ENGINEERING STATISTIC COURSEWORK TWO WAY ANOVA AND LINEAR REGRESSION (NOISE LEVEL)

MUHAMMAD AIZAT AZMATUN BINTI ABIDIN NURFAMIEZA BINTI RAMLE NUR WASIMAH BINTI ABD. WAHAB NURUL ZAWANI KAMILAH BINTI MOHAMAD SUHADA SYAZA BINTI SAFIEE

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SUMMARY

In this study, two ways ANOVA and regression analysis has been done in order the relationship between the factors and the noise level. The noise level can be affected by location (for example; noise level in the city is higher than in the rural community) and time or period (for example; noise level in the night would be lower than the noise level in the morning and the afternoon). The noise level measurement has been done in 3 different roads by using sound level meter in order to know the level of noise that been exposed to the receiver, in order to know whether a mitigation method should be taken or not. From the two ways ANOVA and analysis test, it is proven that both location and period which act as factor has the relationship with the noise level as both tests reject H0 which states that there are no relationship between noise level and location or period.

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INTRODUCTION

Noise can be defined as an unwanted or undesired sound. Decibel is the standard unit for measurement of sound. Usually 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful. And can be termed as noise. Humans, animals, plants and even inert objects like buildings and bridges have been victims of the increasing noise pollution caused in the world. Be it human or machinecreated, noise disrupts the activity and balance of life. While traffic dons the cap of being the largest noise maker throughout the world, there are many others that add to it, making our globe susceptible to its effects. The effect of noise pollution is multi-faceted and inter-related.

Sources of noise pollution include Traffic noise as the main source of noise pollution caused in urban areas. With the ever-increasing number of vehicles on road, the sound caused by the cars and exhaust system of autos, trucks, buses and motorcycles is the chief reason for noise pollution. Effects from this pollution are too much of noise disturbs the rhythms of working, thereby affecting the concentration required for doing a work. Noise of traffic or the loud speakers or different types of horns divert the attention, thus causing harm in the working standard. This pollution too indirectly affects the vegetation. Plants require cool & peaceful environment to grow. Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops.

Noise pollution can measured in decibels. When noise is at 45 decibels, no human being can sleep, and at 120 decibels the ear is in pain and hearing begins to be damaged at 85 decibels. In noise pollution, sound level meter was used in this experiment to measured sound pressure level as to get the data or result and it are commonly used in noise pollution studies for the quantification of almost any noise, but especially for industrial, environmental and aircraft noise.

Location of this noise pollution were located at busy road in urban areas whereby everincreasing number of vehicle on road at certain time. Location that we take as our experiment is Jalan Gereja, Jalan Hang Tuah and Jalan Klebang Besar. This is because all these location have a potentially to pollution.

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In this experiment, we use a two method which are Two-way ANOVA and linear regression to analyze our result. The two-way analysis of variance is an extension to the one-way analysis of variance. There are two independent variables (hence the name two-way). The two independent variables in a two-way ANOVA are called factors. While for linear regression is a general method for estimating/describing association between a continuous outcome variable (dependent) and one or multiple predictors (factors) in one equation.

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RESULTS

Location

Jalan Gereja Period Trial 1 (dBa)

Jalan Hang Tuah

Jalan Klebang Besar

Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 (dBa) (dBa) (dBa) (dBa) (dBa) (dBa) (dBa) (dBa)

Morning (7.30am9.30am) Afternoon (12pm- 1pm) 93.3 85.4 94.4 94.4 88.3 89.6 91.4 91.8 89.3 92.8 88.0 87.3 90.3 88.5 91.3 93.3 92.1 91.4

Evening (4.30pm6.30pm) Night (8pm-10pm) 83.4 86.2 84.4 86.3 84.1 85.2 84.2 85.8 84.8 89.1 93.6 90.3 94.3 91.3 92.4 95.9 93.6 91.4

TWO WAY ANOVA ANALYSES

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Step 1:

H0: there are no differences between the means for period H1: the mean for period differs

Step 2:

SOURCE PERIOD LOCATION INTERACTION ERROR TOTAL

DF 3 2 6 24 35

SS 273.890 25.627 35.973 177.140 512.630

MS 91.2967 12.8133 5.9956 7.3808

F 12.37 1.74 0.81

Step 3:

0.05,3,24

3.01

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Step 4: Reject H0

Step 5: Period does affect the noise level reading.

Step 1:

H0: There are no differences between the means for location H1: The mean for location differs

Step 2:

SOURCE PERIOD LOCATION INTERACTION ERROR TOTAL

DF 3 2 6 24 35

SS 273.890 25.627 35.973 177.140 512.630

MS 91.2967 12.8133 5.9956 7.3808

F 12.37 1.74 0.81

Step 3:

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0.05, 2, 24

3.40

Step 4:

Fail to reject H0

Step 5:

Location does not affect the noise level reading. Step 1:

H0: There are no interaction between period and location H1: Period and location interact

Step 2:

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SOURCE PERIOD LOCATION INTERACTION ERROR TOTAL

DF 3 2 6 24 35

SS 273.890 25.627 35.973 177.140 512.630

MS 91.2967 12.8133 5.9956 7.3808

F 12.37 1.74 0.81

Step 3:

0.05, 6, 24

2.51

Step 4: Fail to reject H0.

Step 5: Period and location does not interact

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REGRESSION ANALYSIS Noise Level VS Location

X (LOCATION) 1 2 3 TOTAL 6

Y (NOISE LEVEL) 90.725 89.058 89.3164 269.0994

XY

1 4 9 14

8231.03 7931.33 7977.42 24139.75

90.725 178.116 267.95 536.791

Sxx = X - (X) n
= 14 (6) 3 =2

Syy= Y - (Y) n
=24139.81 (269.0994) 3 =1.6176

Sxy= XY (X) (Y)

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n
=536.791 (6) (269.0994) 3 = - 1.4078

^ 1 = Sxy Sxx

= - 1.4078 2

= - 0.7039

0 = - 1X

= 89.6998 (- 0.7039) (2)

= 91.1076

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r=

Sxy

Sxx Sxy

- 1.4078

(2) (1.6176)

= - 0.7827

R = 0.6126

= 61.26 % Noise Level VS Period

X (PERIOD) 1 2 3 4 TOTAL 10

Y (NOISE LEVEL) 90.56 90.88 92.43 84.93 358.8

XY

1 4 9 16 30

8201.11 8259.17 8543.30 7213.10 32216.68

90.56 181.76 277.29 339.72 889.33

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n
= 30 (10) 4 =5

Syy= Y - (Y) n
= 32216.6419 (358.8) 4 = 32.32

Sxy= XY (X) (Y) n

= 889.33 (10) (358.8) 4 = - 7.67

^ 1 = Sxy Sxx

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= - 7.67 5 = -1.534

0 = - 1X

= 89.7 (- 3.835)

= 93.535

r=

Sxy

Sxx Sxy

- 7.67

(5) (32.32)

= - 0.6037

R = 0.3640

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= 36.4 %

Period
93 92 91 90 Noise 89 88 87

Regression Graph
85

86

Title: Period Graph 84

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Period 3.0 3.5 4.0

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Title: Location Graph

Location
90.8 90.6 90.4 90.2 Noise 90.0 89.8 89.6 89.4 89.2 89.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 Location 2.5 3.0

CORRELATION ANALYSIS Testing The Coefficient of Correlation Period Factor

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Step 1: H: = 0 there is no correlation between period and noise level H: 0 there is a correlation between period and noise level

Step 2: X (PERIOD) Y (NOISE LEVEL) 1 2 3 4 TOTAL 10 90.56 90.88 92.43 84.93 358.8 1 4 9 16 30 8201.11 8259.17 8543.30 7213.10 32216.68 90.56 181.76 277.29 339.72 889.33 X Y XY

t = r n-2 1- r
= - 0.6034 4-2 (1- (-o.6034)

= - 0.8533 0.7974 = - 1.0701

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Step 3:
t,5/2, 2

-4.303

4.303

Step 4: Reject H at 5%

Step 5: There is a correlation between period and noise level

Location Factor Step 1:

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H: = 0 there is no correlation between location and noise level H: 0 there is a correlation between location and noise level

Step 2: X (LOCATION) Y (NOISE LEVEL) 1 2 3 TOTAL 6 90.725 89.058 89.3164 269.0994 1 4 9 14 8231.03 7931.33 7977.42 24139.75 90.725 178.116 267.95 536.791 X Y XY

t = r n-2 1- r
= - 0.7827 3-2 (1- (- 0.7827) = - 0.7827 0.6224 = - 1.2576

Step 3:

t, 5/2, 1

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-12.71

12.71

Step 4: Reject H at 5%

Step 5: There is a correlation between location and noise level

TEST FOR LINEARLITY Testing The Slope of the Regression Line

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Period factor Step 1: H: = 0 there is no linear relationship between period and noise level H: 0 there is a linear relationship between period and noise level

Step 2: X (PERIOD) Y (NOISE LEVEL) 1 2 3 4 TOTAL 10 90.56 90.88 92.43 84.93 358.8 1 4 9 16 30 8201.11 8259.17 8543.30 7213.10 32216.68 90.56 181.76 277.29 339.72 889.33 X Y XY

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Sxx

(-1.534) 0 10. 2771 5

= - 1.0699 ^

Se = Syy Sxy n-2

= 32.32 (-1.534)(-7.67) 4-2 = 10.2771

Step 3:

t= 5/2, 2

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- 4.303 4.303

Step 4: Reject H at 5%

Step 5: There is a linear relationship between period and noise level

LOCATION FACTOR Step 1: H: = 0 there is no linear relationship between location and noise level

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H: 0 there is a linear relationship between location and noise level

Step 2: X (LOCATION) Y (NOISE LEVEL) 1 2 3 TOTAL 6 90.725 89.058 89.3164 269.0994 1 4 9 14 8231.03 7931.33 7977.42 24139.75 90.725 178.116 267.95 536.791 X Y XY

t = - Se Sxx
= (-0.739) 0 0.6266 2 = - 1.2576

Se = Syy Sxy n-2

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= 1.6176 (-0.7039)(-1.4078) 3-2 = 0.6266

Step 3:

t =5/2 , 1

-12.71

12.71

Step 4: Reject H at 5%

Step 5: There is a linear relationship between location and noise level

CONCLUSION

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The aim of noise level monitoring is to determine the exposure of noise to the receiver (people). Several factors can affect the level of noise such as period and location of the exposure. From the experiment that has been done, two factors have been tested for the relationship with noise level. Theoretically, the noise level has relationship with location of the exposure. If the location is the main road which more vehicles use the road, the noise level would be high. For the period, the noise level would be higher during peak hour as more people would use the road for work. The recorded data for the noise level monitoring has been used for ANOVA two way analyses and correlation analysis. It is known that period and location has significant relationship with noise level as both test reject H at = 5%. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) measures the effect of two factors simultaneously. On the hand, two ways ANOVA would not only be able to access both factors in the same test but also whether there is an interaction between the factors. Meanwhile linear regression analyzes the relationship between two variables, X and Y. The value r2 is a fraction between 0.0 and 1.0, and has no units. An r2 value of 0.0 means that knowing X does not help to predict Y. There is no linear relationship between X and Y, and the best-fit line is a horizontal line going through the mean of all Y values. When r2 equals 1.0, all points lie exactly on a straight line with no scatter.

RECOMMENDATION In order to get an accurately and precisely data this experiment it should be enrolling at with more various collection number of data.

APPENDIX

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Picture 1.1: Sound Level Meter is an output port on the meter records sound level data in decibels (dB).

Procedure of Data Analyzed using Two Way ANOVA 1. Step 1

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Click Minitab icon at desktop and page will be display as below:

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2. Step 2 Insert the experiment data as below:

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3. Step 3 Analyzed the data via MINITAB (Two Way ANOVA) as below: i)

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ii)

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4. Step 4 The analyzed data of Two Way ANOVA will had shown as below:

MINI TAB PROJECT Two-way ANOVA: noise level versus period, location

Source period location Interaction Error Total

DF 3 2 6 24 35

SS 273.890 25.627 35.973 177.140 512.630

MS 91.2967 12.8133 5.9956 7.3808

F 12.37 1.74 0.81

P 0.000 0.198 0.571

S = 2.717

R-Sq = 65.44%

R-Sq(adj) = 49.61%

5. Step 5 Proceed with Hypothesis Testing.

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Data Analyzed using Linear Regression 1. Step 1 Click Minitab icon at desktop and page will be display as below:

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2. Step 2 Insert the experiment data as below:

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3. Step 3 Analyzed the data via MINITAB (Linear Regression) as below: i)

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ii)

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4. Step 4 The analyzed data of Linear Regression will had shown as below:

Regression Analysis: Noise versus Period

The regression equation is Noise = 93.5 - 1.53 Period

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Predictor Constant Period S = 3.20718

Coef 93.535 -1.534

SE Coef 3.928 1.434

T 23.81 -1.07

P 0.002 0.397

R-Sq = 36.4%

R-Sq(adj) = 4.6%

Analysis of Variance Source Regression Residual Error Total DF 1 2 3 SS 11.77 20.57 32.34 MS 11.77 10.29 F 1.14 P 0.397

5. Step 5 Repeat Step 1 until Step 4 for Location data. 6. Step 6 Proceed with Hypothesis Testing.

DATA ON THE MINITAB ANOVA-TWO WAY ANOVA PERIOD MORNING MORNING MORNING LOCATION A A A NOISE LEVEL 92.8 88.0 87.3

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MORNING MORNING MORNING MORNING MORNING MORNING AFTERNOON AFTERNOON AFTERNOON AFTERNOON AFTERNOON AFTERNOON AFTERNOON AFTERNOON AFTERNOON EVENING EVENING EVENING EVENING EVENING EVENING EVENING EVENING EVENING NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT NIGHT

B B B C C C A A A B B B C C C A A A B B B C C C A A A B B B C C C

90.3 88.5 91.3 93.3 92.1 91.4 93.3 85.4 94.4 94.4 88.3 89.6 91.4 91.8 89.3 89.1 93.6 90.3 94.3 91.3 92.4 95.9 93.6 91.4 83.4 86.2 84.4 86.3 84.1 85.2 84.2 85.8 84.8

REGRESSION ANALYSIS : NOISE LEVEL VS PERIOD USING MINITAB

PERIOD 1 2 3

NOISE LEVEL 90.56 90.88 92.43

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84.93

REGRESSION ANALYSIS : NOISE LEVEL VS LOCATION USING MINITAB

LOCATION 1 2 3

NOISE LEVEL 90.725 89.058 89.3164

REFERENCE
1) Meet Minitab 15 for Windows, January 2007

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