Let A is an n n matrix, then the adjoint of A is defined as
adj [A] = [C
ij
]
T
.
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2.6 Inverses of Matrices

If AB = I, then A is called inverse of matrix B or B is called inverse of
matrix A and denoted by A = B
-1
or B = A
-1
.

Example 2.24

Determine matrix
(

=
3 5
4 7
B is the inverse of matrix
(
=
7 5
4 3
A .

Solution
Note that

(
=
7 5
4 3
AB
(
=
(

1 0
0 1
3 5
4 7

(

=
3 5
4 7
BA
(
=
(
1 0
0 1
7 5
4 3

Hence AB = BA = I, so B is the inverse of matrix A (B = A
-1
)

Example 2.25
Let
(
=
4 6
3 5
A , find A
-1
.

Definition 2.25
An n n matrix A is said to be invertible if there exist an n n
matrix B such that AB = BA = I where I is identity matrix.

Theorem 1
If
(
=
d c
b a
A and 0 | | = A , then A
-1
=
(

a c
b d
A | |
1
.

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Solution
A
-1
=
(
(
(
=
(

2
5
3
2
3
2
5 6
3 4
2
1
.

Example 2.26
Let
(
(
(
=
5 7 0
6 8 4
3 1 2
A , find A
-1
.

Solution
From the example 2.23, adj [A] =
(
(
(

12 14 28
0 10 20
18 16 2
and |A| = 60.
Then,
(
(
(
12 14 28
0 10 20
18 16 2
60
1
1
A

Characteristic of Elementary Row Operations (ERO)
i) Interchange the i-th row and j-th row of a matrix, written as
j i
b b .
ii) Multiply the i-th row of a matrix by a nonzero scalar k, written
as kb
i
.
iii) Add or subtract a constant multiple of i-th row to the j-th row,
written as
j i
b kb + or
j i
b kb

Theorem 2
If A is n n matrix and 0 | | = A , then A
-1
=
| |
1
A
adj [A].

Theorem 3
If augmented matrix [ A | I ] may be reduced to [ I | B] by using
elementary row operation (ERO), then B is called inverse of A.

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Example 2.27
By performing the elementary row operations (ERO), find the inverse
of matrix
(
(
(

=
3 2 2
2 5 3
1 4 1
A .

Solution
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
1 0 2
0 1 3
0 0 1
5 6 0
5 7 0
1 4 1
2 :
1 0 0
0 1 3
0 0 1
3 2 2
5 7 0
1 4 1
3 :
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3 2 2
2 5 3
1 4 1
1 3 3 1 2 2
r r R r r R

(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
1
7
6
7
4
0
7
1
7
3
0 0 1
7
5
0 0
7
5
1 0
1 4 1
6 :
1 0 2
0
7
1
7
3
0 0 1
5 6 0
7
5
1 0
1 4 1
7
1
:
2 3 3 2 2
r r R r R

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

5
7
5
6
5
4
0
7
1
7
3
0
7
4
7
5
1 0 0
7
5
1 0
7
13
0 1
5
7
:
1
7
6
7
4
0
7
1
7
3
0
7
4
7
5
7
5
0 0
7
5
1 0
7
13
0 1
4 :
3 3 2 1 1
r R r r R

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
5
7
5
6
5
4
1 1 1
5
13
5
14
5
11
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
7
13
:
5
7
5
6
5
4
1 1 1
0
7
4
7
5
1 0 0
0 1 0
7
13
0 1
7
5
:
3 1 1 3 2 2
r r R r r R

Then,
(
(
(
5
7
5
6
5
4
5
13
5
14
5
11
1
1 1 1 A .

CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Page 36

2.7 Solving the Systems of Linear Equation

2.7.1 Inversion Method

Consider the following system of linear equations with n equations
and n unknowns.

1 1 2 12 1 11
... b x a x a x a
n n
= + + +
2 2 2 22 1 21
... b x a x a x a
n n
= + + +
.
.
.
n n nn n n
b x a x a x a = + + + ...
2 2 1 1

The systems of linear equations can be written as a single matrix
equation AX = B, that is

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
nn n n
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
n
x
x
x
.
.
.
.
2
1
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
n
b
b
b
.
.
.
.
2
1

Here, A is a coefficients matrix, X is the vector of unknowns and B is
a vector containing the right hand sides of the equations. The solution
is obtained by multiplying both side of the matrix equation on the left
by the inverse of matrix A:

A
-1
AX = A
-1
B
IX = A
-1
B
X = A
-1
B

CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Page 37

Example 2.28
Solve the system of linear equations by using the inverse matrix
method.

18 6 4 2
3 2 1
= + + x x x
24 6 5 4
3 2 1
= + + x x x
4 2 3
3 2 1
= + x x x

Solution

A =
(
(
(
2 1 3
6 5 4
6 4 2
, X =
(
(
(
3
2
1
x
x
x
and B =
(
(
(
4
24
18

AX = B =
(
(
(
2 1 3
6 5 4
6 4 2
(
(
(
3
2
1
x
x
x
=
(
(
(
4
24
18

A
-1
=
(
(
(

6 10 11
12 22 26
6 14 16
6
1

Then,
X = A
-1
B =
(
(
(

6 10 11
12 22 26
6 14 16
6
1
(
(
(
4
24
18
=
(
(
(
3
2
4

Hence, 4
1
= x , 2
2
= x and 3
3
= x .

CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Page 38

2.7.2 Gaussian Elimination

and n unknowns.

1 1 2 12 1 11
... b x a x a x a
n n
= + + +
2 2 2 22 1 21
... b x a x a x a
n n
= + + +
.
.
.
n n nn n n
b x a x a x a = + + + ...
2 2 1 1

The system of linear equations can be written in the augmented form
that is [ A | B ] matrix and state the matrix in the following form :

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
n nn n n
n
n
b
b
b
a a a
a a a
a a a
.
.
.
.
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

By using elementary row operations (ERO) on this matrix such that
the matrix A may reduce in the row echelon form (REF). It is called a
Gaussian elimination process.

CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Page 39

Example 2.29
Solve the system of linear equations by using Gaussian elimination.

6 4
3 2 1
= + x x x
19 2 5 3
3 2 1
= + + x x x
15 3 2 2
3 2 1
= + + x x x

Solution

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
3
1
6
5 6 0
5 7 0
1 4 1
2 :
15
1
6
3 2 2
5 7 0
1 4 1
3 :
15
19
6
3 2 2
2 5 3
1 4 1
1 3 3 1 2 2
r r R r r R
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(

3
1
6
1 0 0
1 0
1 4 1
5
7
:
7
15
7
1
6
7
5
0 0
7
5
1 0
1 4 1
6 :
3
7
1
6
5 6 0
7
5
1 0
1 4 1
7
1
:
7 7
5
3 3 2 3 3 2 2
r R r r R r R

From the Gaussian elimination, we have

6 4
3 2 1
= + x x x

7
1
7
5
3 2
= x x
3
3
= x

Then, the solution is 1
1
= x , 2
2
= x and 3
3
= x .

CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Page 40

2.7.3 Gauss-Jordan Elimination

and n unknowns.

1 1 2 12 1 11
... b x a x a x a
n n
= + + +
2 2 2 22 1 21
... b x a x a x a
n n
= + + +
.
.
.
n n nn n n
b x a x a x a = + + + ...
2 2 1 1

The system of linear equations can be written in the augmented form
that is [ A | B ] matrix and state the matrix in the following form :

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
n nn n n
n
n
b
b
b
a a a
a a a
a a a
.
.
.
.
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11

By using the elementary row operations (ERO) on this matrix such
that the matrix A may reduce in the reduced row echelon form
(RREF). The procedure to reduce a matrix to reduced row echelon
form is called Gauss-Jordan elimination.

CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Page 41

Example 2.30
Solve the system of linear equations by using Gauss-Jordan
elimination.

6 4
3 2 1
= + x x x
19 2 5 3
3 2 1
= + + x x x
15 3 2 2
3 2 1
= + + x x x

Solution

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
3
1
6
5 6 0
5 7 0
1 4 1
2 :
15
1
6
3 2 2
5 7 0
1 4 1
3 :
15
19
6
3 2 2
2 5 3
1 4 1
1 3 3 1 2 2
r r R r r R
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(

3
1
6
1 0 0
1 0
1 4 1
5
7
:
7
15
7
1
6
7
5
0 0
7
5
1 0
1 4 1
6 :
3
7
1
6
5 6 0
7
5
1 0
1 4 1
7
1
:
7 7
5
3 3 2 3 3 2 2
r R r r R r R

(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(

+
3
2
1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
4 :
3
2
9
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 4 1
:
3
2
6
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 4 1
7
5
:
2 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 2
r r R r r R r r R

From the Gauss-Jordan elimination, the solution of linear equation is
1
1
= x , 2
2
= x and 3
3
= x .

CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Page 42

2.7.4 Cramers Rule

If AX = B is a system of n linear equations with n unknown such that
0 | | = A , then the system has a unique solution;
| |
| |
A
A
x
i
i
= where
i
A is the
matrix obtained by replacing the entries in the i-th column of A by the
entries in the matrix B.

Example 2.31
Solve the system of linear equations by using Cramers Rule.

2x + 4y + 6z = 18
4x + 5y + 6z = 24
3x + y 2z = 4

Solution
Write a single matrix equation AX = B, that is
(
(
(
2 1 3
6 5 4
6 4 2
(
(
(
z
y
x
=
(
(
(
4
24
18

Theorem 4
The unique solution of the system of linear equation

1 12 11
b y a x a = +
2 22 21
b y a x a = +

with nonzero coefficient determinant is given by
22 21
12 11
22 2
12 1
a a
a a
a b
a b
x = and
22 21
12 11
2 12
1 11
a a
a a
b a
b a
y =
CHAPTER 2: MATRICES
DQT 101

Page 43

Then,

x =
2 1 3
6 5 4
6 4 2
2 1 4
6 5 24
6 4 18
=
6
24
= 4

y =
2 1 3
6 5 4
6 4 2
2 4 3
6 24 4
6 18 2
=
6
12
= 2

z =
2 1 3
6 5 4
6 4 2
4 1 3
24 5 4
18 4 2
=
6
18
= 3

Notes Chapter 2 - Matrices

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CHAPTER 2: MATRICES

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