Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OPENING REMARKS
ANTONIO R. GODOY CHAIRPERSON
At international level, what IAEA has done before March 2011? The establishment of a set of safety standards (requirements and guides) for site selection and site evaluation, and related design aspects.
BEFORE FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT Key events to improve knowledge and standards: In 1986, the Chernobyl accident; At the 90s, the break-up of the former Soviet Union; The reaction to 9/11 event in 2001; The extreme external flooding events, the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004; The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP Case, July 2007
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BEFORE FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT And at national levels, what has been done before Fukushima?: Specific and detailed design criteria against earthquakes and external hazards, in general, in the 60s and 70s, by technology supplier countries. Requirement on periodic safety reviews Safety re-evaluation programmes, particularly, on seismic safety. Stagnation period, the 90s.
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BEFORE FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT Did we pay enough and proper attention to the Warning Calls we received?:
BEFORE FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, a success story: Underestimation of earthquake ground motions; Conservatism in the SSCs design; Strong influence of local society and media, transparency and openness; International cooperation and world nuclear community participation; Development of new procedural documents (e.g. IAEA SR 66).
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AFTER FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT On 11th March 2011, at 2:46pm, a Magnitude 9 earthquake occurred in the subduction zone offshore of the Pacific Coast of Japan. The combination of two extreme natural events that occurred sequentially led to the Fukushima Daiichi accident: the first initiating event was the earthquake and the following ensuing event was a tsunami.
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AFTER FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT Conclusion 3: There were insufficient defence-in-depth provisions for tsunami hazards. In particular:
although tsunami hazards were considered both
in the site evaluation and the design of the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP as described during the meetings and the expected tsunami height was increased to 5.7 m (without changing the licensing documents) after 2002, the tsunami hazard was underestimated;
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AFTER FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT Conclusion 3: thus, considering that in reality a dry site was not
provided for these operating NPPs, the additional protective measures taken as result of the evaluation conducted after 2002 were not sufficient to cope with the high tsunami run up values and all associated hazardous phenomena (hydrodynamic forces and dynamic impact of large debris with high energy);
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AFTER FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT Lesson 1: There is a need to ensure that in considering external natural hazards:
the siting and design of nuclear plants should
include sufficient protection against infrequent and complex combinations of external events and these should be considered in the plant safety analysis specifically those that can cause site flooding and which may have longer term impacts;
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AFTER FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT Lesson 1: There is a need to ensure that in considering external natural hazards: plant layout should be based on maintaining a
dry site concept, where practicable, as a defence-in-depth measure against site flooding as well as physical separation and diversity of critical safety systems; common cause failure should be particularly considered for multiple unit sites and multiple sites, and for independent unit recovery options, utilizing all on-site resources should be provided;
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AFTER FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT Lesson 1: There is a need to ensure that in considering external natural hazards:
any changes in external hazards or understanding
of them should be periodically reviewed for their impact on the current plant configuration; and an active tsunami warning system should be established with the provision for immediate operator action.
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FINAL REMARKS
one in one million it does not mean that is
impossible; hazard assessment based on pre-historical and historical database; less complacent with human errors in the decision making process and the governance deficiencies; peer reviews by independent peers: effective way to learn and to generate changes and improvements
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