Social 20-1: The Path to the Modern Age Scientific Revolution 1.

. Explain how many believe the Modern Age began with the Protestant Reformation.
The protestant revolution sparked by Martin Luther redefined humanitys relationship to the divine, by placing more emphasis on the direct relationship between human beings and God rather than the role of the church.

2. Explain the old view of the cosmos

That the universe was made up of a series of concentric and larger spheres, the earth being the innermost sphere or the center of the universe.

3. What theory did Copernicus present? What was the chief problem with it?
Copernicus substituted a cosmos which was heliocentric (Sun catered) over the old one which had been geocentric (earth-centered). The chief problem was that as a new model of interpretation; it did not provide any quantities of evidence.

4. How did Brahe and Kepler give Copernicus theory more credibility?
Copernicus theory was given more credibility when Tycho Brahes assistant Johannes Kepler discovered there was a mathematical regulation that governed the cosmos. There were three laws. #1 the movement of a the planets is a regular elliptical orbit, with the sun as the center. #2 that planets took the same amount of time to orbit. #3 the planets mathematical square of the orbit time is proportional to the planets medium distance from the sun.

5. What did Galileo build that changed science? What did he discover about the solar system?
Galileo Galilee (1564-1642). Changed science by borrowing an idea froom the Dutch, he designed and built a telescope in order to see the heavens more closely.

6. Why did Galileos work get him into trouble? What consequences did he face?
Galileos work was not only contrary to the teachings of Ptolemy; it challenged the authority of the Bible and the Catholic Church. Theologians and philosophers were angry with Galileo for putting forth a view of the world which seemed to contradict the Bible and the dogmas of the Church.

7. What did Galileo mean by these statements: a. I think that in discussions of physical problems we ought to begin not from the authority of scriptural passages, but from sense-experiences and necessary demonstrations
Galileo says that Nature, as opposed to the Bible is unchangeable and unchallengeable, it never transgresses the laws may be placed upon it, as it does not care whether its ways are understandable by man. Thus nothing that it set before our eyes, or which demonstrations prove

to us should be called into question or condemned upon the testimony of biblical passages, which may have different meaning.

b. I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with senses, reason, and intellect has intended to forgo their use and by some other means to give us knowledge which we can attain by them
What Galileo meant was that he didnt believe God would give hum the power of reason and logic with the intention for us to abandon their use.

8. Explain the excerpt from John Donnes poem.

And new philosophy calls all in doubt; The element of fire is quite put out; The sun is lost, and the earth, and no mans wit Can well direct him where to look for it. This excerpt explains that the challenging of old models created uncertainty, such as something like The sun being put out was a sense the old order was disappearing and that the fixed truths of the old culture were no longer reliable.

9. Explain Isaac Newtons main contribution.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) an English physicist and mathematician provided a theory of gravity which claimed that the planets moved in the manner described by Keper because they were drawn to the sun by a force which could be calculated. He believed that the force which held the planets in orbit was the same as that which caused bodies to fall to earth. This united all previous claims of the cosmos.

10. Newton realized he was challenging more than theories about the Earth explain.
He was also challenging the perception of the relationship between man and God. Newton spent much of him time studying theology affirmed at the end of his scientific masterwork in 1687, that the world was organized by a beneficent and wise God.

11. Explain the new view of the universe and the concept of Deism.
Deism is the idea that God created the universe, and then let it run itself. That He had no active day to day involvement with the world or the people in it.

12. Explain Rene Descartes views: a. I think, therefore I am

Rene Descartes was sceptical after disproving everything that he used to believe in, that he actually existed. Regardless of whether or not his beliefs were wrong, or that he was being deceived in life, he is able to see that he has the ability to doubt something and that he must exist to even doubt in the first place. I think what he meant was that one who doubts, or only people who think for themselves can truly have a meaningful purpose and existence in the world.

b. Rules of logic
The rules of logic are to strive to seek clarity, to never accept anything to be true unless you know such. To strive for economy and simplicity of complex matter, and third to move from the simple to the complex because of a belief that the rules for the simple hold true to the complex as well and fourth, to be comprehensive, or to understand everything fully.

c. Rationalism

Rene placed great emphasis on finding self-evident truths, and obtaining solutions through deduction. He also trusted the proofs of mathematicians, for he believed mathematical reasoning was the path to a secure theory of knowledge.

13. Explain the heroic task accomplished by the thinkers of the Scientific Revolution.
The heroic task was standing up in a torrent of people and beginning to go the other way. During the time it was very unorthodox to go against the teachings of the Greeks and the Church, as the Church had close to if not more power than the kings themselves. Without this task being completed, humanity would not be where it is today technologically and ideologically.

14. Watch each of the videos and note THREE things about each notable figures contributions.
Its 1am.