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Optimal Design, Analysis and Evaluation of Active 9-11 GHz Band Pass Filter for Various Orders for SAR applications
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P Yadav, 2K Parandham Gowd and 3A Khare

Abstract Technologies have advanced rapidly in the design of filters to enhance effectiveness of Signal to Noise Ratio for mobile communications including SAR applications. In this research work Butter worth active band pass filter for 9 to 11 GHz for various orders of 32, 20, 15 and 10 was designed using XILINX and MATLAB software. This was optimized, analysed and evaluated for different orders keeping the sampling frequency at 48 GHz and Kiser window 0.5 Beta. This 9 to 11 GHz band pass filter was analysed for different orders and the results are analyzed and presented. Keywords Active filter, Order of filters, XILINX, MATLAB, Kiser Window

1. INTRODUCTION
A filter is a device that passes electronic signals at certain frequency ranges while preventing the passage of others. An active filter is a type of analog filter distinguished by the use of one or more active components such as voltage amplifiers, buffer amplifiers. They are generally a solid state transistor or operational amplifier. Active filters are preferred over passive filters especially at high frequency ranges where the response of the passive filters is very poor and they add their own noise due to LRC components. The inductors are avoided in active filters which otherwise add weight and hence they are resistible for airborne SAR applications. Active filters basically have the following advantages over passive filters :- (a) In active filters inductors which are large and expensive are avoided thus removing significant internal resistance. (b) Active filters can reject significant amount of surrounding unwanted electromagnetic signals. (c) In this filters variable inductances can be used which are not practicable in passive low frequency filters, thus control over the following.

(d)

(i) Shape of the response (ii) The quality factor (iii) Frequency is tunable In this the amplifier powering the filter can be used to buffer the filter thus preventing the variations which affect the shape of the frequency response significantly.

2. PROPOSED DESIGN METHODOLOGY

In this research work the Butter worth digital active band pass filter for frequencies 9 to 11 GHz of 32 order Kaiser window with 0.5 Beta at a sampled frequency of 48 GHz is carried out. The design process involved the following steps:- (a) MATLAB software tool is used to generate the coefficients required for the operation of the filter. (b) Xilinx software tool was used to design the filter. (c) In this design methodology Finite Interval Response (FIR) and Kaiser window with 32 order TAP was used with 0.5 Beta. (d) Filter response was derived for the sampling frequency of 48 GHz. (e) This design process was repeated for 20 order, 15 order and 10 order keeping the sampling frequency of 48 GHz with Kaiser window with 0.5 Beta. The (FDA) Filter Design and Analysis tool in MATLAB provides the option to design the digital filter to offer the respective response and coefficients to be implemented within the design using VHDL. Filter design can be carried out often selecting various options available in FDA tool for generation of required coefficients for the respective filter from

P Yadav is with the Dept of Electronics and communication, SIST, Bhopal, India- 462031 K Parandham Gowd is with Aisect University, Bhopal Chickload Road, Raisen, Bhopal, India A. Khare is with Dept of Electronics and communication, UIT, RGPV, Bhopal, India - 462031

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the target menu using the C header option of the FDA tool. The generated coefficients in the C header files are then used in the VHDL file for the digital filter designing which is to be convoluted with the sampled data of SAR. Simulated SAR signal accompanied with random noise is sampled at a frequency of 48 GHz. adjacent frequencies and more noise mixed with output signal compared to 20 order are being passed by the filter. The designed filter response characteristics of the digital active band pass filter for 9 to 11 GHz for 10 order Kaiser window with 0.5 Beta for sampling frequency of 48 GHz is as shown in fig.8. clearly achieving the filter design allowing passing of more adjacent frequencies compared to 15 order. The responses of the same designed filter was tested by passing a simulated SAR signal of 10 GHz and the output signal and signal with noise are as shown in fig.9. The filter output for 10 order shows that more adjacent frequencies and more noise mixed with output signal compared to 15 order are being passed by the filter.

Fig.1. Block diagram of the proposed methodology.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The designed filter response characteristics of the digital active band pass filter for 9 to 11 GHz for 32 order Kaiser window with 0.5 Beta for sampling frequency of 48 GHz is as shown in fig. 2 clearly achieving the filter design. The responses of the same designed filter was tested by passing a simulated SAR signal of 10 GHz and the output signal and signal with noise are as shown in fig.3. The filter output for 32 order clearly passing the band pass signal and rejecting the noise. The designed filter response characteristics of the digital active band pass filter for 9 to 11 GHz for 20 order Kaiser window with 0.5 Beta for sampling frequency of 48 GHz is as shown in fig. 4 clearly achieving the filter design with slightly increased bandwidth compared to 32 order allowing passing of adjacent frequencies. The responses of the same designed filter was tested by passing a simulated SAR signal of 10 GHz and the output signal and signal with noise are as shown in fig.5. The filter output for 20 order is slightly compressed and is not very clear and passes some adjacent frequencies compared to 32 order. The designed filter response characteristics of the digital active band pass filter for 9 to 11 GHz for 15 order Kaiser window with 0.5 Beta for sampling frequency of 48 GHz is as shown in fig.6. clearly achieving the filter design allowing passing of more adjacent frequencies compared to 20 order. The responses of the same designed filter was tested by passing a simulated SAR signal of 10 GHz and the output signal and signal with noise are as shown in fig.7. The filter output for 15 order shows that more

Fig.2. Band pass 9 GHz to 11 GHz filter response for sampling frequency of 48 GHz of 32 order

Fig.3. Response for filter between 9 GHz to 11 GHz

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Fig.4. pass 9 GHz to 11 GHz filter response for sampling frequency of 48 GHz of 20 order

Fig.7. Response for filter between 9 GHz to 11 GHz of 15 order

Fig5. Response for filter between 9 GHz to 11 GHz of 20 order

Fig.8. pass 9 GHz to 11 GHz filter response for sampling frequency of 48 GHz of 10 order

Fig.6. pass 9 GHz to 11 GHz filter response for sampling frequency of 48 GHz of 15 order

Fig.9. Response for filter between 9 GHz to 11 GHz of 10 order

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4. CONCLUSION
In this research work Butterworth active band pass filter was designed for 9 to 11 GHz of 32 order Keiser with 0.5 beta at a sample frequency of 48 GHz carried out using MATLAB and XILINXK software tools of 32, 20, 15 and 10 order. From the results it is very clear that with increasing order the quality of filter for passing the band pass signal increases. In other words the filter efficiency increases with increasing orders. These filters are suitable for SAR applications to mitigate random noise levels and give the desired target response so that resolution and identification of desired objects are achieved.

In 1994 he has conducted RCS Reduction experiments on coated (by pasting of absorber sheets) and uncoated scaled models of aircraft which is first time in India at IIT Roorkee. He has 34 research publications and 06 Technical reports to his credit most of them on RCS/RCS Reduction/Stealth Technology. He has one copyright to his credit on Dynamic RCS Range Validation Procedure from Govt of India. He is a Life Member of All India Management Association (AIMA), AeSI and Fellow of IETE. He had authored a book on Stealth Aircraft Technology.

5. Future Scope
This experiment on simulation design of SAR filters show the way to formulate filters with suitable orders for applications for Remote Sensing for Disaster management, Agriculture, rural development and military applications. These filters will play a crucial role in practical implementation in future SAR noise reduction.

Dr Anubhuti Khare received her BE in Electronics and Communication from Government Engineering College, Bhopal in 1994. She obtained her M.Tech and Ph D in Electronics and Communication from MANIT, Bhopal. Presently she is working as Associate Professor in E & C Department, UIT, RGPV, Bhopal. She has more than 50 publications to her credit.

6. References
D.M Pozar and D.H Schaubert The Analysis and Design Of Microstrip Antenna Array. [2] M. Ramesh and K B Yip Design of Inset "Feed Microstrip Patch Antenna. [3] Study of IE3D Software http://www/mentor.com /electromagnetic -simulation/ [1]

Prof. P Yadav is a post graduate from IIT- Kanpur (India) and a research scholar in Electronics Engg. He has served in Indian Air Force as commissioned officer for 25 yrs, and nine yrs, as a technocrat academician in reputed Engg. Institutes. He is an entrepreneur who has many project patents under his name. He is a fellow of IETE.

K Parandham Gowd obtained his B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering with distinction from S.V. University, Tirupati (India) and ME (Microwaves and Radar) from IIT Roorkee. 2012 JOT www.journaloftelecommunications.co.uk