Intro To NIELVIS Multisim LV

Introduction to NI ELVIS
NI ELVIS II, Multisim, and LabVIEW

TM
by Professor Barry Paton Dalhousie University
Course Software Version 2.0 January 2009 Edition Part Number 323777D-01
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Contents
Guide to Preparation for This Course Lesson 1 NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment
Exercise 1-1 Exercise 1-2 Measuring Component Values .........................................................1-3 Building a Voltage Divider Circuit on the NI ELVIS II Protoboard ...................................................................1-5 Exercise 1-3 Using the DMM to Measure Current................................................1-7 Exercise 1-4 Observing the Voltage Development of an RC Transient Circuit....1-8 Exercise 1-5 Visualizing the RC Transient Circuit Voltage..................................1-10 NI ELVIS II Challenge: Design a Burglar Alarm Using Multisim Simulation..........1-12
Lesson 2 Digital Thermometer

Exercise 2-1 Measurement of the Resistor Component Values ............................2-3 Exercise 2-2 Operating the Variable Power Supply..............................................2-4 Exercise 2-3 A Thermistor Circuit .......................................................................2-6 Exercise 2-4 Building an NI ELVIS Virtual Digital Thermometer.......................2-9 LabVIEW Challenge: Design a Passion Meter Using the Thermistor Circuit ...........2-12
Lesson 3 AC Circuit Tools

Exercise 3-1 Exercise 3-2 Exercise 3-3 Measurement of the Circuit Component Values ..............................3-3 Measurement of Component and Circuit Impedance Z ...................3-4 Testing an RC Circuit with the Function Generator and Oscilloscope .....................................................................................3-7 Exercise 3-4 The Gain/Phase Bode Plot of the RC Circuit ...................................3-11 Multisim Challenge: Determine the Bode Plot of an RC Circuit ...............................3-14
Lesson 4 Op Amp Filters

Exercise 4-1 Measuring the Circuit Component Values .......................................4-3 Exercise 4-2 Frequency Response of the Basic Op Amp Circuit..........................4-4 Exercise 4-3 Measuring the Op Amp Frequency Characteristic ...........................4-7 Exercise 4-4 Highpass Filter..................................................................................4-9 Exercise 4-5 Lowpass Filter ..................................................................................4-12 Exercise 4-6 Bandpass Filter .................................................................................4-14 Multisim Challenge: Design a Second-Order Lowpass Filter ....................................4-17
National Instruments Corporation
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Lesson 5 Digital I/O

Exercise 5-1 Visualizing Digital Byte Patterns .....................................................5-3 Exercise 5-2 555 Digital Clock Circuit .................................................................5-5 Exercise 5-3 Building a 4-Bit Digital Counter ......................................................5-9 Exercise 5-4 LabVIEW Logic State Analyzer ......................................................5-11 Multisim Challenge: Design an 8-bit Digital Counter Circuit....................................5-14
Lesson 6 Magnetic Field Sensors

Exercise 6-1 Testing the Analog Magnetic Field Sensor with NI ELVIS Tools ..6-3 Exercise 6-2 Hysteresis Characteristic of a Magnetic Field Switch......................6-5 Exercise 6-3 Counting Pulses with a Magnetic Switch Sensor .............................6-7 Exercise 6-4 Building a Tachometer .....................................................................6-8 Exercise 6-5 Automatic Counting Using a LabVIEW Program............................6-10 Multisim Challenge: Design a Tachometer Circuit ....................................................6-12
Lesson 7 LEDs to the Rescue!

Exercise 7-1 Exercise 7-2 Exercise 7-3 Testing Diodes and Determining Their Polarity ..............................7-3 Characteristic Curve of a Diode .......................................................7-5 Manual Testing and Control of a Two-Way Stoplight Intersection .......................................................................................7-8 Exercise 7-4 Automatic Operation of the Two-Way Stoplight Intersection .........7-11 Multisim Challenge: Design a Control Circuit for a Two-Way Stoplight Intersection ...............................................................................................................7-12
Lesson 8 Free Space Optical Communications

Exercise 8-1 A Phototransistor Detector ...............................................................8-3 Exercise 8-2 Infrared Red Optical Source and Test Circuit ..................................8-6 Exercise 8-3 Free Space IR Optical Link (Analog) ..............................................8-8 Exercise 8-4 Amplitude and Frequency Modulation (Analog) .............................8-9 Exercise 8-5 Free Space IR Optical Link (Digital) ..............................................8-10 Multisim Challenge: Design a High-Speed Optical NRZ Data Link .........................8-12
Lesson 9 RF Wireless Communications

The Transmitter ................................................................................9-3 The Receiver.....................................................................................9-4 Testing the RF Transmitter and Receiver.........................................9-5 Building a Unique Test Signal with an Arbitrary Waveform Analyzer .........................................................................9-7 Exercise 9-5 A Demonstration of Marconis RF Transmission Signal .................9-10 Circuit Challenge: Hearing Is Believing.....................................................................9-11
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Exercise 9-1 Exercise 9-2 Exercise 9-3 Exercise 9-4
Contents
Lesson 10 Mechanical Motion

Exercise 10-1 Start Your Engine .............................................................................10-3 Exercise 10-2 The Tachometer................................................................................10-4 Exercise 10-3 Building a Rotary Motion System....................................................10-6 Exercise 10-4 Testing the Rotary Motion System...................................................10-8 Exercise 10-5 A LabVIEW Measurement of RPM .................................................10-9 LabVIEW Challenge: Computer Automation of the Rotary Motion System.............10-12
Lesson 11 Digital Dice

Exercise 11-1 Exercise 11-2 Exercise 11-3 Exercise 11-4 Exercise 11-5 Exercise 11-6 Exercise 11-7 Exercise 11-8 Exercise 11-9 Multisim Dice Display Using Seven LEDs......................................11-5 Converting a Multisim Design into a Real Circuit...........................11-6 A Modulo 6 Counter.........................................................................11-7 Convert the Mod 6 Multisim Design into a Real Circuit .................11-10 Building the System Clock...............................................................11-11 Building a Real Clock Circuit on an NI ELVIS II Protoboard.........11-13 Building the Three- to Four-Line Encoder.......................................11-14 Building and Testing the Digital Dice Encoder ...............................11-16 Electronic Dice .................................................................................11-17
Appendix A Additional Information and Resources
Guide to Preparation for This Course

Throughout this course the NI ELVIS hardware platform is often referred to as Dev3 in the Device field on instruments and physical channel name. This naming convention to identify the device is given to NI hardware and often defaults to Dev1. Be mindful of this; select the correct Device name that corresponds to your connected instrument when using NI ELVIS with Soft Front Panels, LabVIEW and Multisim. Here is a set of instructions to change the device identifier: 1. Open Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX). 2. Under My System, expand Devices and Interfaces. 3. Expand NI-DAQmx Devices. 4. Select the device name referring to your NI ELVIS workstation and right-clicking the device and selecting Rename from menu. 5. Type in the name that you would like, Dev3, Dev1 or MyELVIS for example, press enter when complete. 6. Close MAX. You have just renamed your device!
A Word from the Author

In 2003, National Instruments introduced a new approach to designing, testing, and teaching electronic circuits. For the first time, you could take advantage of a complete suite of standard test instruments on your computer and directly interface these instruments to circuits built on a small test station called the National Instruments Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite (NI ELVIS). Its small footprint and flexibility made it a popular choice for analog and digital circuit courses, a natural interface to many fixed instruments, and an effective demonstration station in the classroom. NI ELVIS II, together with its new driver software, NI ELVISmx, is even better. It features a lighter weight, better control layout, more interfacing ports, an integrated data acquisition device, and Hi-Speed USB connectivity. This means that if you have NI ELVISmx software installed on multiple computers, you can use your NI ELVIS II with your office desktop, your home computer, your laptop in the classroom, or even on a friends computer. The purpose of this document is to introduce many of the new features of NI ELVIS II and review some of the early features that have been improved. We have added new experiments and challenges and integrated NI Multisim
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intuitive circuit schematic and capture software into the NI ELVIS environment. Now you can take your design from paper or the blackboard and simulate it within Multisim as a classic schematic diagram on the NI ELVIS or NI ELVIS II breadboard layout. Once the design is mature, you can build the real circuit on an NI ELVIS II protoboard and test it with the same design tools (soft front panel [SFP] instruments) you used to hone the design. The best part is you can flip back and forth from the real circuit to the design circuit until you get it just right. Then you can use it for that special classroom demonstration, for the technician to build, or as a protoboard for production. You can do all of this with a laptop and the new NI ELVIS II system on a footprint about same size as your laptop. This is the way we should be teaching courses with high-quality design tools and lots of hands-on activities. In the classroom, NI ELVIS brings the material alive. In the lab, NI ELVIS shifts the design paradigm from what if to lets try it.
How You Can Use These Labs

We have designed these labs as a starting point for your own curriculum design, demonstrations in the classroom, and method to inspire students to be imaginative and creative in their projects. Labs 1 through 5 introduce the main software (SFP) instruments featured in DC, transient, and AC measurements. Both analog and digital circuits are used. Lab 2, which incorporates a temperature sensor, makes a great classroom demonstration. Multisim is introduced as a design tool to help students further understand the circuits used in these labs. Labs 6 through 10 take a small system approach to investigate magnetic fields, infrared communications, RF communications, and motion. Here, Multisim is used as the design tool to simulate the small systems or to enhance the lab. Lab 11 features the design approach to circuits and interfacing. A design problem is taken from a paper design and transferred into a virtual circuit within Multisim. Using the wide range of Multisim components (more than 3,000), you can design just about any circuit. Once the design is complete, you can transfer it to NI ELVIS as the real design. Using the same NI ELVIS II tools, you can hone your design by flipping back and forth from the real circuit to the virtual circuit using the same set of NI ELVIS diagnostic testing tools. Once the design is complete, it is ready for production.
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NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment
The NI ELVIS II environment consists of the following components: Hardware workspace for building circuits and interfacing experiments NI ELVIS II software (created in NI LabVIEW software), which includes the following: Soft Front Panel (SFP) instruments LabVIEW Application Programmatic Interface (API) Multisim Application Programmatic Interface (API) With the APIs, you can achieve custom control of and access to NI ELVIS II workstation features using LabVIEW programs and simulation programs written within Multisim.
Figure 1-1. NI ELVIS II Workstation
Goal
This lab introduces NI ELVIS II by showing how you can use the workstation to measure electronic component properties. Then you can build circuits on the protoboard and later analyze them with the NI ELVIS II suite of SFP instruments. This lab also shows how you can use Multisim to design and simulate a circuit before building the circuit on the NI ELVIS II workstation and controlling it with a LabVIEW program.
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Lab 1
Required Soft Front Panels (SFPs)

Digital Ohmmeter DMM[], Digital Capacitance Meter DMM[ Digital Voltmeter DMM[V] ]
Required Components
1.0 k resistor, R1, (brown, black, red) 2.2 k resistor, R2, (red, red, red) 1.0 M resistor, R3, (brown, black, green) 1 F capacitor, C Project resistors 7.5 k, 1 k, 2 k, 4 k, and 8 k nominal values
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Exercise 1-1
Measuring Component Values

1. Connect the NI ELVIS II workstation to your computer using the supplied USB cable. The box USB end goes to the NI ELVIS II workstation and the rectangular USB end goes to the computer. Turn on your computer and power up NI ELVIS II (switch on the back of workstation). The USB ACTIVE (orange) LED turns ON. In a moment, the ACTIVATE LED turns OFF and the USB READY (orange) LED turns ON. 2. On your computer screen, click on the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher Icon or shortcut. A strip of NI ELVIS II instruments appears on the screen. You are now ready to make measurements.
Figure 1-2. NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher Icon Strip
3. Connect two banana-type leads to the digital multimeter (DMM) inputs [V ] and [COM] on the left side of the workstation. Connect the other ends to one of the resistors. 4. Click on the DMM icon within the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher to select the digital multimeter.
Figure 1-3. Digital Multimeter, Ohmmeter configuration
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You can use the DMM SFP for a variety of operations such as voltage, current, resistance, and capacitance measurements. Use the notation DMM[X] to signify the X operation. The proper lead connections for this measurement are shown on the DMM front panel. 5. Click on the Ohm button [] to use the digital ohmmeter function, DMM[]. Click on the green arrow [Run] box to start the measurement acquisition. Measure the three resistors R1, R2, and R3. Fill in the following data: R1 _______ (1.0 k nominal) R2 ______ (2.2 k nominal) R3 _______ (1.0 M nominal) To stop the acquisition, click on the red square [Stop] box.
Note If you click on the Mode box, you can change the {Auto} ranging to {Specify Range} and select the most appropriate range by clicking on the Range box.
End of Exercise 1-1
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Exercise 1-2
Building a Voltage Divider Circuit on the NI ELVIS II Protoboard

1. Using the two resistors, R1 and R2, assemble the following circuit on the NI ELVIS II protoboard.
Figure 1-4. Voltage Divider Circuit
2. Connect the input voltage, Vo, to the [+5 V] pin socket. 3. Connect the common to the [GROUND] pin socket. 4. Connect the external leads to the DMM voltage inputs [V ] and [COM] on the side of the NI ELVIS workstation and the other ends across the 2.2 k resistor. 5. Check the circuit and then apply power to the protoboard by pushing the prototyping board power switch to the upper position []. The three power indicator LEDs, +15 V, 15 V, and +5 V, should now be lit and green in color.
Figure 1-5. Power LED Indicators on NI ELVIS II protoboard.
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Note If any of these LEDS are yellow while the others are green, the resettable fuse for that power line has flipped off. To reset the fuse, turn off the power to the protoboard. Check your circuit for a short. Turn the power back on to the protoboard. The LED flipped should now be green.
6. Connect the DMM[V] test leads to Vo and measure the input voltage using the DMM[V] function. Press [Run] to acquire the voltage data. V0 (measured) _______________ According to circuit theory, the output voltage, V2 across R2, is as follows: V2 = R2/(R1+R2) * Vo. 7. Using the previous measured values for R1, R2 and Vo, calculate V2. Next, use the DMM[V] to measure the actual voltage V2. V2 (calculated) ________________ V2 (measured) ________________ 8. How well does the measured value match your calculated value?
End of Exercise 1-2
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Exercise 1-3
Using the DMM to Measure Current

According to Ohms law, the current (I) flowing in the above circuit is equal to V2/R2. 1. Using the measured values of V2 and R2, calculate this current. 2. Perform a direct current measurement by moving the external lead connected to [V ] to the current input socket (A). Connect the other ends to the circuit as shown below.
Figure 1-6. Circuit Modification to measure Current
3. Select the function DMM[A] and measure the current. I (calculated) ________________ I (measured) ________________ 4. How well does the measured value match your calculated value?
End of Exercise 1-3
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Exercise 1-4
Observing the Voltage Development of an RC Transient Circuit

Using the DMM[ ] function, measure the 1 F capacitor. 1. Connect the capacitor leads to the Impedance Analyzer inputs, [DUT+] and [DUT], found on the left lower wiring block of a NI ELVIS II protoboard. 2. For capacitance and inductance measurements, the protoboard must be energized to make a measurement. Switch the protoboard power ON. 3. Click on the capacitor button [ ] to measure the capacitor C with the DMM[ ] function. Press the Run button to acquire the capacitance value. C_______(f) 4. Build the RC transient circuit as shown in the following figure. It uses the voltage divider circuit where R1 is now replaced with R3 (1 M resistor) and R2 is replaced with the 1 F capacitor C. Move your DMM leads to input sockets [V ] and [COM]. The other ends go across the capacitor.
Figure 1-7. RC Transient Circuit
5. Select DMM[V] and click on RUN. 6. When you power up the circuit, the voltage across the capacitor rises exponentially. Set the DMM voltage range to {Specify Range} [10 V]. Turn on the protoboard power and watch the voltage change on the digital display and on the %FS linear scale.
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7. It takes about a few seconds to reach the steady-state value of Vo. When you power off the circuit, the voltage across the capacitor falls exponentially to 0 V. Try it! This demonstrates one of the special features of the NI ELVIS II digital multimeter it can still be used even if the power to the protoboard is turned off.
Note
End of Exercise 1-4
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Exercise 1-5
Visualizing the RC Transient Circuit Voltage

1. Remove the +5 V power lead and replace it with a wire connected to the variable power supply socket pin [SUPPLY+]. Connect the output voltage, VC, to the analog input socket pins, [AI 0+] and [AI 0], as shown in the following figure.
Figure 1-8. RC Transient circuit on NI ELVIS II protoboard
Close NI ELVIS II and launch LabVIEW. From the NI ELVIS II program library folder, select RC Transient.vi. This program uses LabVIEW APIs to turn the variable power supply to a set voltage of +5 V for 5 s and then to reset the VPS voltage to 0 V for 5 s while the voltage across the capacitor is measured and displayed in real time on a LabVIEW chart.
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Figure 1-9. Charging and Discharging Waveform of the RC Transient circuit
This type of square wave excitation dramatically shows the charging and discharging characteristics of a simple RC circuit. 2. Take a look at the LabVIEW diagram window to see how this program works.
Figure 1-10. LabVIEW Block Diagram for the program RC Transient.vi
In the first frame of the four-frame sequence, the NI ELVISmx Variable Power Supplies VI (virtual instrument) outputs +5.00 V to the RC circuit on the NI ELVIS II protoboard. The next frame measures 50 sequential voltage readings across the capacitor at 1/10-second intervals. In the for loop, the DAQ Assistant takes 100 readings at a rate of 1000 S/s and passes these values to a cluster array (thick blue/white line). From the cluster, the data array (thick orange line) is passed on to the Mean VI. It returns the average value of the 100 readings. The average is then passed to the chart via a local variable terminal <<RC Charging and Discharging>>. The next frame sets
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the VPS+ voltage equal to 0 V. The last frame measures another 50 averaged samples for the discharge cycle. This program records one complete cycle of the charging and discharging of a RC circuit. To repeat the cycle, continuously place the above program inside a while loop.
NI ELVIS II Challenge: Design a Burglar Alarm Using Multisim Simulation

Design a burglar alarm for a house requiring three entry sensors and one window sensor. If the alarm system is activated, sound the alarm as soon as one of the sensors detects an open door or window. Signal to the front panel displays which door or window is open and sound an alarm. Aside: In practice, this is a simple system requiring only two wires be connected to each door or window from a central alarm system. In your smart system, a loop design requires only one wire where each sensor switch shorts out or opens a sensor address resistor. The magnitude of the resistor defines which sensor (door or window) has been opened. Launch Multisim and open the file Alarm Design Version 0.
Figure 1-11. Multisim Smart Sensor Design
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The ON position of these switches (left side) signals when the door is closed. Click the switch to close or open a door or window. Your design consists of a power supply (+5 V), a digital multimeter, five resistors, and four switches. The four resistors, 1 k, 2 k, 4 k, and 8 k, are placed at the door or window locations with the resistor value as the address of that location. The circuit is a simple loop with the switches placed across the address resistors to simulate the opening and closing of a window or door. Finally, the resistor, R5, limits the current when all the switches are closed. The current limiting resistor value is taken as half of the value of all the address resistor values added in series (7.5 k). To view the circuit operation, click on Run and open (1) and close (0) each switch, one at a time, using the mouse cursor. Fill in the following table: R1 0 1 0 0 0 1 R2 0 0 1 0 0 1 R3 0 0 0 1 0 1 R4 0 0 0 0 1 1 Voltage 0.00
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Each switch when opened generates a unique voltage, which, when read by the voltmeter, reveals which window or door is open. Now that the design is complete, you can transfer the design into the real world as a test circuit built on an NI ELVIS II protoboard. Select five resistors as close to the design values as you have available. Launch NI ELVIS DMM[] and measure the value for each of your chosen resistors. Fill in the following table of Real Resistor values: R1 _____________ (k) R2 _____________ (k) R3 _____________ (k) R4 _____________ (k) R5 _____________ (k)
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Now go back to Multisim and replace the nominal resistor values with the measured (real-world) resistor values by double-clicking on each resistor in turn and entering the measured value. This becomes your new Alarm Design Version 1.
Figure 1-12. Real World Sensor Design
You can now repeat your measurements of the predicted voltage readings when a window or a door is opened or closed.
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Use these resistors and five jumpers or push button switches to construct a circuit similar to the one shown on a NI ELVIS II protoboard in the following figure.
Figure 1-13. Real World Sensor Circuit on NI ELVIS II protoboard
Use the DMM[V] to verify its operation is similar to your real-world Multisim design, version 1.
LabVIEW Demonstration
LabVIEW is a powerful programming language that you can use for many tasks including the measurement and control of circuits built on an NI ELVIS II protoboard. With one modification to the above circuit, you can route the alarm voltage levels to a LabVIEW program. Connect the voltage + pin (orange wire) to [AI 0+] socket pin and the GROUND to [AI 0] socket pin. You can leave the DMM[V] connected if you wish to monitor the sensor voltage. The digital multimeter uses a different data acquisition card than NI ELVIS II analog inputs use. Imagine running the NI ELVIS suite of SFPs at the same time as a LabVIEW program is running.
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Launch LabVIEW and open the program House.vi for a unique view of the burglar alarm system.
Figure 1-14. LabVIEW Front Panel House.vi
To operate the program, click on Run. If NI ELVIS II is connected and turned ON and power is applied to the protoboard, actions on the protoboard are signaled on the LabVIEW front panel. Each switch is mapped to a particular window or door. When open, an entry port appears black. Any open door or window sets off a red alarm along the eves trough. To end the program, click on the Alarm Off front panel slide switch
Figure 1-15. The LabVIEW Block Diagram for the Program House.vi
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The DAQ Assistant is programmed to read 100 consecutive voltage values at a rate of 1000 S/s. From the data cluster (blue/white line), select the array of voltages. The Mean.vi calculates the average value of this set of readings and sends it to the voltage trigger ladder. Whenever the voltage level falls between two limiting values (orange boxes), the corresponding condition is signaled on the front panel. The limiting values are picked as halfway between two neighboring trigger levels. The four-input OR function sets off the alarm if any door or window is opened. This design only detects the first occurrence of an open window or door. If you add a few more rungs to the limiting ladder, you can detect multiple openings and closings.
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Digital Thermometer
Figure 2-1. LabVIEW Front Panel for a Digital Thermometer
A thermistor is a two-wire device manufactured from a semiconductor material. It has a nonlinear response curve and a negative temperature coefficient. Thermistors make ideal sensors for measuring temperature over a wide dynamic range and are useful in temperature alarm circuits.
Goal
This lab introduces the NI ELVIS II variable power supply (VPS). You can use it with the workstation side panel controls or the virtual controls on your computer screen, or you can embed it inside a LabVIEW program. The VPS excites a 10 k thermistor in a voltage divider circuit. The voltage measured across the thermistor is related to its resistance, which, in turn, is related to its temperature. This lab demonstrates how you can use LabVIEW controls and indicators together with NI ELVIS APIs to build a digital thermometer.
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Lab 2
Digital Thermometer

Digital ohmmeter DMM[] Digital voltmeter DMM[V] Variable Power Supply (VPS)
Required Components
10 k resistor, R1, (red, black, orange) 10 k thermistor, RT
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Lab 2
Digital Thermometer
Exercise 2-1
Measurement of the Resistor Component Values

1. Launch NI ELVIS II. 2. Select digital multimeter (DMM) from the SFP strip of instruments. 3. Click on the Ohm button. 4. Connect the test leads to DMM [V 6. Fill in the following chart: 10 k Resistor _________________ Ohms Thermistor _________________ Ohms 7. With the thermistor still connected, place the thermistor between your finger tips to heat it up and watch the resistance change. It is especially interesting to watch the changes on the display bar scale (%FS). The fact that the resistance decreases with increasing temperature (negative temperature coefficient) is one of the key characteristics of a thermistor. Thermistors are manufactured from semiconductor material whose resistivity depends exponentially on ambient temperature and results in a nonlinear response. Compare the thermistor response with an RTD (100 platinum resistance temperature device) shown in the following figure. ] and [COM] side sockets. 5. Measure the 10 k resistor and then the thermistor.
Figure 2-2. Resistance-Temperature Curve of a Thermistor and an RTD
End of Exercise 2-1
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Digital Thermometer
Exercise 2-2
Operating the Variable Power Supply

Complete the following steps to set a voltage level on one or both of the variable power supplies. 1. From the strip menu of SFPs, select the [VPS] icon. There are two controllable power supplies with NI ELVIS II, 0 to 12 V and 0 to +12 V, each with a 500 ma current limit.
Figure 2-3. Virtual SFP for Variable Power Supplies
In the default mode, you can control the VPS with the virtual panel shown above. Set the output voltage on the virtual knob and click on the [Run] box. The output voltage is shown (blue in color) in the display area above your chosen power supply. When you click on the stop button, the output voltage is reset to zero on the protoboard. To sweep the output voltage through a range of voltages, make sure that you have clicked the [Stop] button. Select the Supply Source (+ or ), Start Voltage, Stop Voltage, Step Size, and Step Interval, and click on [Sweep].
Note
For manual operation, click on the Manual box and use the knobs on the right side of the NI ELVIS II workstation to set the output voltages. To view the output voltage in the display area, click on the white box now appearing next to the LabVIEW label.
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Lab 2
Digital Thermometer
2. Connect the leads from the protoboard strip connector sockets labeled Variable Power Supplies [Supply +] and [Ground] to the DMM voltage inputs. 3. Select DMM[V] and click on RUN. Select VPS front panel and click on RUN. 4. Rotate the virtual VPS control for Supply + and observe the voltage changes on the DMM[V] display.
Note
You can use the [RESET] button to quickly reset the voltage back to zero. 5. Click on the Manual box to activate the real controls on the right side of the workstation. The virtual controls are grayed out. Observe that the green LED Manual Mode on the NI ELVIS II workstation is now lit. 6. Rotate the + voltage supply knob and observe the changes on the DMM.
Note
VPS works in a similar fashion except the output voltage is negative.
End of Exercise 2-2
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Digital Thermometer
Exercise 2-3
A Thermistor Circuit
Complete the following steps to build and test the thermistor circuit. 1. On the workstation protoboard, build a voltage divider circuit with the 10 k resistor and a thermistor. The input voltage is wired to [Supply +] and [Ground] sockets. The voltage across the thermistor goes to the DMM[V] leads.
To VPS[+] 10 k To DMM Thermistor To Ground To Gnd
Figure 2-4. Temperature Measuring circuit using a Thermistor
Figure 2-5. Real Thermistor circuit on NI ELVIS protoboard
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Lab 2
Digital Thermometer
2. Make sure the Variable Power Supply voltage levels are set to zero. Apply power to the protoboard and observe the voltage levels on the DMM display. Increase the voltage from 0 to +5 V. The measured voltage across the thermistor, VT, should increase to about 2.5 V. 3. Reduce the power supply voltage to +3 V. This ensures that the self-heating (Joule heating) inside the thermistor does not affect the reading of the external temperature. 4. Heat the thermistor with your finger tips and watch the voltage decrease. You can rearrange the voltage divider equation to calculate the thermistor resistance as follows: RT = R1 * VT /(3 VT) At an ambient temperature of 25 C, the thermistor resistance should be about 10 k. With this equation, called a scaling function, you can convert the measured voltage into the thermistor resistance. You can easily measure VT with the NI ELVIS II DMM or within a LabVIEW program (VI). In LabVIEW, the above scaling equation is coded as a subVI and looks like the following block diagram.
Figure 2-6. Block Diagram for Scaling Function
The thermistor response curve demonstrates the relationship between device resistance and temperature. It is clear from this curve that a thermistor has the three following characteristics: The temperature coefficient R/T is negative. The response curve is nonlinear (exponential). The resistance varies over many decades (refer to Figure 2-2).
You can produce a calibration curve by fitting a mathematical equation to the response curve (see Appendix at the end of this chapter). LabVIEW has many mathematical tools to fit such a relationship. When you find the
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Digital Thermometer
correct equation, you can calculate the temperature for any resistance within the calibrated region. The following calibration VI is typical for a thermistor and demonstrates how you can use the LabVIEW formula node to evaluate mathematical equations.
Figure 2-7. For this thermistor, the calibration equation is R = 29.95798 exp(0.04452 T).
End of Exercise 2-3
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Lab 2
Digital Thermometer
Exercise 2-4
Building an NI ELVIS Virtual Digital Thermometer

The digital thermometer program Digital Thermometer.vi activates the VPS to power up the thermistor circuit. It then reads the voltage across the thermistor, converts it into a temperature, and displays its value in a variety of formats on the front panel. Measurement, scaling, calibration, and display occur in sequence within the while loop. VoltsIn.vi measures the thermistor voltage. Scaling.vi converts the measured voltage to resistance according to the scaling equation above. Convert R-T.vi uses a known calibration curve to convert the resistance into temperature. Finally, the temperature is displayed on the LabVIEW front panel as a number, meter reading, and thermometer display. The Wait function of 100 ms ensures that the voltage is sampled every one-tenth of a second. All of these actions occur within the while loop until you click the [Stop] button on the front panel.
Figure 2-8. Block Diagram for Digital Thermometer Program
Thermistors like resistors create heat (Joule heating) as a current passes through them. For a thermistor that is trying to report the external temperature, this self-heating can be a problem. The trick is to minimize the current so that the temperature effects outside the thermistor dominate the
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Digital Thermometer
self-heating. For your 10 k thermistor, a driving voltage of +3 V meets this requirement. With a LabVIEW Express VI, you can program the VPS on the NI ELVIS II workstation. The value 3 in the orange box sets a +3.0 V output on VPS+. One extra line, green in color, connected to the STOP icon ensures the VPS is reset to zero volts when the program ends. Complete the following steps to open and view the components and code in the digital thermometer VI: 1. From the Hands-On NI ELVIS II library folder, open Digital Thermometer.vi. 2. Open the block diagram (WindowShow Block Diagram) and subVIs (double-click on the icons) to view the program flow and see how the subVIs and the Read and Convert functions are coded. With the calibration curve for your thermistor, you can update the subVI (Convert R-T) with the proper equation and use it to achieve a functioning digital thermometer. If you want to write your own program, find the VPS API function in the Functions palette (FunctionsMeasurement I/ONI ELVISmxNI ELVISmx Variable Power Supplies).
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Lab 2
Digital Thermometer
Figure 2-9. Functions Palette
End of Exercise 2-4
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Digital Thermometer
LabVIEW Challenge: Design a Passion Meter Using the Thermistor Circuit

When an individual becomes embarrassed, excited, or just plain hot, blood flows to the skin to keep bodys core temperature constant a sort of an internal air conditioning. The in-rush of blood to the skin appears as a reddened patch, and the skin temperature of that patch becomes hot to the touch. Telling a joke can lead to burning earlobes for some people. By placing the thermistor on that reddened part, you can measure this temperature rise. Design a LabVIEW program to measure the body skin temperature. The normal body temperature is 38.5 C. Use this value as the maximum scale reading on a LabVIEW thermometer control. Use the ambient room temperature (25 C) as the lower limit. Be creative with your front panel labels. From the Hands-On NI ELVIS II library folder, open Passion Meter.vi
Figure 2-10. Front Panel for Passion Meter.vi
Try placing the sensor between your thumb and forefinger for yourself and a group of your friends. You will be surprised at the range of finger temperatures. Have fun!
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Lab 2
Digital Thermometer
Appendix: Building a Calibration Curve

The thermistor manufacturers calibration curve can provide an average calibration curve, but for precise measurements or for an unknown thermistor, you will need to find your own calibration curve. This appendix provides a three step process, using Multisim and LabVIEW programs to aid in building a subVI to convert the measured resistance into temperature for your temperature sensor.
Step 1. Take Measurements of Know Temperatures

A. Measure 0 Degrees Centigrade Attached lead wires to your sensor. To water proof your sensor, slip a hollow tube over the leads and seal the leads with silicon seal glue. Bind your sensor to a calibrated sensor such as an alcohol thermometer or an Analog Devices AD590 electronic thermometer. Place the thermometer and sensor into a metal cup or a glass beaker. Place some ice and water into the cup. By stirring, you can form a reference temperature point close to 0 degrees centigrade. This happens when the ice and water are in equilibrium with each other. Measure this point. B. Measure 100 Degrees Centigrade Once the iced melts, place the cup onto a stove element or Bunsen burner and heat the water up to the boiling point. This may take 5 10 minutes. Measure the resistance at select temperature points and create a table of Resistance and Temperature as shown in the following table. Resistance (W) 1854 3128 C. Simulate Measurements in Multisim To demonstrate this step, a Multisim program simulates a real RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector), a Honeywell linear temperature sensor TD5A. Load the Multisim program Temperature Sensor. Click on Run (green triangle). Using the mouse or the key T (to add 5 degrees) or shift T (to subtract 5 degrees), you can change the temperature of the sensor. The Ohmmeter reads the appropriate values. Temperature (C) 0 5 100
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Figure 2-11. Multisim example using the ohmmeter to measure resistance
Fill in the Resistance-Temperature Table from 0 to 100 degrees C in steps of 10 degrees in the following table. Resistance (W) Temperature (C) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Step 2. Fitting an Equation to the Measure Data Points

LabVIEW has many analysis VIs for fitting 2D data points to an approximate mathematical function. This is known as curve fitting. In this step, you can use the LabVIEW linear fit function to fit a straight line (R = m*T + b) to the TD5A sensor data. The fitted line is characterized with just two parameters, the slope (m) and the intercept (b). Load the LabVIEW program Linear Fit.vi. Fill in all the blank data locations in the input array and click on RUN.
Figure 2-12. Graph of measured expected calibration data points
This program creates a graph of all the input data points (yellow dots) and performs the Least Squares Fit to a straight line (red line) by estimating the slope and intercept of the measured data.
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Step 3. Building a Conversion of Resistance to Temperature subVI

In a real circuit, the Resistance is the property being measured or calculated and the Temperature is the desired measurement unit. Because of the relationship you calculated in step 2, you can rearrange the equation to calculate the temperature given any resistance and implement it using the method below in Figure 2-13. T = (R b)/m
Figure 2-13. Block Diagram used to calculate Temperature of a given Resistance
Load the LabVIEW program Linear R-T.vi to view a simple subVI to convert your sensor measurement into temperature. This VI can also be used as a sub-VI in a digital thermometer program employing a TD5A sensor to take live temperature radings.
Figure 2-14. Front Panel for calibration VI for Linear RTD Type TD5A Note
For a Thermistor Temperature Sensor, the resistance of a thermistor varies exponentially with the temperature. In step 2 use a LabVIEW Exponential Fit function found in ProgrammingMathematicsFitting palette.
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AC Circuit Tools
Figure 3-1. Scope SFP showing two channel capability
Many electronic circuits contain alternating current (AC). Designing good circuits requires tools to measure components, impedance values, and tools to display circuit properties. With good AC tools and minimal circuit knowledge, you can modify any circuit to achieve optimal response.
Goal
This lab introduces the NI ELVIS II tools for AC circuits: a digital multimeter, function generator, oscilloscope, impedance analyzer, and Bode analyzer.

Digital Multimeter using Ohmmeter/Capacitance (DMM[/ Function Generator (FGEN) Oscilloscope (Scope) Impedance Analyzer (Imped) Bode Analyzer (Bode) ])
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AC Circuit Tools
Required Components
1 k resistor, R, (brown, black, red) 1 F capacitor, C
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Lab 3
AC Circuit Tools
Exercise 3-1
Measurement of the Circuit Component Values

Complete the following steps to obtain the values of the circuit components: 1. Launch the NI ELVIS II Instrument Strip. 2. Select Digital Multimeter. 3. Connect test leads to the DMM [V 5. Use DMM[ ] and [COM]. 4. Use DMM[] to measure the resistor, R. ] to measure the capacitor, C. 6. Fill in the following chart: Resistor R _________________ k (1 k nominal) Capacitor C _________________ F (1 F nominal) 7. Close the DMM.
End of Exercise 3-1
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Exercise 3-2
Measurement of Component and Circuit Impedance Z

For a resistor, the impedance is the same as the DC resistance. You can represent it on a 2D plot as a line along the x-axis, which is often called the real component. For a capacitor, the impedance (or more specifically, the reactance), XC is imaginary, depends on frequency, and is represented as a line along the y-axis of a 2D plot. It is called the imaginary component. Mathematically, the reactance of a capacitor is represented by: XC = 1/jC where is the angular frequency (measured in radians/sec) and j is a symbol used to represent an imaginary number. The impedance of an RC circuit in series is the sum of these two components where R is the resistive (real) component and XC is the reactive (imaginary) component. Z = R + XC = R + 1/jC Impedance can also be represented as a phasor vector on a polar plot with: Magnitude = (R2 + XC2) and Phase = tan1 (XC / R) A resistor has a phasor along the real (x) axis. A capacitor has a phasor along the negative imaginary (y) axis. Recall from complex algebra that 1/j = j.
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AC Circuit Tools
Complete the following steps to visualize this phasor in real time: 1. Select Impedance Analyzer (Imped) from the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher.
Figure 3-2. Phasor Vector for an RC circuit at 1000 Hz
2. Place your components on the NI ELVIS II protoboard. 3. Connect jumpers from Impedance Analyzer DUT+ and DUT to the nominal 1 k resistor. 4. Turn on power to the NI ELVIS II protoboard and click on Run. 5. Verify that the resistor phasor is along the real axis and its Phase is zero. 6. Connect the Impedance jumpers to the capacitor. 7. Verify that the capacitor phasor is along the negative imaginary axis and its Phase is 270 or 90 degrees. 8. The default measurement frequency is 1000 Hz. Adjust the frequency value and observe that the reactance (length of the phasor) gets smaller when you increase the frequency and larger when you decrease the frequency. Recall |Xc| = 1/C. 9. Connect the Impedance jumpers across the capacitor and resistor in series. The phasor has now both a real and imaginary component. 10. Change the measurement frequency from 100, to 500, to 1000, to 1500 Hz and watch the phasor move. 11. Adjust the frequency until the magnitude of the reactance |Xc| equals the magnitude of the resistor, R. At this special frequency, the phasor phase reads 315 or 45 degrees. 12. What is the magnitude of the phasor ____________?
National Instruments Corporation 3-5 Introduction to NI ELVIS
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AC Circuit Tools
13. Answer: |R| 2 14. Close the Impedance Analyzer window.
End of Exercise 3-2
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AC Circuit Tools
Exercise 3-3
Testing an RC Circuit with the Function Generator and Oscilloscope

Complete the following steps to build and test the RC circuit. 1. On the workstation protoboard, build a voltage divider circuit, using a 1 F capacitor and a 1.0 k resistor. 2. Connect the RC circuit inputs to function generator [FGEN] and [Ground] pin sockets on the protoboard.
Figure 3-3. Real RC components connected to the FGEN
The power supply for an AC circuit is often a function generator. Use it to test your RC circuit.
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3. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select FGEN icon.
Figure 3-4. FGEN front panel
The FGEN SFP has controls, which can do the following: select the waveform type (sine, triangle, or square) set the frequency by rotating the Frequency dial or entering the frequency into a text box [Hz] select the waveform amplitude and any offset using the Amplitude and DC Offset controls
Function Generator real controls (Frequency) and (Amplitude) are also available on the right side of the NI ELVIS II workstation. As with the variable power supply, you can enable manual control by clicking on the Manual Mode box [ ]. A green LED on the right side of the workstation comes on to indicate manual control. The Frequency and Amplitude knobs are now active and the virtual controls are grayed out on the NI ELVISmx Function Generator window.
Note The Function Generator also provides some special operations such as signal modulation (AM or FM) or frequency sweeping. You will use these features in a later lab.
4. Set the Function Generator to Sine wave, 2000 Hz, 2 Vpkpk. Click on Run.
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Lab 3
AC Circuit Tools
You can use the Scope SFP to visualize and analyze the voltage signals of the RC circuit. 5. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select the Scope icon.
Figure 3-5. Sine wave displayed on the Scope front panel
The scope instrument SFP is similar to most oscilloscopes, but the NI ELVIS II oscilloscope can automatically connect inputs to a variety of sources, features built-in AC measurements and waveform cursors, and can easily log a waveform pattern. 6. Connect test leads from the CH0 BNC connector on the left side of the NI ELVIS II workstation across the 1 k resistor in your RC circuit. Apply power to the protoboard and click on the oscilloscope [Run] button. 7. You see a sine wave on the oscilloscope. Set the controls as follows: Scale CH0 500 mV/div Coupling CH0 AC Time base 500 s/div Trigger (Edge), Source (Chan 0 Source), Level (V) (0.1)
Check out the Channel 0 measurements RMS, Freq, and Vpkpk at the bottom of the waveform screen. You can activate cursors to measure time-related parameters such as period, duty cycle, and time intervals. 8. Play with the FGEN controls (virtual or real) and observe the changes on the oscilloscope window.
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9. Connect another set of test leads from Scope CH1 to the Function Generator SYNC pin socket and GROUND on the protoboard. SYNC is a TTL 5 V signal often used for triggering. 10. Click the Scope CH1 enable box [ ]. You see a new signal (blue in color) and at TTL levels. For reference, see the oscilloscope picture at the start of this lab, Figure 3-1. 11. The RC circuit is a passive highpass filter with a low-frequency cutoff point near 160 Hz. You can visualize the filter parameters using the FGEN Sweep Frequency feature. Set the oscilloscope at the above settings. Set the FGEN controls to the following: Start Frequency 5 Hz Stop Frequency 5 kHz Step 50 Hz
Click on the Function Generator [Stop] button and then click on the [Sweep] button. 12. Observe how the filtered signal CH 0 changes with respect to the SYNC CH 1 signal in both amplitude and phase as the frequency is swept. At low frequencies, the signal CH 0 is smaller in amplitude and not in phase with the SYNC signal. At higher frequencies, the amplitude is close to the function generator amplitude and the two signals are in phase. 13. Close the Function Generator and Oscilloscope windows.
End of Exercise 3-3
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AC Circuit Tools
Exercise 3-4
The Gain/Phase Bode Plot of the RC Circuit

A Bode plot defines in a very real graphical format the frequency characteristics of an AC circuit. Amplitude response is plotted as the circuit gain measured in decibels as a function of log frequency. Phase response is plotted as the phase difference between the input and output signals on a linear scale as a function of log frequency. Complete the following steps to build an RC circuit and measure the gain and phase Bode plots of the circuit. 1. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select Bode icon. With the Bode Analyzer, you can scan over a range of frequencies from a start frequency to a stop frequency in steps of f. You can also set the amplitude of the test sine wave. The Bode Analyzer uses the function generator SFP to generate the test waveform. You must connect FGEN output sockets to your test circuit and to [AI 1+] and Ground [AI 1]. The output of the circuit under test goes to [AI 0+] and Ground. You can find more information by clicking the HELP button on the lower right corner of the Bode Analyzer window. 2. Rebuild the RC circuit on the NI ELVIS II protoboard, similar to the following circuit and make the connections as described above.
Figure 3-6. RC components connections for Bode Measurements
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3. Verify that your circuit is connected as above. Turn on the protoboard power and click on the [Run] button.
Figure 3-7. Bode Analyzer front panel measurements of an RC circuit
4. Click on the [ ] Cursors On box. You can step through your measured data points and view the magnitude and phase at each frequency measured. 5. Note the frequency where the signal amplitude has fallen to 3 dB. The phase at this point should read approximately 45 degrees. This frequency is called the lowpass cutoff point. 6. Both the oscilloscope and the Bode analyzer SFPs have a Log button. When activated, the data presented on the graphs is written to a spreadsheet file on your hard drive. You can now read this data for further analysis with Excel, LabVIEW, NI DIAdem, or some other analysis or plotting program. 7. Click on the [Log] button and save your data set.
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AC Circuit Tools
View an example data set like the one below when you click the Log button after a frequency scan.
End of Exercise 3-4
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Multisim Challenge: Determine the Bode Plot of an RC Circuit

Verify that the Bode plot as predicted with NI Multisim is a good representation of the real Bode plot found in Exercise 3-4. 1. Launch the Multisim program RC. 2. Double-click the Bode icon to bring up the Bode results window. 3. Run the program to get a feel for the shape of the Bode plots. 4. Ensure the scales are set to the same as in Exercise 3-4. 5. Double-click, in turn, the Resistor and the Capacitor and enter the component values found in Exercise 3-1. 6. Run the program a second time.
Figure 3-8. Amplitude versus log Frequency of a Multisim RC Circuit
7. On completion, click on the [Save] button. This saves the Multisim Bode plot data as an Excel file. 8. Overlay, in Excel, your data set from Multisim with the data set taken in Exercise 3-4 for the real circuit on NI ELVIS II. This exercise demonstrates how you can compare a circuit designed with Multisim with the real circuit built on NI ELVIS II.
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Op Amp Filters
Figure 4-1. Frequency Characteristics of a BandPass Filter
Adding a few capacitors and resistors to the basic operational amplifier (op amp) circuit can yield many interesting analog circuits such as active filters, integrators, and differentiators. Filters are used to pass specific frequency bands, integrators are used in proportional control, and differentiators are used in noise suppression and waveform generation circuits.
Goal
This lab uses the NI ELVIS II suite of instruments to measure the characteristics of lowpass, highpass, and bandpass filters. Simulate these filters using Multisim with the measured component values. In the lab challenge at the end of this chapter, Multisim is used to design a second order active filter.
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Op Amp Filters

Digital multimeter (DMM[, Function generator (FGEN) Oscilloscope (Scope) Impedance analyzer (Imped) Bode analyzer (Bode) ])
Required Components
10 k resistor, R1, (brown, black, orange) 100 k resistor, Rf , (brown, black, yellow) 1 F capacitor, C1 0.01 F capacitor, Cf 741 op amp
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Exercise 4-1
Measuring the Circuit Component Values

Complete the following steps to measure the values of the individual components: 1. Launch NI ELVIS II. 2. Select the DMM icon from the Instrument Measurement strip. 3. Select DMM[] to measure the resistors. 4. Select DMM[ ] to measure the capacitors. 5. Fill in the following information. R1 ___________ (10 k nominal) Rf ___________ (100 k nominal) C1 ___________ F (1 f nominal) Cf ___________ F (0.01 f nominal) 6. Close the DMM.
End of Exercise 4-1
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Exercise 4-2
Frequency Response of the Basic Op Amp Circuit

Complete the following steps to build and perform measurements on an op amp. 1. On the workstation protoboard, build a simple 741 inverting op amp circuit with a gain of 10 as shown in Figure 4-2.
Figure 4-2. Schematic Diagram of a 741 Inverting Op Amp Circuit with a Gain of 10
The circuit looks like Figure 4-2 on the NI ELVIS II protoboard.
Figure 4-3. 741 Inverting Op Amp Circuit with a Gain of 10 on an NI ELVIS protoboard
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Note The op amp uses both the +15 and 15 VDC power supplies. These are found on the protoboard pin sockets labeled as DC Power Supplies +15V, 15V & GROUND.
2. Connect the function generator [FGEN] pin socket to the op amp input V1. 3. Connect the [Ground] pin socket to pin 3 of the op amp. 4. Connect the op amp output voltage, Vout, to the oscilloscope BNC input connector [CH1 & Ground]. 5. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select the function generator (FGEN) icon and the oscilloscope (Scope) icon.
Note By default, on the oscilloscope, the Channel 0 Settings Source is set to Scope Ch 0 and the Channel 1 Settings Source is set to Scope Ch 1. These are your op amp input and output signals, respectively.
6. To view the signals, click on the enable boxes. 7. On the function generator panel, set the following parameters: Waveform: Sine wave Peak Amplitude: 0.2 pp Frequency: 1000 Hz DC Offset: 0.0 V 8. Check your circuit and then apply power to the NI ELVIS II protoboard. 9. Click on [Run] for both the FGEN and Scope SFPs. 10. Set the trigger to Edge, CH 0, Level 0.0 and the Time/Div to 1 ms. 11. Measure the amplitude of the op amp input (CH 0) and output (CH 1) on the oscilloscope window.
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Figure 4-4. Inverting Op Amp input and output signals Note
The output signal is inverted as expected with respect to the input signal. 12. Calculate the voltage gain (the amplitude ratio, CH1/CH0). 13. Try a range of frequencies from 100 Hz to 10 kHz. How do your measurements agree with the theoretical gain of (Rf/R1)? Is the ratio still the same at 100 kHz? 14. Close the FGEN and Scope windows.
End of Exercise 4-2
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Exercise 4-3
Measuring the Op Amp Frequency Characteristic

The best way to study the AC characteristic response curve of an op amp is to measure its Bode plot. The Bode plot is basically a plot of gain (dB) and phase (degrees) as a function of log frequency. The transfer function for an inverting op amp circuit is given by: Vout = (Rf/R1) V1 where Vout is the op amp output and V1 is the op amp input (the amplitude of FGEN in your circuit). The gain is the quantity (Rf/R1). The minus sign inverts the output signal with respect to the input signal. On a Bode plot, one expects a straight line with a magnitude of 20 x log (gain). For a gain of 10, the Bode amplitude should be 20 dB. Complete the following step to measure the Bode plot of the Op Amp circuit: 1. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select Bode Analyzer (Bode) icon. 2. Connect the signals, input (V1) and output (Vout), to the analog input pins as follows: V1+ V1 Vout+ Vout AI 0+ AI 0 AI 1+ AI 1 (from the FGEN output) (from GROUND) (from the op amp output) (from GROUND)
3. On the Bode analyzer, set the scan parameters as follows: Start: 5 (Hz) Stop: 20000 (Hz) Steps: 10 (per decade) 4. Apply power to the protoboard. 5. Click [Run] and observe the Bode plot for the inverting op amp circuit. 6. Take a close look at the phase response.
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Op Amp Filters
Figure 4-5. Bode Plot Measurements of an Inverting Op Amp with a gain of 10
The gain (20 dB) is flat and independent of frequency until approximately 10,000 Hz, where it starts to roll off as shown in Figure 4-5. This Bode plot is typical for a 741 op amp inverting circuit. At high frequencies, the amplifier response depends on its internal circuitry as well as any external components.
End of Exercise 4-3
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Op Amp Filters
Exercise 4-4
Highpass Filter
A low frequency cutoff point, fL, for a simple RC series circuit is given by the equation: 2fL = 1/(RC) where fL is measured in hertz. The low-frequency cutoff point is the frequency where the gain (dB) has fallen by 3 dB. This (3 dB) point occurs when the impedance of the capacitor equals that of the resistor. 1. Add a 1 F capacitor, Cl, in series with the 1 k input resistor, R1, in the op amp circuit as shown in Figure 4-6.
Figure 4-6. Highpass Op Amp Filter Circuit Design
The highpass op amp filter equation has a low-frequency cutoff point, fL, where the gain has fallen to 3 dB. In other words, when Xc = R: 2fL = 1/ (R1C1)
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Figure 4-7 shows this circuit on an NI ELVIS protoboard.
Figure 4-7. Highpass Op Amp Filter on NI ELVIS protoboard
2. Run a second Bode plot using the same scan parameters as in Exercise 4-3. 3. Observe that the low-frequency response is attenuated while the high-frequency response is similar to the basic op amp Bode plot.
Figure 4-8. Bode Measurement of Highpass Op Amp circuit
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4. Use the cursor function to find the low-frequency cutoff point, that is, the frequency at which the amplitude has fallen by 3 dB or the phase change is 45 degrees. 5. Compare your results with the following theoretical predication: 2fL = 1/ (R1C1)
End of Exercise 4-4
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Exercise 4-5
Lowpass Filter
The high-frequency roll-off in the op amp circuit is due to the internal capacitance of the 741 chip being in parallel with the feedback resistor, Rf. If you add an external capacitor, Cf, in parallel with the feedback resistor, Rf, you can reduce the upper frequency cutoff point. It turns out that you can predict this new cutoff point from the following equation: 2fU = 1/(Rf Cf) Complete the following steps to perform an additional frequency measurement on the op amp circuit: 1. Short the input capacitor (do not remove it because you will use it in Exercise 4-6). 2. Add the feedback capacitor, Cf, (0.01 f) in parallel with the 100 k feedback resistor.
Figure 4-9. Lowpass Op Amp Filter Circuit Design
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3. Run a third Bode plot using the same scan parameters.
Figure 4-10. Bode Measurement of Lowpass Op Amp circuit
Figure 4-10 shows that the high-frequency response is attenuated much more than the basic op amp response. 4. Use the cursor function to find the high-frequency cutoff point, that is, the frequency at which the amplitude has fallen by 3 dB or the phase change is 45 degrees. 5. Compare your results with the following theoretical prediction: 2fU = 1/ (Rf Cf)
Note Note the 90-degree phase change from the very low-frequency range to the upper-frequency range. This is as expected for a single-pole RC filter stage.
End of Exercise 4-5
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Exercise 4-6
Bandpass Filter
If you allow both an input capacitor and a feedback capacitor in the op amp circuit, the response curve has both a low-cutoff frequency, fL, and a high-cutoff frequency, fU. The frequency range (fU f L) is called the bandwidth. For example, a good stereo amplifier has a bandwidth of at least 20,000 Hz. Figure 4-11 shows a bandpass filter on an NI ELVIS II protoboard.
Figure 4-11. Bandpass Op Amp circuit on NI ELVIS protoboard
1. Remove the short on C1.
Figure 4-12. Bandpass Op Amp Filter Circuit Design
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2. Run a fourth Bode plot using the same scan parameters.
Figure 4-13. Bode Measurement of Bandpass Op Amp circuit
Using the cursors, draw a line between the 3 dB points. All frequencies with an amplitude above this line are contained within the frequency pass band. How does this bandwidth measurement agree with the theoretical prediction of (fU fL)?
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For Further Study

The generalized op amp transfer curve is given by the following phasor equation Vout = (Zf/Z1)Vin where the impedance values for the four circuits are:
Table 4-1. Impedance Values for the Four Op Amp Circuits
Op Amp Basic Highpass Lowpass Bandpass Rf Rf
Zf R1
Z1 R f /R 1
Gain
R1 + XC1 R1 R1 + XC1
Rf /(R1 + XC1) (Rf + XCf)/R1 (Rf + XCf)/(R1 + XC1)
Rf + XCf Rf + XCf
At any frequency, you can use the impedance analyzer (Imped) to measure the impedances Zf and Z1. A LabVIEW program can calculate the ratio of two complex numbers. The magnitude of the ratio |Zf /Z1| is the gain. You could also use the impedance analyzer to find the frequencies where R1 equals XC1 and Rf equals XCf to verify that the lower- and upper-frequency cutoff points from the Bode plot are equal to these frequencies.
Note
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Lab 4
Op Amp Filters
Multisim Challenge: Design a Second-Order Lowpass Filter

In Exercise 4-5, you built a lowpass filter with a single capacitor in the feedback loop. At high frequencies beyond the cutoff point, the gain falls off linearly with a slope of 6 dB/octave. Some applications require a sharper roll-off. You can accomplish this using a filter design with two or more capacitors in the filter design. 1. Design a second-order lowpass filter with a 3 dB cutoff point, fc, at 1000 Hz.
Figure 4-14. Multisim solution of a Second-order Op Amp Filter
This filter has two cutoff points fc1 = (R1||R2)/(2C1) and fc2 = (2R3C2)1 In the special case when fc1 = fc2 = fc, the gain expression for this filter becomes R3 ( R1 + R2 ) G = -----------------------------------2 1 + (f fc) 2. Pick resistors and capacitors to satisfy the special case requirement that fc1 = fc2 = 1000 Hz
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Op Amp Filters
3. Launch the Multisim program Two Pole Active Filter. 4. Double-click on the Bode analyzer icon to open a results window. 5. Run this program and view the Bode plot.
Figure 4-15. Frequency Response of a Second-order Op Amp Filter
6. From the graph of the gain, estimate the slope of the roll-off curve (should be 40 dB/decade). 7. Modify this program with your component values. 8. Compare the slope of the roll-off curve with the previous result in Exercise 4-5 for a single-pole lowpass filter. 9. If you have the time and components, try building a real two-pole circuit on the NI ELVIS II protoboard. How well does the Bode plot of the theoretical design match your real circuit? Refer to the Lab 3 Multisim Challenge to recall how to overlay in Excel a theoretical design curve with a measured real curve.
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Digital I/O
5
Digital electronics is the heart and soul of modern computers. The ability to set and read digital lines is essential to digital circuit diagnostics.
Figure 5-1. Four bit Digital Counter Circuit on NI ELVIS II Protoboard
Goal
This lab focuses on NI ELVIS II digital tools, such as a digital clock, digital counter, and a logic state analyzer, to study digital circuits.

Digital writer (DigOut) Digital reader (DigIn) FGEN (TTL outputs) Oscilloscope (Scope)
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
Required Components
10 k resistor, RA, (brown, black, orange) 100 k resistor, RB, (brown, black, yellow) 0.1 F capacitor, C 1 F capacitor, C 555 timer chip 7493 4-bit binary counter
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
Exercise 5-1
Visualizing Digital Byte Patterns

The NI ELVIS II protoboard has a bank of eight green LEDs with input pin sockets labeled LED <0..7>. You can use them as visual indicators of digital logic states (On = HI and Off = LO). Complete the following steps to output a digital pattern using the Digital Writer: 1. Wire the LEDs <0..7> to the corresponding socket pins labeled DIO <0..7>. For example, connect DIO 0 alias line 0 to the pin socket LED <0>. Only one lead is required because the grounds are connected internally within NI ELVIS II.
Note
The digital I/O lines are located on the right side of the protoboard. 2. Launch the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher. 3. Select the Digital Writer (DigOut) icon. A new digital logic diagnostic window opens, so you can set/reset any of the digital lines to a HI or LO state. By default, the digital I/O lines <0..7> are selected from the three 8-bit ports in the Lines to Write box.
Figure 5-2. Dig Out front panel window
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
The digital output lines are labeled 0 to 7 reading right to left in the Manual Pattern box. You can set/reset (HI/LO) any bit by clicking on the top or bottom portion of the virtual switch. Collectively, these 8 bits constitute a byte that can be read in a binary, octal, hexadecimal, or decimal format, or in an SI notation in the display box above the switches. By clicking on the grayed-out portion, you can set the radix (format) of this indicator.
Figure 5-3. LabVIEW indicators for Binary, Hexadecimal or Decimal Displays
4. After you have set a digital pattern, turn on the power to the protoboard and click Run (green arrow) to send the pattern to the parallel output digital I/O lines <0..7>, which in turn are passed on to the green LEDs. You can set the Generation Mode to output a single pattern or to continuously output the pattern. In continuous operation, the hardware is updated continuously with the current pattern.
Note
The set pattern is echoed on the line states (blue LED indicators) of the Bus State on the SFP. Also, with the Action buttons of the SFP, you can toggle, rotate, or shift the bit pattern right or left. 5. Press the Stop button (red box) to cease updating the port. In testing a digital circuit, you can select from several commonly used patterns for diagnostic checks. 6. Click the Pattern selector on the SFP to view the options available. Manual Ramp (0 255) Alternating 1/0s Walking 1s Load any 8-bit pattern Computer Instruction INC Computer Instruction INVERT Computer Instruction SHIFT LEFT LOGIC
7. Try to output each bit pattern. 8. Close the Digital Writer window.
End of Exercise 5-1
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
Exercise 5-2
555 Digital Clock Circuit

You can configure a 555 timer chip, together with resistors RA, RB, and capacitor C (1 F), to act as a digital clock source.
Figure 5-4. 555 Digital Clock Circuit
Complete the following steps to build and perform measurements on a 555 digital clock circuit: 1. Using the DMM[] and DMM[ complete the following table. ], measure the component values and
RA ______________________ (nominal 10 k) RB ______________________ (nominal 100 k) C ______________________ F (nominal 1 )
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
2. Build the clock circuit on the protoboard as shown below.
Figure 5-5. 555 Timer chip Configured as a Digital Oscillator
Power (+5 V) goes to pins 8 and 4, and GROUND goes to pin 1. The timing chain of RA, RB, and C straddles the power supply. It has a connection between the resistors going to pin 7 and a connection between RB and C going to pins 2 and 6. 3. Wire the 555 output pin 3 to one of the port pin sockets, DIO <0>. 4. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select the Digital Reader (DigIn) icon. By default the second 8-bit port is set to input (Lines to Read 8-15). 5. Configure Lines to Read to (0-7), enable power to the protoboard, and click Run.
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
Figure 5-6. Digital Writer reading bit 0, line DIO <0>
The Digital Reader allows the current state of a parallel input port to be read on demand (single shot) or continuously. You should see the state of line 0 flashing. If not, click on the Stop button and use the DMM[V] to check voltage levels on the 555 pins (stop the Digital Reader first). With the clock circuit running, you can now make some useful digital circuit measurements. The 555 timer oscillator circuit has a Period T of T = 0.695 (RA + 2 RB) C (seconds) The 555 timer oscillator frequency is related to the period by F = 1/T (Hz) The 555 timer oscillator circuit has an On time of T = 0.695 (RA + RB) C (seconds) The 555 timer oscillator circuit has a Duty Cycle (On time/period) of DC = (RA+ RB) / (RA + 2 RB) 6. Close all SFPs and launch the Oscilloscope (Scope) icon.
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
7. Connect the front panel BNC CH 0 input leads to pin 3 of the 555 timer chip and any ground. Click Run. You should now be observing the digital waveform on Channel 0 of the oscilloscope. 8. Select Trigger Type: Edge, Source: Chan 0 Source and Level (V) to 1.0. Your signal should be a TTL signal with an amplitude of 4 V or more, and the signal should be steady. 9. Observe the frequency in the scope window for CH 0. 10. Click on the Cursors On box and note that C1 and C2 are set to CH 0. 11. By clicking and dragging the cursors, measure the period, the on time, and the duty cycle. Calculate the frequency from the period measurement. 12. Fill in the following table: T = __________________ (seconds) Ton = __________________ (seconds) DC = __________________ F = __________________ (Hz) 13. Compare your measurements with the previous theoretical predictions. 14. Close any SFPs.
End of Exercise 5-2
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
Exercise 5-3
Building a 4-Bit Digital Counter

Complete the following steps to build a 4-bit digital counter. 1. Insert a 7493 four-bit binary ripple counter into the protoboard next to the 555 digital clock circuit. The 7493 chip contains a divide-by-two and a divide-by-eight counter. 2. Configure the chip as a divide-by-16 counter by connecting a jumper wire from pin 12 (Q1) to pin 1, Clock 2 (C2), on the 7493 chip, as shown in Figure 5-7.
Figure 5-7. Schematic Diagram 4-bit Binary Counter
3. On the 7493 binary counter chip, connect +5 V power to pin 5 and ground to pin 10. 4. Ensure that 0set inputs pins 2 and 3 are grounded. 5. Connect the outputs Q1, Q2, Q4, and Q8 to the LED and digital input ports of the NI ELVIS II protoboard using the following mapping scheme: Q1 pin 12 Q2 pin 9 Q4 pin 8 Q8 pin 11 555 pin 3 to to to to to DIO<0> and LED<0> DIO<1> and LED<1> DIO<2> and LED<2> DIO<3> and LED<3> DIO<7> and LED<7>
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
6. Connect the 555 digital clock output (pin 3) to the 7493 Clock 1 (C1) input (pin 14). For this exercise C = 0.1 F in the circuit above. 7. Power the protoboard and watch the binary counts accumulate on the LEDs. 8. Launch the NI ELVISmx Digital Reader (DigIN) icon. Monitor the binary states on the computer screen, and, at the same time, see the states on the green LEDs on the protoboard. 9. Close the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher.
End of Exercise 5-3
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
Exercise 5-4
LabVIEW Logic State Analyzer

The previous exercises have covered only the state of digital outputs at one point in time. This exercise shows how you can form a timing diagram by stringing sequential states together sampled uniformly in time. Plotting several digital lines together on the same graph generates a digital timing diagram as illustrated in Figure 5-8. A binary counter has a unique timing diagram where the falling edge of the previous bit causes the next bit to toggle.
Figure 5-8. Timing Diagram of a four bit Binary Counter
Using the LabVIEW APIs for the digital I/O, you can build a simple 4-bit logic state analyzer. The Digital I/O palette is located in Functions ProgrammingMeasurement I/ONI ELVISmxNI ELVISmx Digital Reader.
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
Figure 5-9. Location of NI ELVISmx Digital Reader
Launch LabVIEW 8.5 and then open Binary CounterMx.vi from the Hands-On-NI ELVIS II library folder. On the diagram panel, the NI ELVISmx Digital Reader has been initialized to use lines 0 to 7 (blue ring constant) for input from the protoboard.
Note In this example, the NI ELVIS USB communication port is Device 3. Depending on how many DAQ cards you have in you computer, it could be Device 1, 2, or 3. With only the NI ELVIS USB port available, it would be Device 1.
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Digital I/O
Figure 5-10. Block Diagram for the program Binary CounterMx.vi
The 4-bit logic state analyzer samples NI ELVIS lines <0..7> and presents the line states as a Boolean array (thick green line). The index arrays extract bits <0..3> (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4) to the respective trace indicators and then into a numeric value (0 or 1) for bundling with the other traces for the timing diagram plot. With the many LabVIEW chart format options, you can present the data in a timing diagram format. A copy of the data also goes to the AND gate, where bits <4..7> are set to zero. The resultant data is converted to a numeric (0 to 15) and presented on the front panel.
End of Exercise 5-4
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
Multisim Challenge: Design an 8-bit Digital Counter Circuit

Design an 8-bit decimal counter with two 7-segment displays. Use a 555 timer IC to generate the clock signal. 1. Launch Multisim and open 555 Timer Binary Counter from the NI ELVIS II program library. In this program, is simulated the same circuit elements used in Exercise 5-3, Building a 4-Bit Digital Counter.
Figure 5-11. Multisim schematic of the visualization of a 4-bit Binary Counter
2. Double-click on the scope icon XSC2. A 4-channel oscilloscope display appears. 3. Run this simulation by clicking on the green arrow. Observe that the 4-channel display is similar to the real circuit built on an NI ELVIS II protoboard. Stop the simulation by clicking on the red square. 4. Open a second program called Decimal Counter. This program replaces the binary counter with a decimal counter (7490N), adds a 7-segment driver (7447N) IC, and adds a 7-segment display. Note that the current limiting resistors for the 7-segment LEDs are found in the resistor pack.
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Lab 5
Digital I/O
5. Run this program to see a single-digit counter with a 7-segment display.
Figure 5-12. Decimal Reading of a 4-bit Binary Counter
6. Stop the simulation and add a second 7490N, a 7448N, a resistor pack 330 , and a 7-segment display to the Multisim circuit. You can implement this with a simple copy and paste of the components already on the circuit diagram. Alternatively, you can find a list of components by browsing to PlaceComponent. 7. Connect the output QD of the first counter chip (7490N) to the input INA of the second counter chip (7448N). Together these chips form a two-digit counter counting from 00 to 99. 8. Connect the other virtual wires to the added chips to build a two-digit decimal counter. 9. Run the simulation.
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Magnetic Field Sensors
6
+ X X X X B in X I X X X X X X X X X X q
X I X X X X X
F X X X X X X X X X X Vd
+++++++++++++ I X X
Figure 6-1. How the Hall Effect Works!
In 1879, Erwin Hall discovered that when a current flows through a block of semiconductor material in the presence of a magnetic field, a voltage is generated across it. He found that this voltage, now named after him, is proportional to the vector cross product of the current flowing through the sensor and the magnetic field. The proportionality constant is a property of the Hall effect sensor. VH = I B This means that you can use a Hall probe to measure current, magnetic field, or the angle between the sensor axis and an external field direction. Today, integrated Hall effect sensors have an internal constant current source and an operational amplifier (op amp) to buffer the output signal. These sensors are inexpensive, robust, and can be interfaced to both analog and digital circuits.
X X X
Goal
This lab focuses on using NI ELVIS tools to study the properties of Hall effect sensors. During the lab, build a simple gaussmeter and a digital counter interface using a linear Hall effect sensor and a Hall effect switch, respectively. Complete the Multisim challenge to learn how to design a tachometer circuit using a Hall effect switch as the sensor.
Lab 6
Required Soft Front Panels

DMM[V] Oscilloscope (Scope) LabVIEW VIs for the digital counter
Required Components
Small magnet Linear magnetic field sensor: Allegro A3240UA or equivalent Hall effect switch: Allegro A3212UA or equivalent
Contact Allegro at www.allegro.com and request a free sample of these sensors.
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Lab 6
Exercise 6-1
Testing the Analog Magnetic Field Sensor with NI ELVIS Tools

The Allegro devices have only three terminals, +Vcc power, ground, and the Hall output. 1. Insert a linear Hall device (A3240) into the protoboard. 2. Connect the power +5 V pin socket to +Vcc (pin 1). 3. Connect the GROUND on the protoboard to the Ground (pin 2) of the Hall chip. 4. Connect the DMM [V COM lead to Ground. ] lead to the Hall Voltage (pin 3) and the
Figure 6-2. Pin configuration for integrated Hall sensors
5. Launch the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher and select DMM[V]. 6. Bring a small magnet (field intensity of several hundred gauss) in close proximity to the Hall sensor face. In the absence of a magnetic field, the sensor reads one-half of +Vcc or about +2.5 V. As the magnet is moved closer to the sensor, the Hall voltage either rises greater than 2.5 V or falls to less than 2.5 V, depending on the magnet polarity. The south end of the magnet causes a rise and the north end causes a fall. The sensor saturates near +5 or 0 V in a field in excess of 500 gauss. The Hall voltage is quite nonlinear when measured with respect to the distance between the sensor and the magnet face. 7. To observe this relationship, make distance and voltage measurements and plot your observations. The distance between adjacent pin socket holes is 1/10 of an inch. The protoboard pin sockets make a good ruler. 8. Place the magnet on the protoboard directly in front of the sensor and measure the Hall voltage in 0.1 or 0.05 in. increments over a distance of about 1 inch.
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Lab 6
9. Record each reading in a table of Hall voltage and distance. 10. Plot the Hall voltage versus distance using data from your table.
Figure 6-3. Hall Effect Voltage versus Distance
The plot should be similar to the graph in Figure 6-3. The response is nonlinear, which demonstrates the importance of knowing the operating distance between the sensor and the magnet.
End of Exercise 6-1
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Lab 6
Exercise 6-2
Hysteresis Characteristic of a Magnetic Field Switch

Complete the following steps to perform measurements on the Hall effect switch and determine its hysteresis characteristics. 1. Replace the linear sensor (A3240) with the Hall effect switch A3212. The circuit connections are the same as those of the linear circuit. 2. Repeat the measurements for Hall voltage versus distance for both increasing and decreasing distances.
Note Some Hall effect switches are Open Collector and require a 1 k pull-up resistor to be connected between the Hall effect switch output and the power supply line.
3. Plot the data for both moving away from and moving toward the sensor on the same set of axes. It should look similar to Figure 6-4.
Figure 6-4. Hall Effect Switch Voltage versus Distance
The Hall switch is a digital sensor whose output is either HI (~ +5 V) or LO (0.8 V). The output is always HI for B greater than a critical field Bmax, and LOW for any field less than a critical field Bmin. A graph of Hall voltage versus distance from the sensor demonstrates hysteresis between approaching the sensor and moving away from the sensor. The difference between the two limits: h = Bmax Bmin is a measure of the noise immunity of the sensor. For example, the Hall switch requires a field B>Bmax to switch from LO to HI. Once in the HI state, the Hall switch requires a field B<Bmin to switch
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Lab 6
from HI to LO. In your earlier test, these critical fields, Bmax and Bmin, are translated into a distance DLO to HI (3/10 of an inch) and LHI to LO (4/10 of an inch), respectively. 4. Close the digital multimeter.
End of Exercise 6-2
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Lab 6
Exercise 6-3
Counting Pulses with a Magnetic Switch Sensor

Complete the following steps to perform a pulse count measurement using a Hall effect switch: 1. Place the magnet far enough away from the sensor so it is in the LO state. 2. Move the South end of a magnet to approach the sensor. The measured magnetic field eventually exceeds Bmax and the logic state toggles HI. Then, as the magnet is pulled away and the magnetic field becomes less than Bmin, the logic state switches back to the LO state. The entire sequence, LO-HI-LO, generates a positive pulse. Repeating this operation numerous times generates a train of positive pulses. 3. Select oscilloscope (Scope) from the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher. 4. Connect the BNC connector (CH0) to the output signal from the Hall effect switch (pins 3 and 2). 5. On the oscilloscope panel, select Source: Scope CH 0 Trigger: Type (Edge), Source (Chan 0) Level (V): ~ 1.0 V 6. Observe the Hall voltage on channel 0 as you rapidly move the magnet toward and away from the sensor. With the oscilloscope trace on a longtime base (100 ms/div), you can observe the pulse train.
End of Exercise 6-3
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Lab 6
Exercise 6-4
Building a Tachometer
An angle shaft encoder, a tachometer, and a dwell sensor all use magnetic switches to generate pulses. Counting pulses accumulates events. Counting pulses within a select time interval measures frequency.
Figure 6-5. Homemade Tachometer Apparatus
Complete the following steps to build a simple tachometer using a DC motor, a CD disk, a small magnet, and a Hall effect switch. 1. Affix an old CD to the rotor of a DC motor. Near the perimeter of the CD, glue a small rare earth magnet to the upper surface. Place your Hall effect switch below the CD so that the magnet passes over the switch as it rotates. 2. Connect the DC motor to the output of the variable power supply (Supply + and Ground) pin sockets on the protoboard. 3. Launch the variable power supply VPS from the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher. Click on the box Supply + Manual. It is easier to control the DC motor speed with the real VPS knob on the right side of the NI ELVIS II workstation than with the virtual voltage knob on the VPS front panel. 4. Apply a moderate voltage (1 to 2 V) to your motor. 5. Using the same oscilloscope setting as in Exercise 6-3, observe the pulse stream as the CD spins. 6. Record the pulse frequency from the Scope panel at the bottom of the oscilloscope screen window. This is the tachometer reading.
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Lab 6
7. (Optional) Record a number of tachometer readings at a variety of motor voltages. A plot of the tachometer measurements versus motor drive voltage produces a calibration curve for your motor. 8. Close all SFPs and remove the voltage probe.
End of Exercise 6-4
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Lab 6
Exercise 6-5
Automatic Counting Using a LabVIEW Program

Complete the following steps to build an automatic pulse counter driven by LabVIEW. 1. Connect the output of the Hall effect switch to the NI ELVIS II counter inputs: Hall Output (pin 3) Hall Ground (pin 1) PFI 8/CTRO_SOURCE GROUND
Figure 6-6. Counting Apparatus on the NI ELVIS II Protoboard
2. Launch LabVIEW. 3. From the Hands-On NI ELVIS II library folder, select Hall CounterMx.vi. With this simple program, you can accumulate counts as a magnetic field that is passed in and out from the Hall effect switch or over the Hall effect switch using the tachometer circuit. Dividing the accumulated counts by the elapsed (count) time generates the average time per count or the frequency.
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Lab 6
Figure 6-7. Block Diagram for the program CounterMx.vi
NI ELVIS II has access to the NI data acquisition (DAQ) device counters. This program uses the DAQ Assistant to set up the DAQ for counting pulses on input pin (CTRO_Source). The difference between the two [Tick Count] functions measures the counting interval.
End of Exercise 6-5
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Lab 6
Multisim Challenge: Design a Tachometer Circuit

Open in Multisim a program called HallEffectSensors found at Open SamplesEducational Sample CircuitsMiscellaneous. Study the circuit carefully. You can use the A and B keys to increase the magnetic field or speed parameters, respectively, for the two circuits. To decrease these parameters, use <Shift-A> or <Shift-B>. Double-click the oscilloscope icon XSC2 to view the oscilloscope traces.
Figure 6-8. Multisim example program HallEffectSensors.ms10
Using the program in Figure 6-8 as a guide, design your own tachometer program. Input is the rate of rotation, and the output of the Hall effect switch is counts. Accumulating counts over a fixed period of time (about 1 second) yields counts/second or the frequency of counts.
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LEDs to the Rescue!
Figure 7-1. Stoplights with LabVIEW Indicators
Have you ever sat in your car stopped at a city intersection waiting for the stoplight to change and wondering how long the red light will last? Sometimes it seems like forever. Using a stop watch at a simple two-way intersection, you will find red lasts for 30 seconds, green lasts for 25 seconds, and yellow lasts for 5 seconds. In some states, these times may be two, three, or four times as long, but the ratios are always the same. A property of an electronic diode is that in one direction current flows easily (forward biased), while in the other direction current flow is blocked. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have the same property, but in the forward-biased region light is given off and in the reverse-biased region the LED is dark. Today, LEDs are used as the primary light elements in stoplights, so understanding how they operate is useful.
Goal
This lab focuses on using NI ELVIS II to illuminate diode properties, diode test methods, bit patterns for a two-way stoplight intersection, and the use of NI ELVIS II APIs in a LabVIEW program to run the stoplights automatically. A Multisim challenge encourages the reader to design a two-way stoplight intersection using discrete transistor-transistor logic (TTL) ICs.
7-1
Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!

Digital diode tester (DMM[ Digital writer (DigOut) ]) Two-wire current-voltage analyzer (2-Wire)
Required Components
Silicon diode Six LEDs (2 red, 2 yellow, and 2 green) Six 220 resistors
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
Exercise 7-1
Testing Diodes and Determining Their Polarity

A semiconductor junction diode is a polar device with a band on one end which indicates the cathode. The other end is called the anode. While there are many ways to indicate this polarity in the packaging of a diode, one thing is always the samea positive voltage applied to the anode results in the diode being forward-biased so that current can flow. You can use NI ELVIS II to determine the diode polarity. Complete the following steps to set up NI ELVIS II for diode and polarity tests: 1. Launch the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher and select DMM. 2. Click on the diode test button [ ]. Click on Run. 3. Connect one of the LEDs to the workstation banana sockets DMM [V ] and [COM]. When you apply a positive voltage to the cathode, the diode blocks the current. The display, which reads the same value as it does when no diode is connected (open circuit), shows the word OPEN (see Figure 7-2).
Figure 7-2. Reverse-biased Diode Reading
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
When you apply the positive voltage to the anode, the diode allows current to flow. The display reads a voltage level less than the open circuit value (1.250 V) and shows the word GOOD (see Figure 7-3).
Figure 7-3. Forward-biased Diode Reading
For example, a silicon rectifying diode in the forward-bias direction displays a voltage ~0.6 V and shows the word GOOD. In the reverse-bias direction, the display reads the open circuit value (~1.250 V) and shows the word OPEN.
Note You can use this simple test to determine the polarity of a colored LED. Connect a red LED to your test leads. In one direction, you see light (forward-biased) and, in the other direction, no light (reverse-biased). The DMM display does not change, but there is enough current to produce some light. Check closely the LED is dimly lit and may be difficult to see with bright lights in the room. When the LED is lit, the red lead connection is the anode.
The way this works is that the display shows the voltage required to generate a small current flow of about 1 mA. In the forward-bias region, this voltage level is usually smaller than the open circuit voltage. In the reverse-bias direction, no current flows and the tester displays the open circuit voltage, about 1.250 V. For LEDs, the voltage threshold is often larger than the open circuit voltage. The 1 mA test is not sufficient to discern the forward-bias test (GOOD), but it is enough to generate a low light intensity.
End of Exercise 7-1
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
Exercise 7-2
Characteristic Curve of a Diode

The characteristic curve of a diode, that is, a plot of the current flowing through the device as a function of the voltage across the diode, best displays the diodes electronic properties. Complete the following steps to display the characteristic curve of a diode: 1. Place a silicon diode across the DMM/Impedance Analyzer pin sockets DUT+ and DUT. The anode diode pin goes to the + input. For reference, the flat side of the LED is the cathode. 2. Launch the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher and select the Two-Wire Current-Voltage Analyzer (2-Wire). A new SFP opens so you can display the characteristic (I-V) curve for the device under test. This SFP applies a test voltage to the diode from a starting voltage level to an ending level in incremental voltage steps, all of which you can select. 3. For a silicon diode, set the following parameters: Start Stop Increment 2 V +2.0 V 0.05 V
4. Set the maximum current in either direction to ensure the diode does not operate in a current region where damage may occur. Check the diode specifications. 5. Click on Run and see the I-V curve appear.
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
Figure 7-4. Current-VoltageCharacteristic Curve of a Silicon Diode
In the reverse-bias direction, the current should be very small (A) and negative. In the forward-bias direction, you should see that above a threshold voltage, the current rises exponentially to the maximum current limit. 6. Change the Display buttons [Linear/Log] to see the curve plotted on a different scale. 7. Try the Cursor operation. It gives the (I,V) coordinate values as you move the cursor along the trace. The threshold voltage is related to the semiconductor material of the diode. For silicon diodes, the threshold voltage is about 0.6 V, and for germanium diodes, it is about 0.3 V. One way to estimate the threshold voltage is to fit a tangent line in the forward-bias region near the maximum current (refer to Figure 7-5). The point where the tangent intersects the voltage axis defines the threshold voltage. Observe the (I,V) characteristic curve for a light emitting diode. For this LED, the threshold voltage given by the intersection of the tangent with the voltage axis is about 1.56 V.
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
Figure 7-5. Current-Voltage Curve of a Red LED with Tangent Line
8. Using the Two-Wire Current-Voltage Analyzer, determine the threshold voltage for a red, yellow, and green LED, and complete the chart below. Red LED ____________ V Yellow LED ____________ V Green LED ____________ V Do you see a trend?
End of Exercise 7-2
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
Exercise 7-3
Manual Testing and Control of a Two-Way Stoplight Intersection

Complete the following steps to build and manually test and control a two-way stoplight intersection. 1. Install two each of red, yellow, and green LEDs on the NI ELVIS II protoboard, positioned as a two-way stoplight intersection.
Figure 7-6. LED layout of a Two-way Stoplight Intersection
Each LED is controlled by one binary bit on one of the 8-bit parallel ports on the protoboard. Use digital I/O bit sockets DIO <0..7>. 2. Connect the pin socket DIO <0> to the anode of the red LED in the North-South (Up-Down) direction. 3. Connect the other end of the LED through a 220 resistor to digital ground (not pictured).
Note
The resistor is used to limit the current through the LED.
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
4. Connect the remaining colored LEDs in a similar fashion. Here is the complete mapping scheme. DIO <0> Red DIO <1> Yellow DIO <2> Green N-S direction N-S direction N-S direction DIO <4> Red DIO <5> Yellow DIO <6> Green E-W direction E-W direction E-W direction
5. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select Digital Writer (DigOut). 6. Using the vertical slide switches, select any 8-bit pattern and output that pattern to the NI ELVIS II digital lines. Recall that Bit 0 is connected to the pin socket on the protoboard labeled DIO <0>. 7. Set the Generation Mode to (Run Continuous) and Pattern to (Manual), as shown in Figure 7-7. 8. To activate the port, click on the Run button.
Figure 7-7. Digital Writer for Testing LEDs
When all switches (Bits 0-2 and 4-6) are HI, all the LEDs should be lit. When all these switches are LO, all the LEDs should be off. You can now use these switches to find out which 8-bit codes are necessary to control the various cycles of a stoplight intersection.
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
Here are some clues for an intersection. The basic operation of a stoplight is based on a 60-second time interval with 30 seconds for red, followed by 25 seconds for green, followed by 5 seconds for yellow. For example, in a two-way intersection, the yellow light in the North-South direction is on while the red light in the East-West direction is on. This modifies the 30-second red timing interval to two timing intervals: a 25-second cycle followed by a 5-second cycle. There are four timing periods (T1, T2, T3, and T4) for two-way stoplight intersection operation. 9. Study the following chart to see how a two-way stoplight intersection works. Direction Lights Bit# T1 T2 T3 T4 25 s 5s 25 s 5s N-S RYG 012 001 010 100 100 E-W RYG 456 100 100 001 010 8-Bit Code Decimal Value 00010100 _________ _________ _________ 20 _________ _________ _________
10. Use the Digital Writer to determine which 8-bit codes need to be written to the digital port to control the stoplights in each of the four timing intervals. For example, timing period 1 requires the code 00101000. Computers read the bits in the reverse order (least significant bit on the right). This code then becomes 00010100. In the white box above the Manual Pattern Line switches display, you can read the radix of the switch pattern in binary {00010100}, decimal {20}, or hexadecimal {14}. 11. Click on the black ^ to left of the white display box to change the radix. You can use this feature to determine the numeric codes for the other timing intervals T2, T3, and T4. If you output the 8-bit code for each of the timing intervals in sequence, you can manually operate the stoplights.
Note You can also change the radix in the Line States display by clicking on the white x beside the Numeric Value display.
Repeating this four-cycle sequence automates your intersection.
End of Exercise 7-3
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Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
Exercise 7-4
Automatic Operation of the Two-Way Stoplight Intersection

Complete the following steps to automate the timing cycle on the stoplight circuit. 1. Close NI ELVIS II SFPs and launch LabVIEW 8.5. 2. Open the program StopLightsMx.vi. There is only one control on the front panel a Boolean switch used to stop the operation of the stoplights. 3. Switch to the block diagram (WindowShow Block Diagram). 4. Observe the four-cycle sequence generated by the for loop. The NI ELVISmx Digital Writer API is the structure that outputs the light code to the stoplights. This API expects the input code to be an 8-bit Boolean array. For example, the first timing interval T1 requires the code 20 (twenty decimal). Its value is placed in the first element of an integer array labeled Lights Pattern. You must transfer the other integer codes from the table in Exercise 7-3 into the three blank elements of the Lights Pattern array.
Figure 7-8. Block Diagram for Automated Operation of a Two-way Stoplight Intersection
In operation, one of the elements of the Lights Pattern array is selected on the boundary of the for loop (inner loop) and converted into an 8-bit Boolean array. In a similar way, the appropriate time delay is selected at the for loop boundary and passed to the Wait function. The timing intervals are stored in the four elements of the Time Delay array. To speed up operation, the 25-second time interval is reduced to 5 seconds and the 5-second time interval is reduced to 1 second.
End of Exercise 7-4

Lab 7
LEDs to the Rescue!
Whats Cool!
LEDs are amazing devices. If you multiply the threshold voltage, VT, times the electronic charge, e, the product is energy that is close to the band gap energy of the semiconductor material used to manufacture the semiconductor diode. Further, in the forward-biased region, the light from the LED has an energy of hc/, where h is Plancks constant, c is the speed of light, and is the wavelength of the center of the energy distribution. Conservation of energy yields the equation: eVT ~ hc/ From the LED specifications, you can determine the wavelength or the LED color. For example, red LEDs have a wavelength of about 560 nm. From the I-V characteristic curve of the LED (see Exercise 7-2), you can measure the threshold voltage VT. If you plot VT versus 1/ for the three different colored LEDs, you find a straight line with a slope approximately equal to (hc/e), a mixture of three fundamental constants of nature.
Multisim Challenge: Design a Control Circuit for a Two-Way Stoplight Intersection

Modern-day stoplights use a cluster of red, yellow, or green LEDs to produce the stoplight signals. In this lab, you have learned about the electrical and optical characteristics of visible LEDs. You have used colored LEDs to form a simple two-way stoplight intersection and a LabVIEW program to control the light sequences. With Multisim, you can design a stoplight controller using discreet logic ICs. A stoplight program requires a shift register and variable delays. Recall that the red light is on for (25 + 5) seconds, the green light for 25 seconds, and the yellow light for 5 seconds. Load the Multisim program called Stop Light Timing. Study the operation carefully. This program uses two 7474 Dual D edge-triggered flip-flop ICs to form a 4-bit shift register. It uses a special clock circuit to generate the timing sequence 25, 5, 25, 5 seconds. This program controls only one set of red, yellow, and green stoplights. Your challenge is to modify the program so that it can control two sets of stoplights in a two-way stoplight intersection.
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Free Space Optical Communications
Figure 8-1. Free Space Infrared Optical Digital Communications Link
Many homes today have several remote controllers lying around the house such as those controlling televisions, stereos, and DVD players. Do you know how these controllers work? The secret is an infrared optical data link, which is a type of free space optical communication link.
Goal
This lab uses an infrared optical source to communicate information over free space to a phototransistor detector. Explore several modulation schemes including amplitude modulation and nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) digital modulation. For the Multisim challenge at the end of this lab, simulate the free space optical link built on the NI ELVIS II protoboard.
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Lab 8

Two-wire current-voltage analyzer (2-Wire) Three-wire current-voltage analyzer (3-Wire) Function generator (FGEN) Oscilloscope (Scope) Digital writer (DigOut)
Required Components
220 resistor (red, red, brown) 470 resistor (yellow, violet, brown) 1 k resistor (brown, black, red) 22 k resistor (red, red, orange) 0.01 F capacitor 0.5 F capacitor IR emitter (LED) IR detector (phototransistor)1 2N3904 NPN transistor 555 timer chip
1.
RS276-142 IR emitter and detector pair are available at www.radioshack.com.
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Lab 8
Exercise 8-1
A Phototransistor Detector
Understanding how a phototransistor works starts with understanding transistor characteristic curves. A transistor is basically a current-controlled amplifier. A small base current controls the current flowing through the transistor from the collector to the emitter. Complete the following steps to determine the characteristic curve of a transistor. 1. Insert a 2N904 transistor on an NI ELVIS II protoboard. 2. Connect the emitter, base, and collector leads to pin sockets DUT, DUT+, and BASE, as shown in Figure 8-2.
Figure 8-2. Connections for 3-Wire Transistor Curve Tracer Measurements Note
Base
Base, DUT
Emitter, and DUT+
Collector Leads
3. Launch the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher and select the Three-Wire Current-Voltage Analyzer (3-Wire). 4. Power on the protoboard. 5. Set the Base Current and Collector Voltage as shown in Figure 8-3 and click on Run.
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Lab 8
Figure 8-3. Typical characteristic curves for a 2N3904 Transistor
The graph displays the collector current versus collector voltage for different values of the base current. You can set many parameters for the collector voltage and the base current ranges. When running, this SFP first outputs a base current, then outputs the collector voltage, and finally measures the collector current. Data points (I,V) are plotted as sequential points with the same base current connected with a line. You can see the curves develop as the program proceeds, resulting in a family of [IV] curves with different base currents. Observe that for a given collector voltage, the collector current increases with an increase in base current. A phototransistor has no base lead. Instead, light falling on the transistor generates a base current proportional to the light intensity. For example, with no light, the phototransistor might follow the bottom (yellow) curve. For a low-light level, the middle (red) curve might be generated, and, at a higher-light intensity, the upper (green) curve might be found. For collector voltages greater than 0.4 V, the collector current follows the light intensity falling on the base region in an almost linear fashion. To build an optical detector, all that is needed is a power supply, a current limiting resistor, and a phototransistor, as shown in Figure 8-4.
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Lab 8
Figure 8-4. Phototransistor Detector Circuit
6. Close any SFPs.
End of Exercise 8-1
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Lab 8
Exercise 8-2
Infrared Red Optical Source and Test Circuit

The optical transmitter is made up of just two components, an infrared (IR) LED (forward-biased) and a current limiting resistor. Complete the following steps to test and analyze an IR LED and build a simple optical link: 1. Connect the IR LED to the DMM/Impedance Analyzer pin sockets [DUT+] and [DUT]. Make sure the LED anode (short lead) is connected to [DUT]. 2. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select the Two-Wire Current-Voltage Analyzer (2-Wire). Set voltage sweep parameters to Start 0.0 V Stop +2.0 V Increment 0.05 V 3. Click Run. The [IV] curve for the infrared diode is developed and displayed.
Figure 8-5. IR LED I-V Characteristic Curve
For voltages greater than about 0.9 V, the IR LED emits light in the forward-bias region. Light is emitted at a wavelength of 950 nm, outside the spectral range of human eyesight and in the near infrared region. The LED
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Lab 8
specs tell you that the maximum allowed current is more than 100 mA, making IR LEDs about 10 times brighter than normal visible LEDs. The intensity of the IR LED gives the remote controllers a great amount of range. Connecting the LED in series with a 220 resistor and a +5 V power supply produces a current of about 11 mA, yielding about 10 mW of invisible optical power. It takes a special detector like your phototransistor to see it. 4. Build the LED transmitter circuit and the phototransistor detector circuit on the protoboard, as shown in Figure 8-6.
Figure 8-6. Free Space IR Transmitter-Detector Circuit
5. Connect the output of the function generator pin socket (FGEN) to the IR LED anode pin. 6. Connect the output of the phototransistor to the pin socket [AI 0+] and Ground to [AI 0]. Taken together, these circuits form a simple optical data link. Figure 8-7 shows this circuit on the NI ELVIS II protoboard.
Figure 8-7. Free Space IR Communications Link on NI ELVIS Protoboard
7. Close any SFPs.
End of Exercise 8-2
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Lab 8
Exercise 8-3
Free Space IR Optical Link (Analog)

Complete the following steps to test your free space optical link: 1. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select Function Generator (FGEN) and Oscilloscope (Scope). The function generator provides the analog signal to be transmitted. The oscilloscope monitors the input signal on CH 0 and the output signal on CH 1. To transmit an analog signal on the LED, you need to bias the LED into the forward-biased region with a bias voltage greater than the turn-on voltage (~1 V). 2. On the FGEN SFP, set the Offset voltage to +1.5 V. 3. Set the additional parameters on the FGEN SFP Amplitude:0.5 V Waveform:Sine Frequency:1000 Hz 4. Run the function generator and oscilloscope, and observe the transmitted and received signals. 5. Change the offset voltage and amplitude levels. When the received sine wave starts to distort, the transmitter becomes nonlinear. 6. Find the best offset voltage value where the signal amplitude shows minimum distortion. The IR optical link is now ready to send data. 7. Leave the function generator and oscilloscope SFPs open.
End of Exercise 8-3
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Lab 8
Exercise 8-4
Amplitude and Frequency Modulation (Analog)

Complete the following steps to test a free space optical link: 1. On an NI ELVIS II protoboard, wire the analog output pin sockets [AO 0] and [AO 1] to the function generator pin sockets amplitude modulation [AM] and frequency modulation [FM], respectively. 2. Launch LabVIEW. Select Modulation.vi from the Hands-On NI ELVIS II library. This program sends a DC signal from the NI ELVIS II analog output to the modulation input of the function generator to produce an amplitude or frequency modulated signal. The modulated signal is converted to an intensity modulate light signal that is sent across your free space optical link. The phototransistor detects it and converts it back into an electrical signal. You have just built an elementary free space optical communication link for analog signals. 3. Close any SFPs and LabVIEW.
End of Exercise 8-4
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Lab 8
Exercise 8-5
Free Space IR Optical Link (Digital)

IR remote controllers use a special encoding scheme called NRZ. A HI level is signaled by a tone burst of 40 kHz square waves while a LO level is signaled by the absence of any signal. A tone burst is generated using the 555 timer circuit shown in the Figure 8-8 circuit. A digital switch is connected to pin 4 [RESET], so that when the switch is HI, a tone burst is generated. When the switch is LO no oscillations occur. To demonstrate the modulation scheme, use a 1.0 kHz tone burst so it is easy to see on the oscilloscope.
Figure 8-8. Tone Burst Oscillator connected to Optical Link
Complete the following steps to build the gated digital oscillator. 1. Build a gated oscillator using a 555 timer chip and the following components: RA: 1.0 k RB: 1.0 k C: 0.5 F 2. Connect pin 4 on the 555 timer chip to the digital line (DI 0) on the NI ELVIS II protoboard. 3. Connect the oscillator output pin 3 to the IR LED anode pin. 4. Connect the output of the detector circuit to the oscilloscope (CH 0) BNC socket. 5. Connect pin 1 of the 555 timer chip to Ground.
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Lab 8
6. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select Oscilloscope (Scope) and Digital Writer (DigOut). 7. For the oscilloscope, select Scope CH 0 as Source, Trigger on Edge, CH 0 Source, Level 1.0 V. In operation, every time you set Bit 0 (DO 0) of the Digital Writer to HI, a 1 kHz signal appears on the oscilloscope. No signal is presented when Bit 0 is LO. Try some of the other digital patterns like Walking 1s or Ramp, and view the modulation scheme on the oscilloscope panel. In remote controllers, the encoding scheme is slightly more complicated. If you are interested in building a computer-controlled IR remote transmitter, refer to Sensors, Transducers and LabVIEW by Barry E. Paton for details.
Figure 8-9. Tone Burst Oscillator Controlled from a Digital Line (red lead)
End of Exercise 8-5
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Lab 8
Multisim Challenge: Design a High-Speed Optical NRZ Data Link

Code the digital IR optical data link circuit of Exercise 8-5 with Multisim. Use the NI ELVIS II schematic format for the virtual circuit. Determine the bit rate that you can send using this circuit. How can you improve the bit rate performance? Change the components in the design to generate a high-speed digital optical link.
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RF Wireless Communications
Figure 9-1. Guglielmo Marconi
Midday at Signal Hill near St. Johns, Newfoundland, in Canada, Guglielmo Marconi pressed his ear to a telephone headset connected to an experimental wireless receiver. About 1,700 miles away at Poldhu, Cornwall, in England, his coworkers were about to send the Morse code letter s, which is three dots. Faintly, but clearly psht-psht-psht pause psht-psht-psht came through the earphone. The date was December 12, 1901, and the first transatlantic message had just been sent and received.
Goal
In this lab, use a paper clip antenna to send this classic message and other waveforms over a wireless radio frequency (RF) link. The NI ELVIS II function generator is the transmitter and a high-gain op amp is the receiver. The classic message is formulated using the NI ELVIS II arbitrary waveform generator.
9-1
Lab 9

Oscilloscope (Scope) Arbitrary waveform generator (ARB)
Required Components
1 k resistor (brown, black, red) 100 k resistor (brown, black, yellow) 741 op amp or field-effect transistor (FET) op amp 753 7408 digital IC Paper clips
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Lab 9
Exercise 9-1
The Transmitter
Complete the following steps to build a simple transmitter antenna from a paper clip: 1. Straighten a paper clip and cut it into a piece about 2.5 in. long. 2. Push one end of the paper clip into the output pin socket of the function generator. When FGEN is running, the output voltage leaks from the pin socket to the paper clip antenna and radiates a small RF signal. A similar antenna about a centimeter away can pick up this signal and amplify it to a higher signal level. Use this transmitter in Exercise 9-2.
Figure 9-2. RF Transmitter-Receiver circuit with Antennas
3. Initially, use a sine wave to test the transmitter by setting the SFP function generator to sine waveform, 2.5 V amplitude, and 10000 Hz frequency.
End of Exercise 9-1
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Lab 9
Exercise 9-2
The Receiver
Complete the following steps to build a simple receiver antenna from a paper clip: 1. Bend a second paper clip into step shape, with the long side about 2.5 in., the step height about 0.25 in., and the step width about 0.5 in. 2. Insert the short end of the paper clip into a pin socket. The midsection supports the antenna on the protoboard, so you can rotate the antenna about the short end. The long side sits vertically and is parallel to the transmitter antenna (see Figure 9-2). 3. Build a high-gain amplifier using a 741 op amp or 753 FET op amp in the simple inverting configuration.
Figure 9-3. RF Receiver Op Amp Circuit
4. Connect a 1 k resistor to the input (pin 2). 5. Connect a 100 k bias resistor to the + input (pin 3). 6. Connect the other end of the resistors to AIGND. 7. Connect a 100 k resistor as the feedback resistor Rf from pin 2 to pin 6. 8. To power the circuit, connect +15 V on pin 7 and 15 V on pin 4. Nominally the op amp has a gain of 101. You can use other resistor combinations for higher gains. 9. The receiver antenna is connected to the input (pin 3). 10. Connect the op amp output pin 6 to the oscilloscope.
End of Exercise 9-2
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Lab 9
Exercise 9-3
Testing the RF Transmitter and Receiver

Complete the following steps to use a sine wave signal to test the transmitter-receiver pair. 1. Check the circuit you built in Exercise 9-2 and power on the protoboard. 2. Move the receiver antenna a few millimeters from the transmitter antenna. 3. Connect the oscilloscope BNC connector channel (CH0) to the op amp output, pin 6, and ground. 4. Connect the oscilloscope BNC connector channel (CH1) to the function generator pin socket (SYNC). 5. Typical oscilloscope settings are: Channel 0: 10 to 500 mV Channel 1: 2 V/div Trigger source: Channel 1 6. Decrease Channel 0 scale (V/div) until you see a sine wave. If you cannot see a signal right away, touch the two antenna tips with your fingertip. This simulates the high impedance of the atmosphere and allows a small signal to propagate. 7. Adjust the FGEN amplitude and frequency until you get a good signal. 8. Measure the signal level as you separate the receiver antenna from the transmitter antenna. You can easily measure the separation with a ruler. You can quickly get an idea of how rapidly the signal level falls off with distance; a long antenna helps in receiving distant signals. Marconi, at Signal Hill, used a kite to carry his antenna hundreds of feet up into the atmosphere. Now that the transmitter-receiver is working, it is time to duplicate Marconis classic message. Marconis first RF transmitter consisted of a spark gap connected to a resonant circuit and a very long antenna often carried high on a balloon or kite. When a spark is discharged between the electrodes, an intense RF pulse is generated with a short time duration of a few milliseconds. It takes 30,000 V to produce a spark between electrodes separated by 1 cm, and the current can be large. A single spark followed by a pause was a dot. A longer spark followed by a pause was a dash. Together,
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Lab 9
these were all the ingredients needed for Morse code transmission. The letter S is just three dots in rapid succession. The letter O is just three dashes in rapid succession. The distress call, S-O-S (save our souls), is:
dot-dot-dot dash-dash-dash dot-dot-dot
For the first transatlantic message, Marconi chose the simpler signal dot-dot-dot.
End of Exercise 9-3
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Lab 9
Exercise 9-4
Building a Unique Test Signal with an Arbitrary Waveform Analyzer

A dot is a signal, usually an oscillation, followed by silence (no signal). Each part lasts for about 0.1 second. A dash is just a signal lasting for the duration of three dots, or 0.3 second, followed by a pause. The encoding scheme is a simple tone burst with different duration times. The letter S is encoded as dot-dot-dot or, in binary, 101010, where 1 is the dot and 0 is the pause. A longer message consisting of multiple letters like SSS has a longer pause (0.4 second) placed between each letter. This message in binary is
101010 0000 101010 0000 101010 0000.
If you can generate this waveform on the NI ELVIS II digital-to-analog converter, or DAC (AO), then you can use the DAC output to gate the function generator on and off. The resulting tone burst signal from the FGEN can radiate the message to the world. Complete the following steps to build a program to produce a Morse code transmission: 1. From the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, select Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB). With the arbitrary waveform generator, you can create unique waveforms, such as Marconis first message. You can use a special program called the Waveform Editor to create all kinds of unique diagnostic and control waveforms. 2. Click the Waveform Editor button to view this feature. The SFP ARB provides waveform control over the AO 0 and AO 1 outputs. 3. Click on the browser icon next to the DAC0 Waveform Name box. 4. From the NI ELVIS II library folder, select the 1VSine1000.wdt file. Enable AO output by clicking on AO 0:[box]. When you click on the Run button, a 1.0 V amplitude sine wave at 1000 Hz is applied to the AO 0 pin socket.
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Lab 9
Figure 9-4. ARB created 1 V Sine Waveform
5. Connect the oscilloscope CH 0 BNC input to the AO 0 pin socket. Click the Run button and observe a 1 kHz sine wave signal on the oscilloscope window.
Note
For a steady signal trace, trigger on Channel 0. 6. Return to the AO 0 browser icon, navigate to the Hands-On NI ELVIS II library folder, and select the file Morse.wdt. This file provides the waveform for the letter S in Morse code. Change the AO 0 gain to 2.5. 7. Click Run and observe this signal on the oscilloscope.
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Lab 9
Figure 9-5. ARB Created Morse Code Letter S
For the real transmission, change the Update Rate box to 10000.0 S/s.
End of Exercise 9-4
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Lab 9
Exercise 9-5
A Demonstration of Marconis RF Transmission Signal

Complete the following steps to finish the transmitter station: 1. Install a 7408 (quad 2-input AND) digital IC in the protoboard. Power (+5 V) is applied to pin 14 and Ground is pin 7. 2. Connect the AO 0 output pin socket on the NI ELVIS II protoboard to pin 1 of the 7408 IC. 3. Connect the FGEN output to pin 2 of the 7408 IC. The transmitter signal now on pin 3 of the 7408 IC is connected to the paper clip transmitter antenna.
Figure 9-6. RF Transmitter and Receiver Circuits
4. Now configure the SFP function generator for TTL output levels. Amplitude Offset Waveform Frequency 2.2 V 2.5 V Square 1 kHz
5. Observe the transmitted and received signals on the oscilloscope: Channel 0 goes to pin 3 of the 7408 chip (the transmitter signal) and Channel 1 goes to pin 6 of the op amp (the receiver signal). 6. Trigger on Channel 0. You should be able to see the transmitted message S on Channel 0 and the received signal on Channel 1.
End of Exercise 9-5
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Lab 9
Circuit Challenge: Hearing Is Believing

With a little more gain on the receiver side and a conversion of the signal into a current, you can drive a small loudspeaker to hear
beep-beep-beep-pause-beep-beep-beep-pause
faintly but clearly. Enjoy the challenge.
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Mechanical Motion
10
Figure 10-1. Tachometer Apparatus to Measure Motor Speed
The ability to translate electrical signals into motion in the real world combined with the ability to measure position can help you exploit the power of the computer to generate computer automation the source of much of the modern worlds conveniences.
Goal
In this experiment, use the power capacity of the NI ELVIS II variable power supply to run and control the speed of a small DC motor. Using a modified free space IR link, build a tachometer to measure the speed of the motor. By combining the motor and tachometer with a LabVIEW program, you can incorporate computer automation in the system.

Variable power supply (VPS) Oscilloscope (Scope) LabVIEW
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Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Required Components
1 k resistor (brown, black, red) 10 k resistor (brown, black, orange) IR LED/phototransistor module DC motor Small punch or drill Glue Several combs with varying numbers of teeth per inch
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Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Exercise 10-1 Start Your Engine

You can purchase a small, inexpensive DC motor at Radio Shack or many hobby stores. These motors require a voltage source from 0 to 12 V, producing a maximum RPM of about 15,000 at 12 V. With no load, the current requirement is about 300 mA. The NI ELVIS II VPS can supply up to 500 mA at 12 V. Also, by changing the polarity of the applied voltage, you can change the direction of rotation. Complete the following steps to install and run a motor on an NI ELVIS II protoboard. 1. Connect a DC motor to the VPS output terminals, (SUPPLY+ and GROUND). 2. Launch the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher and select Variable Power Supply (VPS). 3. From either the workstations manual VPS controls or the SFP controls, test the motor. In the following example, manual control has been selected by clicking on the Manual box []. Read the VPS voltage by clicking on the Measure Supply Outputs box [], applying power to the protoboard, and clicking Run.
Figure 10-2. VPS Supply + Configured to Manually Drive a DC Motor
End of Exercise 10-1

Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Exercise 10-2 The Tachometer

Using an IR LED and phototransistor or an integrated LED/phototransistor module, you can build a simple motion sensor. Complete the following steps to build a simple motion sensor. 1. On the protoboard, insert the components shown in the Figure 10-3 circuit diagram.
Emitter +5V
Detector
1k Gnd
10 k
+ To ACH4 -
Figure 10-3. Circuit for Operation of an Integrated LED/Phototransistor Module
In the case of an LED/phototransistor module, an internal LED is used for the optical source. Power it from the +5 V power supply through a 1 k current limiting resistor Then connect a 10 k resistor from the phototransistor emitter to ground and connect the same +5 V power supply to the phototransistor collector. The voltage developed across the 10 k resistor is the phototransistor or tachometer signal. 2. Connect leads from the 10 k resistor to the [AI 0+] and [AI 0] pin sockets.
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Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
3. Select Scope from the NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher and select the settings, as shown in Figure 10-4.
Figure 10-4. Tachometer Signal Viewed on the Oscilloscope
4. Power on the protoboard and run the oscilloscope SFP. 5. Pass a piece of paper through the IR motion sensor. You should see the oscilloscope trace change (HI-LO-HI). With a narrow piece of paper, you might catch the pulse generated as you drag it through the sensor. 6. Place a comb with many teeth in the sensor IR beam. Dragging it through the sensor generates a train of pulses. You can even run it back and forth like a saw to generate a continuous stream of pulses as shown in Figure 10-4. It is interesting to try combs with different sizes and numbers of teeth. Each comb generates its own signature waveform.
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Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Exercise 10-3 Building a Rotary Motion System

The rotary motion demonstration system consists of the DC motor controlled by the variable power supply and the IR motion sensor configured as a tachometer. To complete the tachometer, you must attach a disk with a 2 in. diameter, to the shaft of the motor by completing the following steps. 1. Cut a 2 in. diameter disk from a piece of thin but sturdy cardboard or plastic. 2. Cut a slot about 0.25 in. wide and 0.25 in. deep near the circumference of the disk. 3. Punch or drill a small hole at the center point. 4. Glue the disk to the end of the motor shaft. 5. Mount the motor so that the slot lines up with the IR transmitter/receiver beam. In operation, each revolution generates one pulse.
Emitter +5V
Detector
VPS+
1k Gnd
10 k
+ To ACH 4 -
Gnd 12 V DC Motor
Figure 10-5. Motion Sensor Circuit and Motor Parts Note
You can also use the CD and motor of Lab 6. Instead of a small magnet triggering the sensor, you can drill a hole about the size of the transmitter/receiver beam (3 mm) near the edge of the CD. Align the IR sensor so that the beam passes through the hole.
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Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Figure 10-6. Apparatus to Measure the Speed of a Spinning CD
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Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Exercise 10-4 Testing the Rotary Motion System

Complete the following steps to test the rotary motion system. 1. Power on the protoboard and run the motor using the NI ELVIS II VPS SFP to control the motor speed. 2. Adjust the motor position so that the disk does not touch the sensor slot. 3. Observe on the oscilloscope the pulses generated by the rotating motor, as shown in Figure 10-7.
Figure 10-7. Typical Tachometer Waveform
4. Read the pulse frequency (Freq:) from the measurement row CHO Meas: at the bottom of the oscilloscope screen. Take frequency measurements for a variety of power supply levels. A plot of frequency versus VPS voltage level demonstrates the linearity of your rotary motion system. 5. Close NI ELVIS and all SFPs.
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Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Exercise 10-5 A LabVIEW Measurement of RPM

LabVIEW has several VIs located at FunctionsProgrammingAnalog WaveformWaveform Measurements that are convenient for measuring the timing periods of a continuous waveform. You can use the Pulse Measurements.vi to measure the period, pulse duration, or duty cycle from a waveform array.
Figure 10-8. Period Measurement Converted to kRPM
You can convert the period measurement to revolutions per minute by inverting the period to get frequency and multiplying by 60 to get rpm. For scaling, divide by 1000 to get krpm. You can also use the Express template for Timing and Transitions Measurements and get the frequency directly. Then convert the frequency to rpm as discussed above.
Note
Figure 10-9. kRPM Measurements using an Express VI
10-9
Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Using LabVIEW, complete the following steps to measure the period/frequency on a continuous waveform. 1. Launch LabVIEW and open RPM.vi from the Hands-On-NI ELVIS II library folder. 2. Open the diagram window and study the program.
Figure 10-10. Block Diagram of program RPM.vi
Use the DAQ Assistant to collect 1000 voltage samples for the tachometer graph and provide an input signal array for the Pulse Measurements.vi. The rpm signal is sent to a front panel meter and displayed in krpm. The rpm signal also goes to a shift register with five elements. This provides an averaged rpm signal for the front panel. You manually control the motor speed with the front panel knob labeled Setpoint. Also available on the front panel is a graph of the tachometer signal as a function of time.
10-10
ni.com
Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Run this VI and take your motor for a spin. See and hear how responsive the motor is to a rapid change in the rpm setpoint.
Figure 10-11. LabVIEW Tachometer and Motor Control Circuit Front Panel
10-11
Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
LabVIEW Challenge: Computer Automation of the Rotary Motion System

National Instruments offers the LabVIEW PID Control Toolkit, which features additional LabVIEW VIs you can use to add computer automation to your rotary system. PID stands for proportional integral derivative. These control algorithms move a system from one setpoint (initial rpm) to another setpoint (final rpm) in an optimized manner. The addition of a single VI (PID.vi) provides optimal control to your program. The algorithm compares the target rpm (final rpm) with the current rpm (averaged rpm signal) to generate a DC error signal, which drives the VPS. Integration and differentiation parameters adjust the VPS voltage smoothly from one measurement to the next.
Figure 10-12. PID subVI for Control Applications
If you are more familiar with control, you can use another VI (PID Autotuning.vi) to set the initial PID parameters automatically. Then you can fine-tune the parameters to your specific system. Search for additional LabVIEW PID resources at ni.com.
10-12
ni.com
Lab 10
Mechanical Motion
Figure 10-13. Setpoint (yellow) and RPM (red) Traces show Optimal Control PID in Action
In Figure 10-13, the setpoint (yellow trace) is changed suddenly from 3300 to 4500 krpm. The system rpm (red trace) responds by moving the motor speed smoothly and optimally from the current setpoint to the target setpoint.
10-13
Digital Dice
11
Figure 11-1. Digital Dice Circuit on NI ELVIS II Workstation
From the beginning of time, dice have been used for games of chance. Cubic dice similar to modern dice date back to before 5000 BC. The Greeks and Romans used dice made of stone or ivory with spots on the side inlayed with dark ink or bits of lead. In this lab, light emitting diodes (LEDs) in a dice pattern are used to display the lucky number.
Goal
In this lab, explore using Multisim to design an electronic version of digital dice with standard TTL ICs. From the virtual Multisim design, build a prototype circuit using real TTL ICs on the NI ELVIS II protoboard. Also use NI ELVIS II SFPs to test your design within a Multisim environment and, with a click of the mouse, use the same test instruments to test the real circuit.
11-1
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Soft Front Panels (SFPs)

DMM[V, , ] Oscilloscope (Scope) Function generator (FGEN)
Required Components
Two 100 k resistor (brown, black, yellow) Five 220 resistors (red, red, black) Four 1 k pull-up resistors (brown, black, red) [optional] Eight red LEDs Two 0.01 F capacitors 0.1 F capacitor Two 1 F capacitors 555 timer IC Two 7474 Dual D flip-flops One 7404 hex inverter Single-pole single-throw (SPST) switch or push button (normally open)
11-2
ni.com
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Some Background
Consider the case of a single die. On each of its six sides, one of the following patterns appears, representing the numbers one through six.
These patterns are traditional. You can think of them as seven lights arranged in an H pattern.
By turning on the appropriate lights, you can create any one of the six patterns on the face of a die. On closer inspection, there are only four unique patterns from which the pattern for any face can be formed. Call these base patterns A, B, C, and D:
The base state A has only one light and it occupies the snake-eye position in the dices center position. The three remaining states all use two lights occupying one of the two diagonal positions or the horizontal position. If you write down a truth table for the presence or absence of these base patterns as a function of the die face number, the meaning of the base states becomes clearer.
11-3
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Table 11-1. How Base States form Dice Patterns
Die face 1 2 3 4 5 6
The base pattern A is used by all of the odd numbers (1, 3, and 5). Pattern B is found in all numbers except 1. Base pattern C is found in the numbers 4, 5, and 6. Pattern D is used only when representing the number 6. You can build a single dice display using seven LEDs and four current limiting resistors.
+5 V
B A 330 D C
Figure 11-2. Dice Display Circuit
In the Figure 11-2 schematic diagram, shorting an input pad A, B, C, or D to ground turns on that base state. In the combinations of A, B, C, or D shown in Table 11-1, you can generate any of the standard dice displays.
11-4
ni.com
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-1 Multisim Dice Display Using Seven LEDs

Launch Multisim and open the program Display1.ms10. It has seven virtual LEDs and four current limiting resistors together with four switches. Run this program and operate the switches in the combinations shown Table 11-1 to verify that the truth table generates the dice displays. Replace the switches with the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer SFP. For reference, look at Display2.ms10. By doing this, you can exercise the dice display using the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer. Use the mapping Line 0 Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 A B C D
Set all the lines 0..1 to LO initially. All the LEDs should be lit. This is the lamp test state. These LEDs are active low, that is, setting the lines (A..D) LO turns on the selected base set of LEDs.
Note
Verify your circuit design follows the truth table in Table 11-1.
11-5
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-2 Converting a Multisim Design into a Real Circuit

Complete the following steps to build and test a real dice display. 1. On the NI ELVIS II protoboard, build a real digital dice display using seven LEDs and four resistors. Use the schematic diagram in Exercise 11-1 or the program Display2.ms10 as a wiring guide.
Figure 11-3. Digital Dice Module on NI ELVIS II Protoboard
2. Use the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer as a diagnostic test instrument to test your circuit. Recall that the LEDs are active LO. 3. Use the values A, B, C, and D in Table 11-1 to verify the operation of your design. You can have both Multisim and the NI ELVIS protoboard active at the same time. In this exercise, the instrument control device [box] determines which application NI ELVISmx Digital Writer controls.
Note
[Multisim] selects the active Multisim panel [Dev 1 (NI ELVIS)] selects the NI ELVIS II protoboard By switching back and forth, you can easily compare your Multisim design with the real circuit on the NI ELVIS II protoboard.
11-6
ni.com
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-3 A Modulo 6 Counter

A modulo 6 counter is any counter with six unique states that repeat the sequence every six counts. It could be a binary counter with decimal equivalents of (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1..), or as in a LabVIEW or C+ program, counting from zero (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0..). It could be a pseudorandom number generator that randomly generates a six-number sequence like (5, 1, 6, 4, 3, 2, 5..). In this lab, build a simpler modulo 6 counter using a three-element shift register configured as a switched tail ring counter Figure 11-4.
Q1 D Q Q
Q2 D Q Q
Q3
Q Q
clock
Figure 11-4. Schematic Diagram of a Modulo 6 Switch-tail Ring Counter
It uses three D-type flip-flop elements configured as a shift register. Note the switched tail; the inverted output of the last element is connected back to the input of the first element. On command from a rising edge of the clock pulse, all the D inputs shift to their respective outputs. Each clock pulse generates a new sequence of outputs on Q1, Q2, and Q3, which repeats after six pulses.
11-7
Lab 11
Digital Dice
The truth table is shown in Table 11-2.

Table 11-2. Modulo 6 Truth Table
Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Q2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
Q3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 same as cycle 1
With Multisim, design a modulo 6 counter using two 7474 Dual D edge-triggered flip-flop ICs. Each IC contains two D flip-flop elements labeled in Multisim as 1 and 2. The input is labeled as D for data source and the outputs are labeled as Q and Q where Q is the complement of Q. Each element has a Clear (CLR) and a Preset (PR) input, which is pulled HI for clocking operations. You form a shift register when you connect all the clock inputs (CLK) together and to the circuit clock.
11-8
ni.com
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Figure 11-5. Multisim Version of a Switch Tail Ring Counter with LED Displays
To visualize the outputs Q1, Q2, and Q3, an LED is connected to each output (Q) and the power supply. Note when a Q bit is HI, current is sunk through Q to ground, which turns on the respective LED. The illuminated state signifies that Q is HI. Use the NI ELVISmx Function Generator as the circuit clock. Set the output for TTL levels, set the amplitude equal to 5 Vpkpk, and set an offset of 2.5 V. Set the function to Square Wave and frequency near 60 Hz. Verify your design by comparing it with the example Mod 6.ms10 in the NI ELVIS program library.
11-9
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-4 Convert the Mod 6 Multisim Design into a Real Circuit
Complete the following steps to convert your Multisim design to a real circuit on an NI ELVIS II protoboard: 1. Transfer your working design into real circuit components. You need two 7474 ICs, three visible LEDs, and three current limiting resistors. 2. One can also use three of the LED indicators on the NI ELVIS II protoboard labeled LED 0, 1, and 2. Map Q1 to LED0, Q2 to LED0, and Q3 to LED0.
Note
These LEDs are active HI, that is, a HI state turns the LED on.
Figure 11-6. Real Component Modulo 6 Counter connected to NI ELVIS II LEDs
The Multisim program Mod 62.ms10 demonstrates this option. 3. Use the same NI ELVISmx Function Generator as you did in Exercise 11-3. 4. Switch back and forth between Multisim and the NI ELVIS II protoboard to verify the operation of your modulo 6 counter.
11-10
ni.com
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-5 Building the System Clock

To roll the dice, you can use a high clock speed. A clock frequency of several kilohertz is fast enough so that the eye cannot tell which numbers are appearing on the LED dice display. It looks just like the dice are rolling. Complete the following steps to build the system clock. 1. Review the digital clock circuit from Lab 5, Exercise 5-2. 2. Design a Multisim circuit for a TTL clock using a 555 timer IC configured as a stable oscillator.
Figure 11-7. Multisim 555 Clock Circuit
3. Use the following components RA = 100 k RB = 100 k C = 0.01 f to complete the clock circuit and define the frequency of operation. 4. Use the NI ELVIS II SFP (Scope) to verify the circuit operation and measure the clock frequency.
11-11
Lab 11
Digital Dice
5. To stop the dice rolling, you need only to stop the clock. You can simulate this feature, One-armed bandit, using a simple switch connected between Ground and pin 2 of the 555 timer IC. 6. Modify your clock design with this addition and verify the circuit operation. You should see the oscillator stop when the switch is closed.
Figure 11-8. Added components to convert 555 Clock to Gated Oscillator
7. When the circuit is operating correctly, replace the component list above with a second set of components to slow the clock down to a speed where your eye can follow the action. RA = 100 k RB = 100 k C = 2 f 8. Modify your circuit a second time by adding a single LED between the +5 V supply and by connecting a current limiting resistor to the 555 output (pin 5). 9. Power up the protoboard and click on Run to verify the slow speed clock operation. 10. Use the Multisim program Clock.ms10 in the NI ELVIS II library folder to check on your program.

Introduction to NI ELVIS 11-12 ni.com
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-6 Building a Real Clock Circuit on an NI ELVIS II Protoboard

Complete the following steps to build a real clock design with modifications on an NI ELVIS II protoboard. 1. Transfer your second clock design to the NI ELVIS II protoboard. You need a 555 timer IC, resistors RA and RB, capacitor C, a 330 resistor, a visible LED, and a switch.
Figure 11-9. Gated System Clock Circuit on NI ELVIS Protoboard
2. When the circuit is completed, power up the protoboard. You should see the LED flashing. 3. Power off the protoboard. 4. Remove the NI ELVIS SFP connection from your modulo 6 counter and replace it with a connection between the 555 output (pin 3) and the clock input of the modulo 6 counter. 5. Power up the protoboard. You should see the clock output LED flashing and the three output lines Q1, Q2, and Q3 on the modulo 6 counter displaying the count on the protoboard LEDs 0, 1, and 2. 6. Power off the protoboard. 7. Replace the second (RA, RB, C) set with the first (RA, RB, C) set. When you apply power to the protoboard, you should not be able to see any counting just a blur on the LEDs. 8. Push the switch and see the current count on the modulo 6 output lines.

Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-7 Building the Three- to Four-Line Encoder

The encoder takes the three counter outputs, Q1, Q2, and Q3, and sets the base states, A, B, C, and D, to represent the dice numbers 1 through 6. There is no a priori reason to decide which counter output corresponds to which count. However, a little foresight makes the choices easier.
Table 11-3. All possible states of a Modulo 6 Switch Tail Ring Counter
# 6 4 2 1 3 5
Q1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Q2 0 0 1 1 1 0
Q3 0 0 0 1 1 1
Q1 1 0 0 0 1 1
Q 2 1 1 0 0 0 1
Q3 1 1 1 0 0 0
For example, each output has three (1) states and three (0) states. You could use one of these outputs, say Q3, to signify odd states 1, 3, and 5. You could then use another output state, say Q2, to code the family 4, 5, and 6. These two lines then decode two of the base patterns for free. To decode the two remaining base patterns with a particular pattern of the three counter lines, you can use a three-input AND gate. Decode Not 1 with the combination Q1, Q2, and Q3 and decode the final base state 6 with Q1, Q2, and Q3. Build the encoder using two three-input AND gates with four inverter gates. The schematic diagram in Figure 11-10 shows the encoder circuit.
11-14
ni.com
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Figure 11-10. LabVIEW coded version of a 3-to-4 line Encoder
Recall that the dice display in Exercise 11-2 requires that the dice display inputs be active LO to turn on the LEDs. This implies that the outputs of the encoder in Figure 11-10 must be inverted. You can do this by replacing the AND gates with NAND gates and rearranging to connections to A, B, C, and D. Study the Figure 11-10 design and make the necessary corrections. Sketch the new encoder circuit on paper. Complete the following steps to build the new encoder design. 1. Design a Multisim circuit for the new encoder. Use a 7410 (triple three-input NAND gate) IC and a 7404 (hex inverter) IC. 2. Set the encoder input lines Q1, Q2, and Q3 with three output lines, DIO 0, 1, and 2, of the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer. 3. View the output states A, B, C, and D with four lines, DIO 8, 9, 10, and 11, of the NI ELVISmx Digital Reader. 4. For assistance, take a peek at Encoder.ms10 in the Hands-On NI ELVIS II library folder. 5. Run the simulation and verify the truth table for the three- to four-line encoder.
11-15
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-8 Building and Testing the Digital Dice Encoder

Complete the following steps to build and test the encoder. 1. Transfer your Multisim encoder design to a real circuit on an NI ELVIS II protoboard. You need a 7410 (triple three-input NAND gate) IC and a 7404 (hex inverter) IC.
Figure 11-11. Multisim circuit for 3-to-4 line Encoder with Dice Display
2. Use the NI ELVISmx Digital Writer to set the inputs Q1, Q2, and Q3. 3. Use the NI ELVISmx Digital Reader to view the encoder output states A, B, C, and D. 4. When you are satisfied with the circuit operation, replace the lines to the NI ELVISmx Digital Reader with the input lines for the real digital dice display. 5. Make one final check on the encoder/LED display circuit. 6. Power up your circuits. Verify the encoder/LED display generates the dice patterns (1..6). 7. If all works as expected, connect the four digital dice components: clock, counter, encoder, and display.

Introduction to NI ELVIS 11-16 ni.com
Lab 11
Digital Dice
Exercise 11-9 Electronic Dice

To roll a die, turn on the protoboard and set the switch to open. All the numbers appear on the LED display but at a speed too fast for the eye to follow the patterns. By flipping the switch to close, you can stop the counter. This state is converted into one of the six possible display patterns, maybe your favorite number.
11-17
Additional Information and Resources
This appendix contains additional information about National Instruments technical support options and NI ELVIS resources.
National Instruments Technical Support Options

Visit the following sections of the award-winning National Instruments Web site at ni.com for technical support and professional services: SupportTechnical support at ni.com/support includes the following resources: Self-Help Technical ResourcesFor answers and solutions, visit ni.com/support for software drivers and updates, a searchable KnowledgeBase, product manuals, step-by-step troubleshooting wizards, thousands of example programs, tutorials, application notes, instrument drivers, and so on. Registered users also receive access to the NI Discussion Forums at ni.com/forums. NI Applications Engineers make sure every question submitted online receives an answer. Standard Service Program MembershipThis program entitles members to direct access to NI Applications Engineers via phone and email for one-to-one technical support as well as exclusive access to on demand training modules via the Services Resource Center. NI offers complementary membership for a full year after purchase, after which you may renew to continue your benefits. For information about other technical support options in your area, visit ni.com/services or contact your local office at ni.com/contact. System IntegrationIf you have time constraints, limited in-house technical resources, or other project challenges, National Instruments Alliance Partner members can help. The NI Alliance Partners joins system integrators, consultants, and hardware vendors to provide comprehensive service and expertise to customers. The program ensures qualified, specialized assistance for application and system development. To learn more, call your local NI office or visit ni.com/alliance.
A-1
Appendix A
Additional Information and Resources
If you searched ni.com and could not find the answers you need, contact your local office or NI corporate headquarters. Phone numbers for our worldwide offices are listed at the front of this manual. You also can visit the Worldwide Offices section of ni.com/niglobal to access the branch office Web sites, which provide up-to-date contact information, support phone numbers, email addresses, and current events.
Other National Instruments Training Courses

National Instruments offers several training courses for NI ELVIS users. These courses continue the training you received here and expand it to other areas. Visit ni.com/training to purchase course materials or sign up for instructor-led, hands-on courses at locations around the world.
National Instruments Certification

Earning an NI certification acknowledges your expertise in working with NI products and technologies. The measurement and automation industry, your employer, clients, and peers recognize your NI certification credential as a symbol of the skills and knowledge you have gained through experience. Visit ni.com/training for more information about the NI certification program.
NI ELVIS Resources
You can find additional information about NI ELVIS at ni.com/nielvis.
A-2
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Intro To NIELVIS Multisim LV

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Intro To NIELVIS Multisim LV

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Introduction to NI ELVIS

NI ELVIS II, Multisim, and LabVIEW

by Professor Barry Paton Dalhousie University

Lesson 2 Digital Thermometer

Lesson 3 AC Circuit Tools

Lesson 4 Op Amp Filters

National Instruments Corporation

Lesson 5 Digital I/O

Lesson 6 Magnetic Field Sensors

Lesson 7 LEDs to the Rescue!

Lesson 8 Free Space Optical Communications

Lesson 9 RF Wireless Communications

Exercise 9-1 Exercise 9-2 Exercise 9-3 Exercise 9-4

Lesson 10 Mechanical Motion

Lesson 11 Digital Dice

Appendix A Additional Information and Resources

National Instruments Corporation

Guide to Preparation for This Course

A Word from the Author

National Instruments Corporation

Guide to Preparation for This Course

How You Can Use These Labs

NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

Figure 1-1. NI ELVIS II Workstation

National Instruments Corporation

NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

Required Soft Front Panels (SFPs)

NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

Measuring Component Values

Figure 1-2. NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher Icon Strip

Figure 1-3. Digital Multimeter, Ohmmeter configuration

National Instruments Corporation

NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

End of Exercise 1-1

NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

Building a Voltage Divider Circuit on the NI ELVIS II Protoboard

Figure 1-4. Voltage Divider Circuit

Figure 1-5. Power LED Indicators on NI ELVIS II protoboard.

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NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

End of Exercise 1-2

NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

Using the DMM to Measure Current

Figure 1-6. Circuit Modification to measure Current

End of Exercise 1-3

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NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

Observing the Voltage Development of an RC Transient Circuit

Figure 1-7. RC Transient Circuit

NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

End of Exercise 1-4

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NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

Visualizing the RC Transient Circuit Voltage

Figure 1-8. RC Transient circuit on NI ELVIS II protoboard

NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

Figure 1-9. Charging and Discharging Waveform of the RC Transient circuit

Figure 1-10. LabVIEW Block Diagram for the program RC Transient.vi

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NI ELVIS II Workspace Environment

NI ELVIS II Challenge: Design a Burglar Alarm Using Multisim Simulation

Figure 1-11. Multisim Smart Sensor Design