ELECTRICAL SCIENCE

Jan- May2012

Compiled by: Sr. Lect. Prachi Dewan ECE Department GTBIT.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
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(Electrical Science Lab-I) Branch:- EEE /ECE

1. Introduction to various Basic Instruments of Electrical Science 2. To verify Superposition Theorem. 3. To verify Thevenin Theorem and find out Thevenins Equivalent circuit using DC Sources. 4. To verify Maximum Transfer Theorm for D.C source. 5. To study R-L-C series circuit and draw its phasor diagram. 6. Measurement of energy and calibration of single phase Energy meter with Wattmeter. 7. To perform open circuit test and short circuit test on single phase transformer. 8. Load test on a single phase transformer regulation and efficiency.

EXPERIMENT 1

AIM: Introduction to various Basic Instruments of Electrical Science OBJECTIVE: Introduction to various Supply Systems, Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Wattmeter, Energy meter, Tachometer, Rheostat, Loading Devices, Transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Demonstration of various instruments like Ammeter,

Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Energy meter, Tachometer, Rheostat, Various Capacitors, Various Resistors, AC and DC Power Supply.

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
a) AMMETER Ammeters are employed for measuring current in a circuit and connected in series with the circuit. As ammeter is connected in series, the voltage drop across ammeter terminals should be as low as possible. This requires that the resistance of the ammeter should be as low as possible. The current coil of Ammeter has low current carrying capacity whereas the current to be measured may be quite high. For this reason a low resistance is connected in parallel to the current coil. b) VOLTMETER Voltmeters are employed to measure the potential difference across any two points of the circuit these are connected in the parallel to the circuit. The resistance of voltmeter is kept very high by connecting a high resistance in series of the voltmeter with the current coil of the instrument. The actual voltage drop across the current coil of the voltmeter is only a fraction of the total voltage applied across the voltmeter which is to be measured. There are three types of ammeters and voltmeters generally used : (a) Moving coil type (b) Moving iron type (c) Electronic Voltmeter c) WATTMETER The measurement of real power in AC circuits is done by using an instrument using Wattmeter. The real power in AC circuits is given by expression VI cos 3

where, cos is power factor. A wattmeter is comprises of two coils namely current coil and pressure coil. The current coil is connected in series with the load and the pressure coil is connected across the load.Wattmeters are available in dual range for voltages as well as for current .g. 5/10A,000/400V.In order take down the correct reading a multiplying factor is used. These multiplying factors are according to the range of instrument

d) ENERGYMETER Energy meter is an instrument which is used o measure he consumption of electric energy in an AC circuits. It measures energy in KWH. The principle of operation of an energy meter is just like wattmeter except that due to power through the meter ,a disc rotates. The number of revolution made by the disc is counted. e) TACHOMETER Tachometer is an instrument to measure the speed in r.p.m..The speed of a rotating shaft is measured by inserting he tapered projected of the tachometer into the tapered hole in a rotating shaft of which speed is to be measured.

f) RHEOSTAT Rheostats are made up of high resistivity material like nickel-chromium iron alloy closely wound over a circular tube.These are available both in single tube and double tube.Interturn insulation is provided to avoid short circuiting of turns. The tube of rheostat are made 4

of insulating material like asbestos. These are employed at places where resistance of a circuit is to be varied without breaking the circuit.

G) LOADING DEVICES The most commonly used loading devices are (1) lamp Bank (2) loading Rheostat. Lamp Bank load consist of number of lamps connected to form a load. These are suitably connected and controlled by a no. of switches. The switches are provided in a manner that it should be possible to switch on any required no. of lamps at a time. A loading rheostat type of load consist of no. of identical resistive element. These elements are connected in series or parallel. The rheostat are made up of high resisitvity material such as nichrome. The elements of the load can be designed to take 1A, 2A or 4 A of current. h) VAROIUS SUPPLY SYSTEM (a) A.C supply systems: There are two types of supply (i) Single phase-230V:In this system we have two wires, one is known as phase/line and the other is neutral .

(ii)

Three phase-240 V(line to line):In his system we have three wires, one for each phase or line.

(b) DC Supply System There are two type of D.C supply system (i)From battery (ii)From generator

TRANSFORMER:A transformer is a static device which consists of two or more stationary electric circuits interlinked by a common magnetic circuit for a purpose of transferring electrical energy between them. The transfer of electric energy takes place from one circuit to another circuit without change in frequency. There are two types of transformer. One is step up and the other is step down. REFERENCES Books 6

1.Electrical Scienceby J.B.Gupta 2.A Text book of Electrical TechnologyBy B.L.Thereja Vol-11 3.Electrical Engineering FundamentalsBy Del Toro 4.Electric Circuits by James Nilson(pearson publication) URLs 1.www.brighthub.com 2.www.allaboutcircuits.com 3. www.howstuffworks.com 4. www.nptel.iitm.ac.in LAB TUTORIALS 1.What are the basic measuring instruments? 2.What is the working priniciple of wattmeter and energymeter? 3.What is the working principle of generator? 4.What are the various safety measures while performing practical in electrical science lab? 5.Discuss he various types of resistors and capacitors? 6.Define the term ideal current and voltage source?

EXPERIMENT-2 AIM: To verify Superposition Theorem.

OBJECTIVE: To apply the principle of Superposition Theorem for electrical network

containing independent Dc sources.

APPARATUS: Digital Multimeter, Power Supply, Resistance (wire wound),

Connecting Wires

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Superposition theorem states that in a linear network containing several independent sources, the overall response at any point in the network equals the sum of responses due to each independent source considered separately with all other independently sources made inoperative. To make a source inoperative, it is short circuited leaving behind its internal resistance or impedance, if it is a voltage source and it is open circuited leaving behind its internal resistance or impedance, if it is a current source. In most electrical circuit analysis problems, a circuit is energized by a single independent energy source. In such cases, it is quite easy to find the response (i.e. current, voltage, power) in a particular branch of the circuit using simple network reduction techniques(i.e. series parallel combination, star delta transformation etc.). However, in the presence of more than one independent sources in the circuit, the response cannot be determined by direct application of network reduction techniques. In such a situation, the principle of superposition may be applied to a linear network, to find the resultant response due to all the sources acting simultaneously. The superposition theorem is based on the principle of superposition. The principle of Superposition states that the response (a desired current or the voltage) at any point in the linear network having more than one independent source can be obtained as the sum of responses caused by the separate independent sources acting alone. The validity of principle of superposition means that the presence of one excitation does not affect the response due to other excitations.

CIRCUI

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the DC power supply to resistance R1.Adjust voltage of supply to 10V. 2. Connect another DC supply to resistance R2. Adjust voltage to 5 V. 3. Connect the DC milli ammeter to resistance R3. 4. Now remove the left hand side of supply and measure and record the current through R3. 9

I3=___ma 5. Remove another supply and measure and record the current through R3. I3=__ma. 6. Now apply both the supplies and measure the current in R3 i.e. I3. Now I3= I3+ I3

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OBSERVATION TABLE:
Calculated Values I3 I3 I3

Observed Values V1=10V V2=0V I3 V2=5V V1=0V I3 V1=10V V2=5V I3

CALCULATIONS:
I3(Observed)=I1+I2 I3(Calculated) 11

% Error=(Observed Value-Calculated Value)/Calculated Value

RESULT:
The percentage error is found to be__%.

DISCUSSION:
The % error is found to be in the range within 10%.The percentage error is due to observational errors,tolerance errors,calibration of instruments etc.However ,superposition theorm cannot applied to non-linear nework and network containing only dependent sources.

CONCLUSION:
The superposition theorem is verified.

REFERENCES:
Books: 1. Fundamentals of Electrical engineering by Ashfaq Husain. 2. A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L Thereja. 3. Electrical Science by J. B. Gupta

URLS:
1.www.brighthub.com 2.www.allaboutcircuits.com 3. www.howstuffworks.com 4. www.nptel.iitm.ac.in

LAB TUTORIALS
1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using superposition Theorm? 2.Why superposition theorm not applied to non-linear circuis? 3.Can superposition theorm be applied o circuit having A.C sources?If yes,then what will be the difference. 12

4.How superposition theorm be applied to network containing both independent and dependent sources?

EXPERIMENT-3

AIM: To verify Thevenin Theorem and find out Thevenins Equivalent circuit using DC
Sources.

OBJECTIVE: To apply the principle of Thevenin Theorem for electrical network

containing independent Dc sources and to find out Thevenins Equivalent circuit .

APPARATUS:
Connecting Wires

Digital Multimeter, Power Supply, Resistance (wire wound),

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Sometimes, we wish to determine the response in a single load resistance in a network. Thevenins Theorem enables us to replace the remainder of the network by a simple equivalent circuit.,determinig the response in the load resistance, then becomes much easier. The use of Thevenins theorem is specially very helpful and time saving when we wish to find the response for different values of load resistance. Thevenins theorem states

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that current through a load resistance connected across any two points of an active network can be obtained by the formula: IL=Vth/(Rth+RL) Where Vth is the open circuit voltage at the terminals with disconnected and Rth is the equivalent resistance viewed from the output terminals when all the sources replaced by their internal resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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15

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the DC power supply to resistance R1.Adjust voltage of supply to 10V. 2. Connect another DC supply to resistance R2. Adjust voltage to 5 V. 3. Now remove the resistance RL and measure Vth(open circuit voltage)by setting meter in range 0 to 20V between the points a and b. 4. Deactivate both the sources and remove resistance. Set your meter to measure the resistance in hundreds of ohms range.Calculate Rth 5. Now the Thevenin equivalent circuit is as follows

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Calculated Values Vth Rth IL

Observed Values Vth Rth IL

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CALCULATIONS:
IL=Vth /(Rth+RL) Where Vth is the open circuit voltage at the terminals with disconnected, Rth is the equivalent resistance viewed from the output terminals when all the sources replaced by their internal resistance. IL is the current through resistance RL. Percentage Error=Observed-Calculated/Calculated*100 The percentage error is o e found between he current flowing in the load resistance.

RESULT:
The percentage error is found to be__%.

DISCUSSION:
The % error is found to be in the range within 10%.The percentage error is due to observational errors, tolerance errors, calibration of instruments.Morover,it can be seen that thevenin theorm cant be applied to network only containing dependent sources

CONCLUSION:
The Thevenins Theorem is verified and the thevenins equivalent circuit is obtained. .

REFERENCES:
.Books 1.Electrical Scienceby J.B.Gupta 2.A Text book of Electrical TechnologyBy B.L.Thereja Vol-11 3.Electrical Engineering FundamentalsBy Del Toro 4.A Text book of Electrical TechnologyBy B.L.Thereja Vol-1

URLs
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1.www.brighthub.com 2.www.allaboutcircuits.com 3. www.howstuffworks.com

LAB TUTORIALS
1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Thevenin Theorm? 2.Why Thevenin theorm not applied to non-linear circuis? 3.Can Thevenin theorm be applied o circuit having A.C sources?If yes,then what will be the difference. 4.How Thevnin theorm be applied to network containing both independent and dependent sources?

EXPERIMENT -4 AIM: To verify Maximum Transfer Theorm for D.C source. OBJECTIVE: To apply Maximum Power Transfer theorm to the network having
internal resistance RS and load resistance RL and if maximum power is drawn by the network then RS=RL

APPARATUS: One fixed resistor, One variable resistor, Digital Multimeter, D.C
Power supply, Connecting Wires.

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THEORY OF EXPERIMENT::This thoerm is applicable for analyzing

communication networks. According to this theorm A resistive load will abstract the maximum power from a network when the load resistance is equal to the resistance of the network as view from its output terminals, with all energy sources removed leaving behind their internal resistances. .If Rl is the load resistance connected across terminals a and b which consist of variable d.c supply and internal resistance RS, then according to this theorm, the load resistance will draw maximum power when it is equal to RS i.e RL = RS. And the maximum power drawn= V2oc/4 Rl Where, Voc is the open circuit voltage at the terminals from which RL is disconnected. The variable resistor taken should be larger than fixed resistor, then only power can be calculated.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 1.1

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Fig 1.2

PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1.2. 2.Measure the value of load current (IL)for different(suitable) values of load resistance and record them in observation table. By suitable value means that the value of RL should be equal to, more than and less than Rs 3. Repeat step 2 for different value of supply voltage(Vs) 4.Also note down the reading in voltmeter connected across RL. 5.Calculate the value of power accordingly. You will notice that the power goes on increasing as RL is increasing and after few observations it goes on decreasing. 6.Note down the maximum power and at that point calculate the value of R L. This RL should be equal to Rs. 7.Draw a Graph Between PL and RL

OBSERVATION TABLE
S.No Supply Voltage(VS) IL(Load Current) V(Voltage) RL=V/IL P=IL2*RL

CALCULATION
RL=V/IL 20

P=IL2/RL Note the maximum power point and hence determine the resistance RL. This RL is compares with Rs. These come out to be same .

RESULT:
The maximum power transfer theorm is verified as RL=Rs

DISCUSSION
It can be analyzed that at maximum power, the value of load resistance is equal to internal resistance.

CONCLUSION
The value of load resistance comes out to be approximately 100 ohms.

REFERENCES
Books: 1. Fundamentals of Electrical engineering by Ashfaq Husain. 2. A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L Thereja. 3. Electrical Science by J. B. Gupta

URLS:
1.www.nptel.iitm.ac.in 2. www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits 3 www.openbookproject.net 4. www.mhhe.com 5. www.opamp-electronics.com 6.www.electronicsteacher.com

LAB TUTORIALS
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1.Define Power transfer efficiency of maximum transfer theorm? 2.What are he practical applications of Maximum Power transfer theorm? 3. Can M.P.T be applied to A.C sources? 4.What is the value of when RL=RS?

EXPERIMENT -5 AIM: To study R-L-C series circuit and draw its phasor diagram. OBJECTIVE: To study the A.C RLC series circuit and analyze the phase relationship
between Voltage and Current.

APPARATUS: Ammeter 0-1A, Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor, Variac, Connecting

Wires and Digital Multimeter . 22

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:: Consider an ac circuit containing resistance of R

ohms, inductance of L henries and capacitance of C farads connected in series, as shown in circuit diagram. Let the current flowing through the circuit be of I ampere and supply frequency be f Hz.
(a) Voltage drop across resistance Vr =IR in phase with I. (b) Voltage drop across inductance Vl= L leading I by radians or 90. C lagging behind I by radian or 90.

(c) Voltage drop across capacitance, Vc = I/

Vl and Vc are 180 out of phase with each other (or reverse in phase), therefore, when combined by parallelogram they cancel each other. The circuit can either be effectively inductive or capacitive depending upon which voltage drop ( Vl or Vc) is predominant. Let us consider the case when Vl is greater than Vc. Phase angle = between voltage and current is given by:Vl Vc /Vr.

Power factor of the circuit is given by:= R/Z = R/ Power consumed in the circuit , P= IR or VI cos .

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Vr 230V AC

Vl

Vc

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Measure the voltage supplied by variac (V1). 3. Measure the circuit current (I) using AC ammeter. 4. Note down the voltage drop across R,L and C by digital multimeter. 5. Change the input voltage and then again note down the voltage drop(at least 5 readings) 6. Draw the phasor diagram between , Vl Vc and Vr and calculate the phase.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Vi Vr Vl Vc R= Vr/I Z Cos = R/Z

CALCULATION
1. R = Vr/I 2. Xl= VI/I 3. Xc= VC/I 4. Z = 5. Plot the graph on a graph paper between Vr, Vl and Vc and calculate its phase angle.

RESULT:
The value of Z is .. and the value of (phase angle) and power factor is

DISCUSSION
The RLC series circuit has been analyzed and it can be predicted that the circuit has leading power factor.The main precaution to be taken while performing the experiment is that the value of reistance should be small otherwise resonance will take place. 24

REFERENCES
Books: 4. Fundamentals of Electrical engineering by Ashfaq Husain. 5. A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L Thereja. 6. Electrical Science by J. B. Gupta

URLS:
1.www.nptel.iitm.ac.in 2. www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits 3 www.openbookproject.net 4. www.mhhe.com 5. www.opamp-electronics.com

LAB TUTORIALS
1. What do you understand by the term power factor in reference to a.c. circuits ?. 2. What is the importance of power factor ? 3. What do you mean by a lagging power factor? 4. What do you mean by a leading power factor?

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EXPERIMENT -6 AIM: Measurement of energy and calibration of single phase Energy meter with
Wattmeter.

OBJECTIVE: In this experiment our objective is to calibrate the energy meter with
wattmeter and hence calculate the error between actual energy and recorded energy.

APPARATUS:
1. Single phase induction type Energy meter (0-5A, 240 V, 2400-1000-3600) 2. Moving Iron Wattmeter (300V, 10A). 3. Loadig Rheostat (2.5kw, 250V).

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4. M.I ammeter (0-5A) 5. M.I Voltmeter (0-300V) and Stop Watch.

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Energy meter is an instrument which measures electrical energy. It is also known as watt hour (Wh) meter. It is an integrating meter. There are several types of energy meters. Single phase induction type energy meters are very commonly used to measure electrical energy consumed in domestic and commercial installations. Electrical energy is measured in kilo watt hours (kwh) by these energy meters. In this experiment the purpose is to calibrate the energy meter. This means we wish to find out the error/ correction in the energy meter readings. This calibration is possible only if some other source/ instrument to know the correct readings is available. Here wattmeter and stop watch are assumed to be calibrated with respect to wattmeter and stop watch.

Wattmeter:- Wattmeter is a device which measures instantaneous power consumed by a

circuit . It consist of two coils:1. Fixed coil is divided in two parts, connected I series with load and produces a flux proportional to the current. 2. Movable coil is suspended on the pivot and jeweled bearings, produces th flux proportional to the voltage across the load. Deflection of the pointer is he result of the change in the mutual inductance between the fixed and the moving coils.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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0-5A

KWH

L Wattmeter

230V AC 0-300A 300 V C V2 LOAD

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig above and apply the constant a.c. voltage. 2. Switch on one of the loads. 3. Record the time taken for 10 revolution of the disc of the energy meter with the help of stop watch. 4. Take voltmeter and ammeter and wattmeter readings. 5. Repeat for more number of readings (5 readings) by switching on more loads. 6. Record the reading as per table.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Revolutions per Kwh= 2400 I amp Power in Time required for watts (P) 10 (secs) revolutions Actual energy by wattmeter E=reading in wattme x multiplying factor Recorded energy meter=No of revolutions/240 28 %age

energy kwh by error

CALCULATION
6. Energy by wattmeter = wattmeter reading x Multiplying factor 7. Energy by energy meter = (No. of Revolutions / 2400 (in kwh) 8. %error = (E by wattmeter E by energy meter) * 100 / E by Wattmeter.

RESULT:
The % age error is found to be .%.

DISCUSSION:- The single phase energy meter is calibrated with wattmeter by varying
the loads and I can be found that the percentage error between actual and recorded energy is very less.

REFERENCES
Books: 7. Fundamentals of Electrical engineering by Ashfaq Husain. 8. A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L Thereja. 9. Electrical Science by J. B. Gupta

URLS:
29

1.www.nptel.iitm.ac.in 2. www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits 3 www.openbookproject.net 4. www.mhhe.com 5. www.opamp-electronics.com

LAB TUTORIALS
1. What do you means by calibration of an instrument? 2. Where are the induction type energy meters used ? 3. How many coils are used in an induction type energy meter ? 4. How many terminals does an energy meter has ?

EXPERIMENT -7 AIM: To perform open circuit test and short circuit test on single phase transformer. OBJECTIVE:
To perform open circuit and Short circuit test and calculate the

equivalent circuit parameters and Cu losses, Iron losses.

APPARATUS: Single Transformer 2KVA, A.C Ammeter 0-10 A, AC voltmeter 0300 A, 1 Wattmeter 10A, 300V, Connecting wires , one variac 230 V, 20 A.

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:

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The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of its equivalent circuit which contains four main parameters, the equivalent resistance R01 as referred to primary( or secondary R02), the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred to primary, the core-loss conductance G0 and the magnetizing susceptance B0. These constants or parameters can be easily determined by two test i.e. Open circuit test and short circuit test. These are very economical and convenient, because they furnish the required information without actually loading the transformer. In fact, the testing of very large a.c machinery consists of running two test similar to the open and short circuit test of a transformer. The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss and no load I0 which is helpful in finding X0 and R0. One winding of the transformer whichever is convenient but usually high voltage winding is left open and the other is connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter(W), Voltmeter (V) and ammeter (A) are connected in the low voltage winding i.e. primary winding in the present case. With normal voltage applied to the primary, normal flux will be setup in the core, hence normal iron losses will occur which are recorded by the wattmeter. As the primary no load current I0 is small, Cu loss is negligibly small in primary and nill in secondary. Hence, the wattmeter reading represents practically the core loss under no load condition. For short circuit test, one winding usually the low voltage winding, is solidly shortcircuited by a thick conductor ( or through an ammeter which may serve the additional purpose of indicating rated load current). A low voltage ( usually 5 to 10% of normal primary voltage) at correct frequency (though for Cu losses it is not essential) is applied to the primary and is cautiously increased ill fullload current are flowing both in primary and secondary( as indicated by the respective ammeters). Since, in this test, the applied voltage is a small percentage of the normal voltage, the mutual flux produced is also a small percentage of its normal value. Hence, core losses are very small with the result that the wattmeter reading represents the full load Cu loss or i2 R loss for the whole transformer i.e. both primary Cu loss and secondary Cu loss. The

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equivalent circuit of the transformer under short- circuit condition. If Vsc is the voltage required to circulate rated load currents, then Z01= Vsc/I1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Short Circuit

Wattmeter 230V AC C 11

Open Circuit 220

Autotransforme r

V2

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT:1. Switch on the supply, increase the supply in orderly manner( rated voltage 2Kva of transformer. 2. Note down the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter.
3. Compute the value of cos

, R0 and X01.

SHORT CIRCUIT:1. For short circuit test short the secondary windings.

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2. Increase the voltage applied, slowly, so that the current flowing in the transformer winding equals the rated value. 3. Record the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter; which correspond to short- circuit current, corresponding applied voltage and power with full load current flowing under short circuit condition respectively. 4. Compute the value of short circuit impedance and resistance

OBSERVATION TABLE For Open- Circuit test:CALCULATION:W=VI I0 cos

V I W Cos R01 X01

Theirfore Xo = V1/ I , R0= Vi/ Iw

OBSERVATION:For Short Circuit test

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Z01

X01

R01

CALCULATION
For Short Circuit Test:W= I i R01 R01 =W/Ii Z01= Vsc/ Ii X01= (Z01- R01)

RESULT:
The Cu loss is obtained to W and iron loss is W.

DISCUSSION: The open circuit and Short circuit test have been performed and
various parameters like R01, X0, Z01 and X01 are calculated.

REFERENCES
Books: 1. Fundamentals of Electrical engineering by Ashfaq Husain. 2. A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L Thereja. 3. Electrical Science by J. B. Gupta

URLS:
34

1.www.nptel.iitm.ac.in 2. www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits 3 www.openbookproject.net 4. www.mhhe.com 5. www.opamp-electronics.com

LAB TUTORIALS
1. Why indirect testing of large size transformers is necessary ? 2. When a transformer is energized what type of losses occur in the magnetic frame of transformer ? 3. Why do you understand by all day efficiency of a transformer ? 4. What quantity is ignored in the S.C test on a transformer ?

EXPERIMENT -8 AIM: Load test on a single phase transformer regulation and efficiency. APPARATUS: Single phase Transformer 2KVA, AC Voltmeter(0-300 V), AC
ammeter (0-10A), wattmeter (unity pf 0-10 A, 0-300V), Connecting wires, Single phase variables resistive load.

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Load test: The input to the transformer is observed with the help of wattmeter. Let it be W1. The output of the transformer is calculated from the product of the voltage (v) and

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current (I) in the secondary of the transformer. The load is taken a resistive load only and their fore has the power factor unity. There fore ( efficiency ) of transformer = output/ input x 100 V * I x 100/w1

Voltage Regulation: With the increase in load on the transformer, there is a change in its terminal voltage. The voltage falls if the load power factor is lagging. It increase if power is leading. The change in secondary terminal voltage from full load to no load, expressed as a percentage of full load voltage is called the percentage voltage regulation of the transformer. If E is the no load terminal voltage and V is the full load terminal voltage then % Regulation- E- V x 100/ V.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
M L

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0-10A

Wattmeter 230V AC C 220 V2 115 LOAD

FIG (A) PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig (a)

2. Apply full load and note down the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter.

3. Decrease the load and note down the readings. 4. Calculate efficiency and regulation.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Wl Vl I2

CALCULATION
= V2 I2 / Wi * 100 37

% Reg = E V * 100 / V

DISCUSSION:- By calculating the voltage regulation the figure of merit which

determines the voltage characteristics of a transformer can be determined. Also the transformer efficiency cant be determined with high precision since the losses are of order of only 1 to 4%. The best and accurate method of determining the efficiency of a transformer would be to compute losses from open circuit and short circuit test and then determine the efficiency.

REFERENCES
Books: 4. Fundamentals of Electrical engineering by Ashfaq Husain. 5. A Textbook of Electrical Technology by B.L Thereja. 6. Electrical Science by J. B. Gupta. 7. Electrical Engineering Fundamentals by Del Toro.

URLS:
1. www.nptel.iitm.ac.in 2. www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits 3. www.openbookproject.net 4. www.mhhe.com

LAB TUTORIALS
1. What does the reading of wattmeter indicate in case of short- circuit test on transformer ? 2. How do the copper losses vary with load on the transformer? 3. What is the magnitude of no load current as compared to full load current? 4. What is the power factor of a transformer under no load test situation?

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